Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0005
Asfarinawati D Ambas, Aida Nabihah M Khatta, Julius Kodoh, A. Kamu, Liew Kang Chiang, R. Terhem, Normah Awang Besar, Affendy Hassan
Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barnaby & Grimes is an important species for forest plantation programmes in Malaysia and is widely used in the wood industry. However, its root interactions have not been widely investigated due to the limited methodologies and information about the root distribution of trees and crops in forest plantation and agroforestry systems. This study was conducted to determine the rhizotron-scale root interactions of F. moluccana at different tillage and nitrogen concentrations under four different treatments: control, tillage, fertiliser, and tillage with fertiliser. The rhizotron-scale experiment was conducted at a greenhouse where F. moluccana (Batai) seedlings were transplanted in transparent rhizotron tubes (onemetre-high transparent polycarbonate solid sheet) using topsoil and river sand to simulate natural growing conditions. Root Intensity (RI), Root Length Density (RLD), Specific Root Length (SRL), dried shoot bio-mass and root biomass were recorded. Root biomass and SRL were notably higher (25–50 cm depth) at 6 WAT (Weeks After Transplanting), and the shoot biomass (tillage + fertiliser) was significantly higher at 14 WAT. However, plants treated with different tillage and nitrogen concentrations showed no significant impact on the RI and RLD. Fertiliser treatment only, and tillage with fertiliser treatment, showed greater root distribution at the rhizotron scale. These findings contribute to forest plantation and natural forest rehabilitation efforts by helping optimise the soil resources within ecosystems for sustainable forest management.
Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barnaby & Grimes 是马来西亚植树造林计划中的重要树种，被广泛用于木材工业。然而，由于有关森林种植和农林系统中树木和作物根系分布的方法和信息有限，其根系相互作用尚未得到广泛研究。本研究旨在确定 F. moluccana 在不同耕作和氮浓度下的根瘤尺度根系相互作用，包括对照、耕作、施肥和耕作加施肥四种不同处理。根瘤尺度实验在温室中进行，将 F. moluccana（Batai）幼苗移植到透明根瘤管（一米高的透明聚碳酸酯实心板）中，使用表土和河沙模拟自然生长条件。记录了根强度（RI）、根长度密度（RLD）、特定根长度（SRL）、干芽生物量和根生物量。在 6 WAT（移栽后几周）时，根生物量和 SRL（25-50 厘米深）明显较高，而在 14 WAT 时，芽生物量（耕作+肥料）明显较高。然而，不同耕作和氮浓度处理的植物对 RI 和 RLD 没有明显影响。仅施肥处理和耕作加施肥处理在根瘤尺度上显示出更大的根系分布。这些研究结果有助于优化生态系统内的土壤资源，实现可持续森林管理，从而为人工林和天然林的恢复工作做出贡献。
{"title":"Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) root distribution seedlings in response to nitrogen concentrations and tillage","authors":"Asfarinawati D Ambas, Aida Nabihah M Khatta, Julius Kodoh, A. Kamu, Liew Kang Chiang, R. Terhem, Normah Awang Besar, Affendy Hassan","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barnaby & Grimes is an important species for forest plantation programmes in Malaysia and is widely used in the wood industry. However, its root interactions have not been widely investigated due to the limited methodologies and information about the root distribution of trees and crops in forest plantation and agroforestry systems. This study was conducted to determine the rhizotron-scale root interactions of F. moluccana at different tillage and nitrogen concentrations under four different treatments: control, tillage, fertiliser, and tillage with fertiliser. The rhizotron-scale experiment was conducted at a greenhouse where F. moluccana (Batai) seedlings were transplanted in transparent rhizotron tubes (onemetre-high transparent polycarbonate solid sheet) using topsoil and river sand to simulate natural growing conditions. Root Intensity (RI), Root Length Density (RLD), Specific Root Length (SRL), dried shoot bio-mass and root biomass were recorded. Root biomass and SRL were notably higher (25–50 cm depth) at 6 WAT (Weeks After Transplanting), and the shoot biomass (tillage + fertiliser) was significantly higher at 14 WAT. However, plants treated with different tillage and nitrogen concentrations showed no significant impact on the RI and RLD. Fertiliser treatment only, and tillage with fertiliser treatment, showed greater root distribution at the rhizotron scale. These findings contribute to forest plantation and natural forest rehabilitation efforts by helping optimise the soil resources within ecosystems for sustainable forest management.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139635649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0004
Gyeongwon Baek, C. Kim
The quantification of carbon (C) storage of different stand types is a key component for understanding forest C cycles and potential climate change. This study evaluated the effects of stand types on litterfall, litter decomposition, and forest C storage in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. and Quercus variabilis Blume stands in southern Korea. The aboveground C storage by tree biomass was not affected (P > 0.05) by stand types (P. densiflora: 79.49 Mg C ha–1; Q. variabilis: 96.37 Mg C ha–1). However, total C inputs by litterfall were significantly higher for the P. densiflora (4,473 kg C ha–1 year–1) than for the Q. variabilis (2,633 kg C ha–1 year–1) stands. Organic C over litter decomposition processes was more rapidly mineralized in the leaf litter of Q. variabilis than in needle litter of P. densiflora, but C storage on the forest floor was not affected by different stand types. Total soil C storage was not significantly different between the Q. variabilis (55.71 Mg C ha–1) and P. densiflora (80.49 Mg C ha–1), whereas the C concentrations at each soil depth were significantly higher in the P. densiflora than in the Q. variabilis stands, except for the subsurface depth (30–50 cm). These results indicate that the distribution of C storage in P. densiflora and Q. variabilis stands is less susceptible to interspecific differences, such as litterfall inputs and decomposition rates.
对不同林分类型的碳（C）储存量进行量化是了解森林碳循环和潜在气候变化的关键组成部分。本研究评估了韩国南部 Pinus densiflora S. et Z. 和 Quercus variabilis Blume 林分中林分类型对落叶、落叶分解和森林碳储量的影响。林分类型对树木生物量的地上碳储量没有影响（P > 0.05）（P. densiflora：79.49 Mg C ha-1；Q. variabilis：96.37 Mg C ha-1）。然而，枯落物的总碳输入量（4473 千克碳/公顷-年-1）在 P. densiflora（4473 千克碳/公顷-年-1）中明显高于 Q. variabilis（2633 千克碳/公顷-年-1）。枯落物分解过程中的有机碳在变叶桉的枯落叶中矿化的速度比在密花桉的针叶枯落物中更快，但林地的碳储量不受不同林分类型的影响。变叶桉的土壤总碳储量（55.71 毫克碳/公顷-1）与密花桉的土壤总碳储量（80.49 毫克碳/公顷-1）没有显著差异，而密花桉各土壤深度的碳浓度均显著高于变叶桉，但地下深度（30-50 厘米）除外。这些结果表明，箭毒草和变种箭毒草林分的碳储量分布不易受种间差异（如落叶量和分解率）的影响。
{"title":"Litterfall, litter decomposition, and carbon storage of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis stands in South Korea","authors":"Gyeongwon Baek, C. Kim","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The quantification of carbon (C) storage of different stand types is a key component for understanding forest C cycles and potential climate change. This study evaluated the effects of stand types on litterfall, litter decomposition, and forest C storage in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. and Quercus variabilis Blume stands in southern Korea. The aboveground C storage by tree biomass was not affected (P > 0.05) by stand types (P. densiflora: 79.49 Mg C ha–1; Q. variabilis: 96.37 Mg C ha–1). However, total C inputs by litterfall were significantly higher for the P. densiflora (4,473 kg C ha–1 year–1) than for the Q. variabilis (2,633 kg C ha–1 year–1) stands. Organic C over litter decomposition processes was more rapidly mineralized in the leaf litter of Q. variabilis than in needle litter of P. densiflora, but C storage on the forest floor was not affected by different stand types. Total soil C storage was not significantly different between the Q. variabilis (55.71 Mg C ha–1) and P. densiflora (80.49 Mg C ha–1), whereas the C concentrations at each soil depth were significantly higher in the P. densiflora than in the Q. variabilis stands, except for the subsurface depth (30–50 cm). These results indicate that the distribution of C storage in P. densiflora and Q. variabilis stands is less susceptible to interspecific differences, such as litterfall inputs and decomposition rates.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139636893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0003
E. Mwakalukwa, Samora Macrice Andrew
The plant biodiversity status of many village land forest reserves is little known to support meaningful implementation of sustainable forest management objectives in Tanzania. This study was conducted to assess the status of Litwang’ata village land forest reserve in Ludewa district, Southwest Tanzania through 20 square sample plots of 10 × 10 m. A total of 20 woody plant species belonging to 12 families and 19 genera with DBH ≥ 5 cm were identified in the study forest. The most important species with their importance value index were Brachystegia spiciformis (78.02), Brachystegia boehmii (22.05), Faurea saligna (15.18), Uapaca kirkiana (14), Acacia amythethophylla (13.07), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (12.76) and Gardenia ternifolia (10.36). The forest had a Shannon diversity index (H´) of 2.27, indicating medium diversity. Stand structure comprised 1,330 ± 523 stems ha–1, basal area of 18.97 ± 6.81 m2 ha–1 and stand volume of 142.36 ± 52.17 m3 ha–1. The mean above- and belowground carbon stocks were 46.97 ± 17.23 Mg ha–1 and 23.90 ± 8.58 Mg ha–1 respectively. The higher tree densities, basal area, stand volume and carbon stocks recorded in this study compared to other Miombo woodlands indicate that Litwang’ata forest is still in good condition, and managment efforts should be strengthened to bolster biodiversity conservation for present and future generations.
{"title":"Structure, regeneration and carbon stocks of woody plants in the Litwang’ata village land forest reserve, Southwest Tanzania","authors":"E. Mwakalukwa, Samora Macrice Andrew","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The plant biodiversity status of many village land forest reserves is little known to support meaningful implementation of sustainable forest management objectives in Tanzania. This study was conducted to assess the status of Litwang’ata village land forest reserve in Ludewa district, Southwest Tanzania through 20 square sample plots of 10 × 10 m. A total of 20 woody plant species belonging to 12 families and 19 genera with DBH ≥ 5 cm were identified in the study forest. The most important species with their importance value index were Brachystegia spiciformis (78.02), Brachystegia boehmii (22.05), Faurea saligna (15.18), Uapaca kirkiana (14), Acacia amythethophylla (13.07), Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (12.76) and Gardenia ternifolia (10.36). The forest had a Shannon diversity index (H´) of 2.27, indicating medium diversity. Stand structure comprised 1,330 ± 523 stems ha–1, basal area of 18.97 ± 6.81 m2 ha–1 and stand volume of 142.36 ± 52.17 m3 ha–1. The mean above- and belowground carbon stocks were 46.97 ± 17.23 Mg ha–1 and 23.90 ± 8.58 Mg ha–1 respectively. The higher tree densities, basal area, stand volume and carbon stocks recorded in this study compared to other Miombo woodlands indicate that Litwang’ata forest is still in good condition, and managment efforts should be strengthened to bolster biodiversity conservation for present and future generations.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139635673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0007
Pietro Giovacchini, Lorenzo Borghi, Davide Tartari, Francesca Cucci, Andrea Caldarelli, Massimo Tassinari, Pietro Melandri, Marco Dinetti, Corrado Battisti, Letizia Marsili
To overcome the human-induced threats impacting on ecosystems, managers should focus on priorities. Here, we applied the expert-based Threat Analysis (TAN) in a forest urban park (Northern Italy), involving experts which ranked local threats, from the more to less impacting and following the IUCN classification. We also evaluated the level of knowledge of operators about these threats. Experts identified five priority target-specific threats: Roads and Railroads; Invasive-Non Native/Alien species; Other Ecosystem modifications; Recreational Activities, and Storms and Flooding. Storms and Flooding and Invasive-Non Native/Alien species appeared the threats with significant highest magnitude. Knowledge of threats is comparable without significant difference among them. However, Storms and Flooding and Roads and Railroads are the threats having both the highest level of knowledge by experts and the highest magnitude. At the opposite, Mowing was the less known threat regarding its regime and showed the lowest magnitude. TAN approach should be routinely used to build conceptual frameworks, ranking threats from the more to less impacting, therefore optimizing the management effort and developing local projects.
{"title":"Applying threat analysis approach in a small forest urban park (Northern Italy): local expert-based assessment to prioritize the management actions","authors":"Pietro Giovacchini, Lorenzo Borghi, Davide Tartari, Francesca Cucci, Andrea Caldarelli, Massimo Tassinari, Pietro Melandri, Marco Dinetti, Corrado Battisti, Letizia Marsili","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To overcome the human-induced threats impacting on ecosystems, managers should focus on priorities. Here, we applied the expert-based Threat Analysis (TAN) in a forest urban park (Northern Italy), involving experts which ranked local threats, from the more to less impacting and following the IUCN classification. We also evaluated the level of knowledge of operators about these threats. Experts identified five priority target-specific threats: Roads and Railroads; Invasive-Non Native/Alien species; Other Ecosystem modifications; Recreational Activities, and Storms and Flooding. Storms and Flooding and Invasive-Non Native/Alien species appeared the threats with significant highest magnitude. Knowledge of threats is comparable without significant difference among them. However, Storms and Flooding and Roads and Railroads are the threats having both the highest level of knowledge by experts and the highest magnitude. At the opposite, Mowing was the less known threat regarding its regime and showed the lowest magnitude. TAN approach should be routinely used to build conceptual frameworks, ranking threats from the more to less impacting, therefore optimizing the management effort and developing local projects.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139632515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0010
Igor Goncharenko, S. Koniakin, O. Leshcheniuk
The paper aims to study the distribution and communities of two giant hogweed species Heracleum mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi in Ukraine. This research was motivated by strong invasive trends, risks for native vegetation and a lack of data on giant hogweeds in Ukraine. We presented phytosociological tables of giant hogweeds communities, maps of their modern distribution in Ukraine, a dendrogram of similarity of the communities, phytoindicative evaluation, and proportions of diagnostic species in the syntaxa. According to our survey and literature data, there are 102 locations of H. mantegazzianum and 405 locations of H. sosnowskyi throughout most of Ukraine, except for the steppe zone, where the limiting factor is the arid climate. The amplitudes of both studied Heracleum species have a significant overlap in the factors of humidity, nitrogen, and salt regime. There are differences between the species in the factors of light, temperature and continentality. The amplitudes of the studied species are the widest for moisture and the narrowest range for soil acidity. Both species favour soils enriched in nitrogen. Based on the phytosociological survey, the species forms two distinct associations Urtico dioicae-Heracleetum sosnowskyi and Urtico dioicae-Heracleetum mantegazzianii and also occurs with lower abundance in communities belonging to 8 vegetation classes. The obtained data can be used to carry out preventive measures against the further spread of giant hogweeds in new habitats with varying degrees of anthropogenic transformation.
本文旨在研究两种巨型猪笼草 Heracleum mantegazzianum 和 H. sosnowskyi 在乌克兰的分布和群落情况。这项研究的动力来自于强烈的入侵趋势、本土植被面临的风险以及乌克兰巨型猪笼草数据的缺乏。我们提供了巨型猪笼草群落的植物社会学表格、其在乌克兰的现代分布图、群落相似性树枝状图、植物指示评估以及诊断物种在句群中的比例。根据我们的调查和文献数据，乌克兰大部分地区都有 102 处 H. mantegazzianum 和 405 处 H. sosnowskyi 的分布，但草原区除外，那里的限制因素是干旱的气候。所研究的两种草本植物在湿度、氮和盐度等因素上有明显的重叠。在光照、温度和大陆性因素方面，物种之间存在差异。所研究的物种在湿度方面的振幅最大，在土壤酸度方面的振幅最小。两种植物都喜欢富含氮的土壤。根据植物社会学调查，该物种形成了 Urtico dioicae-Heracleetum sosnowskyi 和 Urtico dioicae-Heracleetum mantegazzianii 两种不同的群落，而且在属于 8 个植被等级的群落中出现的丰度较低。所获得的数据可用于采取预防措施，防止巨型猪笼草在人为改造程度不同的新生境中进一步蔓延。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0009
Farzaneh Moghbel esfahani, V. Payamnoor, Ali Sattarian
In the present study, we investigated the structure of stomata in seven native species of Hyrcanian forests (Acer hyrcanum, A. velutinum Boiss., A. campestre, A. platanoides L., A. cappadocicum, A. monspessulanum, A. amazandaranicum), as well as non-native species that have fully adapted (A. negundo, A. negundo variegatum, and A. palmatum). We used light and electron microscopy to determine the form and position of the stomata in relation to the leaf epidermal cells. The length, width, shape, area, perimeter, and stomatal density were all measured. Our findings revealed that the stomata type of A. negundo varengiayum, A. campestre, A. hyrcanum, A. mazandaranicum and A. monsspesulanum is anomocytic, A. platanoides and A. cappadocicum have anomocytic stomata with wavy subsidiary cells, while A. palmatum has anisocytic stomata and A. velutinum has parasitic stomata. A. negundo has actinocytic stomata. Regarding the location of stomata relative to adjacent epidermal cells, we identified three types. In the first type, the stomata were flush with adjacent epidermal cells (A. cappadocicum, A. negundo, A. platanoides). In the second type, the stomata were higher (A. negundo variegatum), and in the third type, the stomata were lower (A. velutinum, A. monspesulanom, A. campestre, A. mazandaranicum, A. hyrcanum). The principal component analysis was used to determine the essential stomatal traits in differentiating between species. We also investigated the distribution of trees in the coordinate axis space based on two main components and performed cluster analysis based on stomatal characteristics. A. platanoides, A. negundo, A. negundo variegatum were in one cluster, while the other species were in separate clusters. The calculation of dissimilarity among the studied species revealed the lowest similarity between A. negundo and A. hyrcanum and the highest similarity between A. campestre and A. mazandaranicum. The results of the discriminant analysis identified stomatal density as the essential factor in differentiation between the studied species.
在本研究中，我们调查了海尔卡尼亚森林中七个原生物种（Acer hyrcanum、A. velutinum Boiss.、A. campestre、A. platanoides L.、A. cappadocicum、A. monspessulanum、A. amazandaranicum）以及已完全适应的非原生物种（A. negundo、A. negundo variegatum 和 A. palmatum）的气孔结构。我们使用光镜和电子显微镜来确定气孔的形状和位置与叶表皮细胞的关系。我们测量了气孔的长度、宽度、形状、面积、周长和密度。我们的研究结果表明，A. negundo varengiayum、A. campestre、A. hyrcanum、A. mazandaranicum 和 A. monsspesulanum 的气孔类型为无细胞气孔，A. platanoides 和 A. cappadocicum 的气孔为带波浪形附属细胞的无细胞气孔，而 A. palmatum 的气孔为异细胞气孔，A. velutinum 的气孔为寄生气孔。A. negundo有放线细胞气孔。关于气孔相对于相邻表皮细胞的位置，我们发现了三种类型。在第一种类型中，气孔与相邻的表皮细胞齐平（A. cappadocicum、A. negundo、A. platanoides）。第二种类型的气孔较高（A. negundo variegatum），第三种类型的气孔较低（A. velutinum、A. monspesulanom、A. campestre、A. mazandaranicum、A. hyrcanum）。我们利用主成分分析确定了区分物种的基本气孔特征。我们还根据两个主成分研究了树木在坐标轴空间的分布情况，并根据气孔特征进行了聚类分析。A.platanoides、A.negundo、A.negundo variegatum在一个聚类中，而其他物种则在不同的聚类中。计算所研究物种之间的相似度时发现，A. negundo 和 A. hyrcanum 之间的相似度最低，A. campestre 和 A. mazandaranicum 之间的相似度最高。判别分析结果表明，气孔密度是区分所研究物种的关键因素。
{"title":"Stomatal variations and their position relative to leaf epidermal cells in ten Maple species","authors":"Farzaneh Moghbel esfahani, V. Payamnoor, Ali Sattarian","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the present study, we investigated the structure of stomata in seven native species of Hyrcanian forests (Acer hyrcanum, A. velutinum Boiss., A. campestre, A. platanoides L., A. cappadocicum, A. monspessulanum, A. amazandaranicum), as well as non-native species that have fully adapted (A. negundo, A. negundo variegatum, and A. palmatum). We used light and electron microscopy to determine the form and position of the stomata in relation to the leaf epidermal cells. The length, width, shape, area, perimeter, and stomatal density were all measured. Our findings revealed that the stomata type of A. negundo varengiayum, A. campestre, A. hyrcanum, A. mazandaranicum and A. monsspesulanum is anomocytic, A. platanoides and A. cappadocicum have anomocytic stomata with wavy subsidiary cells, while A. palmatum has anisocytic stomata and A. velutinum has parasitic stomata. A. negundo has actinocytic stomata. Regarding the location of stomata relative to adjacent epidermal cells, we identified three types. In the first type, the stomata were flush with adjacent epidermal cells (A. cappadocicum, A. negundo, A. platanoides). In the second type, the stomata were higher (A. negundo variegatum), and in the third type, the stomata were lower (A. velutinum, A. monspesulanom, A. campestre, A. mazandaranicum, A. hyrcanum). The principal component analysis was used to determine the essential stomatal traits in differentiating between species. We also investigated the distribution of trees in the coordinate axis space based on two main components and performed cluster analysis based on stomatal characteristics. A. platanoides, A. negundo, A. negundo variegatum were in one cluster, while the other species were in separate clusters. The calculation of dissimilarity among the studied species revealed the lowest similarity between A. negundo and A. hyrcanum and the highest similarity between A. campestre and A. mazandaranicum. The results of the discriminant analysis identified stomatal density as the essential factor in differentiation between the studied species.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139633715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0008
N. Amadi, Fidelia Tasie, L. Luiselli, Julia E. Fa, Nyimale G. Alawa, Chidinma Amuzie, F. Petrozzi, Albert Owoh, C. Wala, P. S. Wodi, Corrado Battisti, G. Akani, M. G. Ajuru
The village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus) is a common colonial nesting bird widespread throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. It is known to weave its nests from leaf strips from a variety of tree species (mainly coconuts trees, oil palm trees) associated with human settlement areas, grasses, and other available plants. In this regard, this bird was considered a pest for its impact on different economic activities. Although extensive literature is already available on the parasitic role of village weavers, there is still a lack of analytical data that outlines which tree species are used for nesting and in what proportion, as well as the related implications in terms of economic impacts. Here, we carried out the first comprehensive arrangement of trees used by this species for nesting in Southern Nigeria (West Africa), checking for possible different impacts on stakeholders. In April 2021, we searched for village weaver nesting in 95 sites in 77 communities from 24 local government areas in Southern Nigeria, during 14 field surveys. Within each site, we collected GPS coordinates and counted the number of active nests, nesting birds and occupied trees. We recorded a total of 5,776 nests and 2,140 birds in 94 plants belonging to 23 tree species selected for nesting. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis; n = 45) was the most used tree species, as 2,990 (51.77%) nests and 873 (40.79%) birds were recorded. Our results indicate the preference for nesting on trees used by stakeholders belonging to agricultural (palm farmers), touristic (operators) and energy (gas flare stations) sectors with economic implications about the conflict with this pest species.
{"title":"Nesting trees used by a pest bird (Village Weaver, Ploceus cucullatus): a large field survey suggests further human conflicts with local stakeholders in Southern Nigeria","authors":"N. Amadi, Fidelia Tasie, L. Luiselli, Julia E. Fa, Nyimale G. Alawa, Chidinma Amuzie, F. Petrozzi, Albert Owoh, C. Wala, P. S. Wodi, Corrado Battisti, G. Akani, M. G. Ajuru","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus) is a common colonial nesting bird widespread throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. It is known to weave its nests from leaf strips from a variety of tree species (mainly coconuts trees, oil palm trees) associated with human settlement areas, grasses, and other available plants. In this regard, this bird was considered a pest for its impact on different economic activities. Although extensive literature is already available on the parasitic role of village weavers, there is still a lack of analytical data that outlines which tree species are used for nesting and in what proportion, as well as the related implications in terms of economic impacts. Here, we carried out the first comprehensive arrangement of trees used by this species for nesting in Southern Nigeria (West Africa), checking for possible different impacts on stakeholders. In April 2021, we searched for village weaver nesting in 95 sites in 77 communities from 24 local government areas in Southern Nigeria, during 14 field surveys. Within each site, we collected GPS coordinates and counted the number of active nests, nesting birds and occupied trees. We recorded a total of 5,776 nests and 2,140 birds in 94 plants belonging to 23 tree species selected for nesting. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis; n = 45) was the most used tree species, as 2,990 (51.77%) nests and 873 (40.79%) birds were recorded. Our results indicate the preference for nesting on trees used by stakeholders belonging to agricultural (palm farmers), touristic (operators) and energy (gas flare stations) sectors with economic implications about the conflict with this pest species.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139638634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0006
A. Z. Al-Asadi, Ahmed Madi Waheed Al-Mayahi, Khairullah M. Awad
The investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of the dicamba (3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) (DIC) and casein hydrolysate (CH) on the callus growth, shoot multiplication, and some biochemical constituents of date palm cv. Barhee cultured in vitro. Both DIC and CH were required for callus growth and shoots regeneration. The medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC in combination with 1.0 g l−1 CH gave the highest callus weight (287 mg), while the maximum response rate and the number of shoots per jar (86.67% and 15.07 shoots/jar) were found in MS media equipped with 4 mg l−1 DIC and 0.5 mg l−1 CH combination. The total amount of phenolic compounds was significantly reduced to 0.82 and 0.79 mg GAE g–1 in shoots cultured in the medium equipped with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC with 0.5 and 1.0 g l−1 CH, which is reflected in the rate of browning. The results showed that the highest shoots content of endogenous IAA (3.71 and 3.50 μg g−1), were obtained in response to 4 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH and 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 0.5 g l−1 CH, respectively. The macronutrient K, P, Ca, and free amino acids content significantly increased in the in vitro shoots regenerated on the media supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH. The genetic stability of this study was confirmed by the DNA-based fingerprinting method RAPD. The RAPD binding patterns indicated no variation among tissue culture-derived plants. The in vitro propagation protocol described herein can be introduced to the production of genetically stable date palm plants.
{"title":"Effects of dicamba and casein hydrolysate on in vitro growthand shoot regeneration of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Barhee","authors":"A. Z. Al-Asadi, Ahmed Madi Waheed Al-Mayahi, Khairullah M. Awad","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of the dicamba (3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) (DIC) and casein hydrolysate (CH) on the callus growth, shoot multiplication, and some biochemical constituents of date palm cv. Barhee cultured in vitro. Both DIC and CH were required for callus growth and shoots regeneration. The medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC in combination with 1.0 g l−1 CH gave the highest callus weight (287 mg), while the maximum response rate and the number of shoots per jar (86.67% and 15.07 shoots/jar) were found in MS media equipped with 4 mg l−1 DIC and 0.5 mg l−1 CH combination. The total amount of phenolic compounds was significantly reduced to 0.82 and 0.79 mg GAE g–1 in shoots cultured in the medium equipped with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC with 0.5 and 1.0 g l−1 CH, which is reflected in the rate of browning. The results showed that the highest shoots content of endogenous IAA (3.71 and 3.50 μg g−1), were obtained in response to 4 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH and 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 0.5 g l−1 CH, respectively. The macronutrient K, P, Ca, and free amino acids content significantly increased in the in vitro shoots regenerated on the media supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH. The genetic stability of this study was confirmed by the DNA-based fingerprinting method RAPD. The RAPD binding patterns indicated no variation among tissue culture-derived plants. The in vitro propagation protocol described herein can be introduced to the production of genetically stable date palm plants.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139639694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0002
Terézia Jauschová, Lenka Sarvašová, M. Saniga, V. Langraf, M. Holecová, A. Honěk, Z. Martinková, Jiří Skuhrovec, J. Kulfan, P. Zach
Blue spruce (Picea pungens) has been planted in urban greenery as an ornamental tree in central Europe for more than 150 years. We investigated whether this nonnative spruce is a convenient habitat for ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). In 2021 and 2022, adults and larvae were sampled in four towns in Slovakia at monthly intervals throughout the growing season, from April to October. We recorded adults of 27 species and larvae of 11 ladybird species. Conifer specialist ladybird species predominated both in adult and larval communities (adults – 9 species, 85.2% of all individuals; larvae – 7 species, 92.1% of all individuals). Exochomus quadripustulatus and Aphidecta obliterata were the most common in adult (31.8% and 33.5% of all individuals, respectively) and larval (57.5% and 25.1% of all individuals, respectively) communities. The most abundant generalist species was nonnative invasive Harmonia axyridis (adults – 5.6%, larvae – 6.8% of all individuals). Adults and larvae of ladybirds were more abundant on solitary trees than on trees growing in groups. Our results confirmed that blue spruce hosts rich ladybird communities and provides them shelter and food resources.
{"title":"Ladybird (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) communities on nonnative blue spruce in central Europe","authors":"Terézia Jauschová, Lenka Sarvašová, M. Saniga, V. Langraf, M. Holecová, A. Honěk, Z. Martinková, Jiří Skuhrovec, J. Kulfan, P. Zach","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Blue spruce (Picea pungens) has been planted in urban greenery as an ornamental tree in central Europe for more than 150 years. We investigated whether this nonnative spruce is a convenient habitat for ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). In 2021 and 2022, adults and larvae were sampled in four towns in Slovakia at monthly intervals throughout the growing season, from April to October. We recorded adults of 27 species and larvae of 11 ladybird species. Conifer specialist ladybird species predominated both in adult and larval communities (adults – 9 species, 85.2% of all individuals; larvae – 7 species, 92.1% of all individuals). Exochomus quadripustulatus and Aphidecta obliterata were the most common in adult (31.8% and 33.5% of all individuals, respectively) and larval (57.5% and 25.1% of all individuals, respectively) communities. The most abundant generalist species was nonnative invasive Harmonia axyridis (adults – 5.6%, larvae – 6.8% of all individuals). Adults and larvae of ladybirds were more abundant on solitary trees than on trees growing in groups. Our results confirmed that blue spruce hosts rich ladybird communities and provides them shelter and food resources.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139637370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/foecol-2024-0001
Dennis Castillo-Figueroa
In highly transformed regions, such as the tropical Andes, identifying the influence of forest succession and soil fauna on non-additive effects of litter decomposition is crucial for gaining a more realistic understanding of carbon dynamics and nutrient cycles. The objective of this paper was to analyze the changes of litter mixture effects on decomposition between different soil fauna treatments (macrofauna inclusion vs macrofauna exclusion) and successional stages (mature forests vs secondary forests) in upper Andean tropical forests along time by using a reciprocal translocation experiment of 1,344 litterbags that ran for 18 months with six common native Andean species. Thought t-tests, linear regressions, and linear mixed models, I found that litter mixture effects vary among sites and increase with time in secondary forests until the year of decomposition in litterbags with macrofauna exclusion. Mature forests exhibited strong antagonistic effects, while pronounced synergistic effects were observed in secondary forests. Although soil macrofauna did not increase significantly litter decomposition and synergistic effects in the mixtures at any of the stages of decay, it is likely that soil macrofauna may impact litter mixtures through top-down effects within soil food webs, rather than exerting a direct effect in the litter consumption as has been reported in tropical lowland ecosystems. Overall, this study supports the idea that litter mixtures exhibit significant variability across sites, can change with successional stage, and are influenced by soil fauna depending on the stage of decay in tropical Andean montane forests.
在热带安第斯山脉等高度变化的地区，确定森林演替和土壤动物群对垃圾分解的非加成效应的影响，对于更真实地了解碳动态和养分循环至关重要。本文的目的是通过对安第斯山上游热带森林中的 1,344 个垃圾袋进行为期 18 个月的互移实验，分析不同土壤动物群处理（纳入大型动物群与排除大型动物群）和演替阶段（成熟林与次生林）之间垃圾混合物对分解作用的变化。通过 t 检验、线性回归和线性混合模型，我发现不同地点的垃圾混合物效应各不相同，并且在次生林中随着时间的推移而增加，直到有大型动物被排除在外的垃圾袋腐烂的那一年。成熟森林表现出强烈的拮抗效应，而在次生林中则观察到明显的协同效应。虽然土壤大型底栖动物并没有显著增加混合物中任何腐烂阶段的垃圾分解和协同效应，但土壤大型底栖动物很可能是通过土壤食物网中自上而下的效应来影响垃圾混合物的，而不是像热带低地生态系统中报道的那样直接影响垃圾的消耗。总之，这项研究支持了这样一种观点，即在热带安第斯高山森林中，垃圾混合物在不同地点表现出显著的差异性，会随着演替阶段的变化而变化，并根据腐烂阶段的不同而受到土壤动物的影响。
{"title":"Litter mixture effects on decomposition change with forest succession and are influenced by time and soil fauna in tropical mountain Andes","authors":"Dennis Castillo-Figueroa","doi":"10.2478/foecol-2024-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2024-0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In highly transformed regions, such as the tropical Andes, identifying the influence of forest succession and soil fauna on non-additive effects of litter decomposition is crucial for gaining a more realistic understanding of carbon dynamics and nutrient cycles. The objective of this paper was to analyze the changes of litter mixture effects on decomposition between different soil fauna treatments (macrofauna inclusion vs macrofauna exclusion) and successional stages (mature forests vs secondary forests) in upper Andean tropical forests along time by using a reciprocal translocation experiment of 1,344 litterbags that ran for 18 months with six common native Andean species. Thought t-tests, linear regressions, and linear mixed models, I found that litter mixture effects vary among sites and increase with time in secondary forests until the year of decomposition in litterbags with macrofauna exclusion. Mature forests exhibited strong antagonistic effects, while pronounced synergistic effects were observed in secondary forests. Although soil macrofauna did not increase significantly litter decomposition and synergistic effects in the mixtures at any of the stages of decay, it is likely that soil macrofauna may impact litter mixtures through top-down effects within soil food webs, rather than exerting a direct effect in the litter consumption as has been reported in tropical lowland ecosystems. Overall, this study supports the idea that litter mixtures exhibit significant variability across sites, can change with successional stage, and are influenced by soil fauna depending on the stage of decay in tropical Andean montane forests.","PeriodicalId":52505,"journal":{"name":"Folia Oecologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139639133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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