Abstract In this paper, we reconsider the rationale used to justify a complaint filed by the U.S. Department of Justice regarding the acquisition of a cottonseed company by an agricultural biotechnology company. With the benefit of hindsight, we show that the competitive assessment overlooked significant market developments that were altering the competitive position of the firms under investigation. This review is intended to raise awareness of the complexities of enforcing antitrust policy in a dynamic environment, with a special emphasis on agricultural markets. We argue that antitrust analysis should incorporate a process view of competition to better account for present market dynamics and the everchanging competitive environment.
{"title":"Implementing Antitrust Regulations in Dynamic Industries: The Case of the U.S. Cottonseed Industry","authors":"Alexandre Magnier, N. Kalaitzandonakes, M. Allen","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we reconsider the rationale used to justify a complaint filed by the U.S. Department of Justice regarding the acquisition of a cottonseed company by an agricultural biotechnology company. With the benefit of hindsight, we show that the competitive assessment overlooked significant market developments that were altering the competitive position of the firms under investigation. This review is intended to raise awareness of the complexities of enforcing antitrust policy in a dynamic environment, with a special emphasis on agricultural markets. We argue that antitrust analysis should incorporate a process view of competition to better account for present market dynamics and the everchanging competitive environment.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44619861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christa D. Court, David Outerbridge, L. Baker, Laura M. Birou, Catherine G. Campbell, G. DiGiacomo, Sebastian Galindo, John Lai, Alexandre Magnier, Michelle Miller, Gustavo Oliveira, Eyrika Orlando, H. Peterson, Xiaohui Qiao, F. Roka, Andrew Ropicki, B. Saha, A. Stevens, Li Zhang
Abstract Florida has one of the most diverse agricultural economies in the United States, producing several dozen types of fruits and vegetables that are consumed within the state, across the country, and around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting policy responses occurred during the peak of spring harvest season for many crops in Florida, abruptly removing market demand from the food service industry and shifting consumer purchasing habits, which enabled insights into several aspects of the fruit and vegetable supply chain. This article examines how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted fruit and vegetable industries in Florida, how these industries responded to COVID-19 impacts, and how Florida’s experience compared to that of other states. Data are derived from several sources including a statewide survey that measured agricultural production losses in Florida resulting from COVID-19 in early 2020, interviews with Florida operations that provided insights into how the pandemic induced change across the food supply chain, and a survey of food supply chain operations in three regions of the United States conducted in 2021.
{"title":"Pandemic Produce: Impacts of COVID-19 on Florida’s Fruit and Vegetable Industries","authors":"Christa D. Court, David Outerbridge, L. Baker, Laura M. Birou, Catherine G. Campbell, G. DiGiacomo, Sebastian Galindo, John Lai, Alexandre Magnier, Michelle Miller, Gustavo Oliveira, Eyrika Orlando, H. Peterson, Xiaohui Qiao, F. Roka, Andrew Ropicki, B. Saha, A. Stevens, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Florida has one of the most diverse agricultural economies in the United States, producing several dozen types of fruits and vegetables that are consumed within the state, across the country, and around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting policy responses occurred during the peak of spring harvest season for many crops in Florida, abruptly removing market demand from the food service industry and shifting consumer purchasing habits, which enabled insights into several aspects of the fruit and vegetable supply chain. This article examines how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted fruit and vegetable industries in Florida, how these industries responded to COVID-19 impacts, and how Florida’s experience compared to that of other states. Data are derived from several sources including a statewide survey that measured agricultural production losses in Florida resulting from COVID-19 in early 2020, interviews with Florida operations that provided insights into how the pandemic induced change across the food supply chain, and a survey of food supply chain operations in three regions of the United States conducted in 2021.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45233828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The COVID-19 crisis had a significant impact on world oil producers. Within a welfare economic framework, Schmitz, A., C. B. Moss, and T. G. Schmitz. 2020. “The Economic Effects of COVID-19 on the Producers of Ethanol, Corn, Gasoline, and Oil.” Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 18 (2): 1–18, estimated that the minimum cost of COVID-19 in 2020 to world oil producers was roughly US$ 1 trillion. They used actual oil production data for January 1st, 2020, through June 30th, 2020, and forecast world oil production and prices from July 1st to December 31st, 2020. This paper extends the 2020 analysis using actual production and price data for 2020 and 2021 to calculate the change in producer economic rents during the COVID-19 pandemic for global oil producers (U.S., Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the Rest of the World). Despite losses in 2020 to world oil producers due to the COVID-19 pandemic, world oil producers saw significant gains in 2021, which more than offset losses in 2020. At a minimum, world oil producers realized a net gain of $US 829 billion over the two periods.
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on World Oil Producers: Time is Important","authors":"A. Schmitz, C. Moss, T. Schmitz","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The COVID-19 crisis had a significant impact on world oil producers. Within a welfare economic framework, Schmitz, A., C. B. Moss, and T. G. Schmitz. 2020. “The Economic Effects of COVID-19 on the Producers of Ethanol, Corn, Gasoline, and Oil.” Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 18 (2): 1–18, estimated that the minimum cost of COVID-19 in 2020 to world oil producers was roughly US$ 1 trillion. They used actual oil production data for January 1st, 2020, through June 30th, 2020, and forecast world oil production and prices from July 1st to December 31st, 2020. This paper extends the 2020 analysis using actual production and price data for 2020 and 2021 to calculate the change in producer economic rents during the COVID-19 pandemic for global oil producers (U.S., Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the Rest of the World). Despite losses in 2020 to world oil producers due to the COVID-19 pandemic, world oil producers saw significant gains in 2021, which more than offset losses in 2020. At a minimum, world oil producers realized a net gain of $US 829 billion over the two periods.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48578140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This research determines the impacts of COVID-19 US on crawfish production and consumption for 2020 and 2021 using an Equilibrium Displacement Model. In the US, crawfish is one of the seafood commodities where most production is consumed by domestic consumers (7% of domestic consumption is from imports). Crawfish and rice are complementary. Therefore, the impacts of COVID-19 on crawfish consumption simultaneously influence rice production and crawfish producers and consumers. In the first year of COVID-19 (2020), the reduction in crawfish retail demand caused negative effects on final consumers and producers. However, crawfish consumption recovered significantly in the second year (2021), which could compensate for the loss in 2020. Overall, consumer and producer gains ranged from $549 to $626 million if the COVID-19 pandemic only impacted retail consumption. However, in 2021, the increase in production costs due to higher oil/diesel prices and other input prices caused the farm supply to decrease. As a result, total welfare gains ranged from $200 to $228 million. If the demand in 2021 did not increase, but the crawfish farm supply decreased, consumer and producer losses ranged from $929 to $1045 million. Overall, the total effects of COVID-19 on consumers and producers for 2020 and 2021 depend on its effects in 2021. If the demand in 2021 increased following the decrease in farm supply, consumers and producers would benefit from the shocks of COVID-19 due to higher post-COVID-19 demand.
{"title":"COVID-19 Impacts on United States Crawfish","authors":"L. Nguyen, A. Schmitz, P. Kennedy","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research determines the impacts of COVID-19 US on crawfish production and consumption for 2020 and 2021 using an Equilibrium Displacement Model. In the US, crawfish is one of the seafood commodities where most production is consumed by domestic consumers (7% of domestic consumption is from imports). Crawfish and rice are complementary. Therefore, the impacts of COVID-19 on crawfish consumption simultaneously influence rice production and crawfish producers and consumers. In the first year of COVID-19 (2020), the reduction in crawfish retail demand caused negative effects on final consumers and producers. However, crawfish consumption recovered significantly in the second year (2021), which could compensate for the loss in 2020. Overall, consumer and producer gains ranged from $549 to $626 million if the COVID-19 pandemic only impacted retail consumption. However, in 2021, the increase in production costs due to higher oil/diesel prices and other input prices caused the farm supply to decrease. As a result, total welfare gains ranged from $200 to $228 million. If the demand in 2021 did not increase, but the crawfish farm supply decreased, consumer and producer losses ranged from $929 to $1045 million. Overall, the total effects of COVID-19 on consumers and producers for 2020 and 2021 depend on its effects in 2021. If the demand in 2021 increased following the decrease in farm supply, consumers and producers would benefit from the shocks of COVID-19 due to higher post-COVID-19 demand.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46327910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James L. Anderson, F. Asche, T. Garlock, S. Hegde, Andrew Ropicki, Hans‐Martin Straume
Abstract Seafood is the food group with the highest share traded, and the U.S. is the world’s largest seafood importer, importing 79% of the seafood consumed. Hence, a study examining the impacts of the measures to contain COVID-19 on U.S. seafood imports will not only show how U.S. seafood availability has been affected, but will also give strong indications of how resiliently the global seafood markets have worked through the pandemic. We find that U.S. imports of seafood actually increased in 2020 and 2021, suggesting supply chains were able to adapt to potential disruptions. Moreover, for the 14 largest product forms imported to the U.S., there are no strong price movements. Given that there is a global market for most species groups, this adaption also suggests that the markets have worked quite well beyond the U.S. Hence, while there have undoubtedly been market shocks associated with the COVID-19 measures such as the reduction in demand from the restaurant sector and the increased sales in the retail sector, opportunities seem to balance out challenges, and the supply chains for seafood to the U.S. have been highly resilient.
{"title":"Impacts of COVID-19 on U.S. Seafood Availability","authors":"James L. Anderson, F. Asche, T. Garlock, S. Hegde, Andrew Ropicki, Hans‐Martin Straume","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Seafood is the food group with the highest share traded, and the U.S. is the world’s largest seafood importer, importing 79% of the seafood consumed. Hence, a study examining the impacts of the measures to contain COVID-19 on U.S. seafood imports will not only show how U.S. seafood availability has been affected, but will also give strong indications of how resiliently the global seafood markets have worked through the pandemic. We find that U.S. imports of seafood actually increased in 2020 and 2021, suggesting supply chains were able to adapt to potential disruptions. Moreover, for the 14 largest product forms imported to the U.S., there are no strong price movements. Given that there is a global market for most species groups, this adaption also suggests that the markets have worked quite well beyond the U.S. Hence, while there have undoubtedly been market shocks associated with the COVID-19 measures such as the reduction in demand from the restaurant sector and the increased sales in the retail sector, opportunities seem to balance out challenges, and the supply chains for seafood to the U.S. have been highly resilient.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45609179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Bangladesh imports roughly 98% of cotton from abroad to produce fabric or yarn (USDA 2020. Cotton and Products Update. Bangladesh. Also available at https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Cotton%20and%20Products%20Update_Dhaka_Bangladesh_11-30-2020). The production of textiles in Bangladesh depends on the price of raw material, the demand for garment products in the importing countries, smooth supply chain management, and the domestic supply of cheap garment laborers. The global pandemic of COVID-19 disrupted the supply chain of almost all physical goods and services, including textiles. It caused the price of textiles to fall due to a drop in worldwide demand, and increased the marginal cost of textile production due to supply chain interruptions. This paper shows how the decline in the demand for garments, coupled with an increase in cost, shrinks the producer welfare of textile manufacturing and garment exports of the small producing country, Bangladesh.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 (2020–2022) on Cotton and Garments Market of Bangladesh: A Small Country Case","authors":"Sheikh Jafar Emran, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bangladesh imports roughly 98% of cotton from abroad to produce fabric or yarn (USDA 2020. Cotton and Products Update. Bangladesh. Also available at https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Cotton%20and%20Products%20Update_Dhaka_Bangladesh_11-30-2020). The production of textiles in Bangladesh depends on the price of raw material, the demand for garment products in the importing countries, smooth supply chain management, and the domestic supply of cheap garment laborers. The global pandemic of COVID-19 disrupted the supply chain of almost all physical goods and services, including textiles. It caused the price of textiles to fall due to a drop in worldwide demand, and increased the marginal cost of textile production due to supply chain interruptions. This paper shows how the decline in the demand for garments, coupled with an increase in cost, shrinks the producer welfare of textile manufacturing and garment exports of the small producing country, Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45990420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The upheaval wrought on the U.S. beef industry by the global COVID-19 pandemic carried with it several lessons that might help improve resiliency should there be a reoccurrence. First, the futures market for fed cattle fell well before cash prices, which sent a signal to market cattle early, and those who did so benefited. Second, the decline in futures anticipated the closure of slaughter plants and provided an opportunity to purchase and store beef primals in anticipation of future scarcity. Third, the beef industry has ways of slowing or stopping the pipeline of animals destined for feed yards and can “store” these animals in background feeding facilities or on pasture or rangeland. Producers who waited to sell feeder cattle benefited from higher feeder cattle prices once the processing facilities reopened. Fourth, cow slaughter plants responded to the pandemic and subsequent scarcity of labor much better than large fed-cattle plants. Cow plants are not as sophisticated and complex as fed-cattle plants. This relative simplicity may help explain the superior performance of these plants during the crisis. Sixth, the academic work on the value of building smaller plants as a response against concentration provides mixed results—these plants require more labor per animal and can be even more susceptible to labor scarcity. Seventh, the observed increase in boxed beef prices, even as fed cattle prices fell, demonstrates the risk-mitigating impact of producer ownership of downstream activities in the value chain.
{"title":"Resilience of U.S. Cattle and Beef Sectors: Lessons from COVID-19","authors":"D. Hayes, Keri L Jacobs, L. Schulz, J. Crespi","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The upheaval wrought on the U.S. beef industry by the global COVID-19 pandemic carried with it several lessons that might help improve resiliency should there be a reoccurrence. First, the futures market for fed cattle fell well before cash prices, which sent a signal to market cattle early, and those who did so benefited. Second, the decline in futures anticipated the closure of slaughter plants and provided an opportunity to purchase and store beef primals in anticipation of future scarcity. Third, the beef industry has ways of slowing or stopping the pipeline of animals destined for feed yards and can “store” these animals in background feeding facilities or on pasture or rangeland. Producers who waited to sell feeder cattle benefited from higher feeder cattle prices once the processing facilities reopened. Fourth, cow slaughter plants responded to the pandemic and subsequent scarcity of labor much better than large fed-cattle plants. Cow plants are not as sophisticated and complex as fed-cattle plants. This relative simplicity may help explain the superior performance of these plants during the crisis. Sixth, the academic work on the value of building smaller plants as a response against concentration provides mixed results—these plants require more labor per animal and can be even more susceptible to labor scarcity. Seventh, the observed increase in boxed beef prices, even as fed cattle prices fell, demonstrates the risk-mitigating impact of producer ownership of downstream activities in the value chain.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48994182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in the U.S. price of softwood lumber by more than 300%. The price increase has been attributed to constraints on supply and increased demand for lumber caused by a pandemic-induced boom in domestic housing construction and, more so, home improvements. However, the volatility in lumber prices after the COVID-19 outbreak remains unexplained. In this paper, we employ a theoretical model to explain the cause of price volatility. We examine why demand and supply functions for lumber might be quite inelastic over the period from March 2020 to April 2022, despite very small shifts in demand. This implies that slight movements in interest rates or changes in the prices of substitutes, for example, can lead to large jumps in prices. Price volatility harms consumers while greatly benefitting lumber producers. Overall, as a result of the pandemic, U.S. producers gained some $5.3 billion, while U.S. consumers lost $7.3 billion per quarter.
{"title":"Explaining Post-Pandemic Lumber Price Volatility and its Welfare Effects","authors":"G. C. van Kooten, Rebecca Zanello, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in the U.S. price of softwood lumber by more than 300%. The price increase has been attributed to constraints on supply and increased demand for lumber caused by a pandemic-induced boom in domestic housing construction and, more so, home improvements. However, the volatility in lumber prices after the COVID-19 outbreak remains unexplained. In this paper, we employ a theoretical model to explain the cause of price volatility. We examine why demand and supply functions for lumber might be quite inelastic over the period from March 2020 to April 2022, despite very small shifts in demand. This implies that slight movements in interest rates or changes in the prices of substitutes, for example, can lead to large jumps in prices. Price volatility harms consumers while greatly benefitting lumber producers. Overall, as a result of the pandemic, U.S. producers gained some $5.3 billion, while U.S. consumers lost $7.3 billion per quarter.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49481654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Due to significant implications for resource and food sectors that directly influence social well-being, commodity price comovements represent an important issue in agricultural economics. In this study, we approach this issue by concentrating on daily prices of the corn futures market and 496 cash markets from 16 states in the United States for the period of July 2006 – February 2011 through correlation based hierarchical analysis and synchronization analysis, which allow for determining interactions and interdependence among these prices, heterogeneities in price synchronization, and their changing patterns over time. As the first study of the issue focusing on prices of the futures and hundreds of spatially dispersed cash markets for a commodity of indubitable economic significance, empirical findings show that the degree of comovements is generally higher after March 2008 but no persistent increase is observed. Different groups of cash markets are identified, each of which has its members exhibit relatively stable price synchronization over time that is generally at a higher level than the synchronization among the futures and all of the 496 cash markets. The futures is not found to show stable price synchronization with any cash market. Certain cash markets have potential of serving as cash price leaders. Results here benefit resource and food policy analysis and design for economic welfare. The empirical framework has potential of being adapted to network analysis of prices of different commodities.
{"title":"Network Analysis of Price Comovements Among Corn Futures and Cash Prices","authors":"Xiaojie Xu, Yun Zhang","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Due to significant implications for resource and food sectors that directly influence social well-being, commodity price comovements represent an important issue in agricultural economics. In this study, we approach this issue by concentrating on daily prices of the corn futures market and 496 cash markets from 16 states in the United States for the period of July 2006 – February 2011 through correlation based hierarchical analysis and synchronization analysis, which allow for determining interactions and interdependence among these prices, heterogeneities in price synchronization, and their changing patterns over time. As the first study of the issue focusing on prices of the futures and hundreds of spatially dispersed cash markets for a commodity of indubitable economic significance, empirical findings show that the degree of comovements is generally higher after March 2008 but no persistent increase is observed. Different groups of cash markets are identified, each of which has its members exhibit relatively stable price synchronization over time that is generally at a higher level than the synchronization among the futures and all of the 496 cash markets. The futures is not found to show stable price synchronization with any cash market. Certain cash markets have potential of serving as cash price leaders. Results here benefit resource and food policy analysis and design for economic welfare. The empirical framework has potential of being adapted to network analysis of prices of different commodities.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44130518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pierre Chiaverina, E. Raynaud, Marie Fillâtre, S. Nicklaus, V. Bellassen
Abstract Public school food procurement has been identified as a key lever in the transition towards sustainable food systems. In this study, we assess the nutritional quality and the carbon footprint of 2020 school menus served in 101 municipalities in the inner suburbs of Paris. In this sample, school canteens menus meet an average 8.2/15 (min = 4, max = 14) adequacy score to the regulatory nutritional quality frequency criteria and their carbon footprint averages at 1.9 (min = 1.2, max = 2.6) kgCO2e/day. The nutritional and environmental qualities of canteen menus were not correlated with each other. In-house canteens have a significantly higher nutritional quality – 0.7 more points – and so do larger canteens. The carbon footprint significantly decreases with an increasing education level of the population and, for in-house canteens, it also decreases by 0.16 kgCO2e/day with a ten-fold increase in canteen size and by 0.0035 kgCO2e/day per percent of left-wing vote, breaking even with delegated canteens above 3500 enrolled children and 53% of left-wing vote respectively. The frequency of certified food (mean = 18%, min = 0%, max = 51%), a cornerstone of the 2018 national law aiming at more sustainable institutional catering, has no impact on our indicators of nutritional quality and carbon footprint. The substantial variations between canteens in both nutritional and environmental qualities suggests that there is room for improvement on both ends.
{"title":"The Drivers of the Nutritional Quality and Carbon Footprint of School Menus in the Paris Area","authors":"Pierre Chiaverina, E. Raynaud, Marie Fillâtre, S. Nicklaus, V. Bellassen","doi":"10.1515/jafio-2021-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jafio-2021-0051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Public school food procurement has been identified as a key lever in the transition towards sustainable food systems. In this study, we assess the nutritional quality and the carbon footprint of 2020 school menus served in 101 municipalities in the inner suburbs of Paris. In this sample, school canteens menus meet an average 8.2/15 (min = 4, max = 14) adequacy score to the regulatory nutritional quality frequency criteria and their carbon footprint averages at 1.9 (min = 1.2, max = 2.6) kgCO2e/day. The nutritional and environmental qualities of canteen menus were not correlated with each other. In-house canteens have a significantly higher nutritional quality – 0.7 more points – and so do larger canteens. The carbon footprint significantly decreases with an increasing education level of the population and, for in-house canteens, it also decreases by 0.16 kgCO2e/day with a ten-fold increase in canteen size and by 0.0035 kgCO2e/day per percent of left-wing vote, breaking even with delegated canteens above 3500 enrolled children and 53% of left-wing vote respectively. The frequency of certified food (mean = 18%, min = 0%, max = 51%), a cornerstone of the 2018 national law aiming at more sustainable institutional catering, has no impact on our indicators of nutritional quality and carbon footprint. The substantial variations between canteens in both nutritional and environmental qualities suggests that there is room for improvement on both ends.","PeriodicalId":52541,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46736668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：