This study estimated the Technical Efficiency (TE) of coconut production in Sri Lanka using the stochastic frontier production function procedure. Data on inputs and coconut production recorded by Kurunegala Plantations Limited from 2000 – 2018 were used for the analysis. The stochastic production frontier in Cobb-Douglas form and the inefficiency model were estimated by single-step Maximum Likelihood method using STATA 14 computer software package treating coconut yield as the dependent variable and fertilizer, rainfall, labor, chemicals, tractor hours, mulching harrowing/plowing, agro-ecological zones, education level of the managers and bearing coconut extent as independent variables. Results revealed that TE of coconut production ranged from 81-98%, with an average of 88%, indicating that there is scope for increasing the production by as much as 12% without increasing inputs and simply using a higher technology level. The outcome of the analysis shows that inorganic fertilizer, rainfall, labor, tractor hours, and mulching are kind positive and significant. In contrast, agro-chemicals such as weedicides, fungicides and pesticides and plowing/harrowing did not show a significant contribution to coconut production. In respect of the farm and farmer-specific characteristics, the size of the estate has a positive relationship with technical inefficiency, meaning that smaller estates are more efficient than larger estates. It also shows that the agro-ecological zones and educational level have no significant effect on the efficiency of coconut production. The results highlight the need for government and private sector assistance in improving the efficiency of smallholders and promoting access to productive inputs.
{"title":"Estimating Technical Efficiency and its Determinants in the Coconut Plantations: The Case of Kurunegala Plantations Limited, Sri Lanka","authors":"S. Samarakoon, L. Gunarathne, J. Weerahewa","doi":"10.37833/cord.v38i.447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v38i.447","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimated the Technical Efficiency (TE) of coconut production in Sri Lanka using the stochastic frontier production function procedure. Data on inputs and coconut production recorded by Kurunegala Plantations Limited from 2000 – 2018 were used for the analysis. The stochastic production frontier in Cobb-Douglas form and the inefficiency model were estimated by single-step Maximum Likelihood method using STATA 14 computer software package treating coconut yield as the dependent variable and fertilizer, rainfall, labor, chemicals, tractor hours, mulching harrowing/plowing, agro-ecological zones, education level of the managers and bearing coconut extent as independent variables. Results revealed that TE of coconut production ranged from 81-98%, with an average of 88%, indicating that there is scope for increasing the production by as much as 12% without increasing inputs and simply using a higher technology level. The outcome of the analysis shows that inorganic fertilizer, rainfall, labor, tractor hours, and mulching are kind positive and significant. In contrast, agro-chemicals such as weedicides, fungicides and pesticides and plowing/harrowing did not show a significant contribution to coconut production. In respect of the farm and farmer-specific characteristics, the size of the estate has a positive relationship with technical inefficiency, meaning that smaller estates are more efficient than larger estates. It also shows that the agro-ecological zones and educational level have no significant effect on the efficiency of coconut production. The results highlight the need for government and private sector assistance in improving the efficiency of smallholders and promoting access to productive inputs.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49623575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nisha M. M., S. S. Kumar, N. Ibomcha, S. Susmitha, B. V. Muddukrishna
Several compounds produced by Actinomycetes group of bacteria have proven potential in inhibiting plant pathogenic fungi. In the present study, two microbial ethyl acetate extracts from Streptomyces were tested for their antifungal properties against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, the causal organism of stem bleeding disease in coconut. The cultural filtrates of 2 strains of Streptomyces (AFL-1 and AFL-2) were extracted with Ethyl acetrate. The resulting ethyl acetate extract of AFL-1 showed complete in-vitro inhibition of fungal growth at relatively low concentrations (0.25%) while Ethyl ecetate extract of AFL-2 needed higher concentrations (over 0.5%) to eliminate pathogen growth. This finding indicate their potential and further exploitation as biopesticides for the control of deadly pathogen T. paradoxa.
{"title":"In Vitro Study on Actinomycetes Extracts Against The Stem Bleeding Disease of Coconut","authors":"Nisha M. M., S. S. Kumar, N. Ibomcha, S. Susmitha, B. V. Muddukrishna","doi":"10.37833/cord.v38i.431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v38i.431","url":null,"abstract":"Several compounds produced by Actinomycetes group of bacteria have proven potential in inhibiting plant pathogenic fungi. In the present study, two microbial ethyl acetate extracts from Streptomyces were tested for their antifungal properties against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, the causal organism of stem bleeding disease in coconut. The cultural filtrates of 2 strains of Streptomyces (AFL-1 and AFL-2) were extracted with Ethyl acetrate. The resulting ethyl acetate extract of AFL-1 showed complete in-vitro inhibition of fungal growth at relatively low concentrations (0.25%) while Ethyl ecetate extract of AFL-2 needed higher concentrations (over 0.5%) to eliminate pathogen growth. This finding indicate their potential and further exploitation as biopesticides for the control of deadly pathogen T. paradoxa.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45522539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the efficacy of virgin and regular coconut oil on plaque-related gingivitis and the perceptions of the subjects regarding its taste and odor. A study was carried out on 80 subjects, divided into 4 groups, 20 participants each. Group A: virgin coconut oil (VCO) gargling, Group B: regular cooking coconut oil (RCCO) gargling, Group C: chlorhexidine mouthwash gargling, and Group D: routine toothbrushing. The Modified gingival Index (MGI) was assessed to check the gingival inflammation on the 15th and 30th days. Perceptions of the subjects on the taste and odor were measured with the Hedonic Scale, and texture of VCO and RCCO in comparison with chlorhexidine. The baseline means MGI values are: 1.62±0.47, 1.74±0.22, 1.78±0.22, 1.68±0.66 for Group A, B, C, and D respectively. There is a significant difference in gingival index scores across all the study groups on the 15th day and 30th day (intra-group comparison). There is a significant difference in mean scores when group VCO, RCCO, and Chlorhexidine are compared with the control (inter-group comparison). Hedonic rating scale shows: chlorhexidine has a better odor (3.2) than VCO (3.1), RCCO (2.9). Chlorhexidine scored (3.4) in taste compared with VCO (3.1) and RCCO (2.8). Texture and mouthfeel scores for Chlorhexidine and VCO (3.6) and RCCO (3.4). VCO and RCCO are as efficient in reducing gingivitis. VCO has better taste, odor, and texture in the mouth than RCCO.
{"title":"Perceptions and Efficacy of Oral Rinsing with Two Types of Coconut Oil: A Comparative Study","authors":"D. F. C PEEDIKAYIL","doi":"10.37833/cord.v37i.438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v37i.438","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the efficacy of virgin and regular coconut oil on plaque-related gingivitis and the perceptions of the subjects regarding its taste and odor. A study was carried out on 80 subjects, divided into 4 groups, 20 participants each. Group A: virgin coconut oil (VCO) gargling, Group B: regular cooking coconut oil (RCCO) gargling, Group C: chlorhexidine mouthwash gargling, and Group D: routine toothbrushing. The Modified gingival Index (MGI) was assessed to check the gingival inflammation on the 15th and 30th days. Perceptions of the subjects on the taste and odor were measured with the Hedonic Scale, and texture of VCO and RCCO in comparison with chlorhexidine. The baseline means MGI values are: 1.62±0.47, 1.74±0.22, 1.78±0.22, 1.68±0.66 for Group A, B, C, and D respectively. There is a significant difference in gingival index scores across all the study groups on the 15th day and 30th day (intra-group comparison). There is a significant difference in mean scores when group VCO, RCCO, and Chlorhexidine are compared with the control (inter-group comparison). Hedonic rating scale shows: chlorhexidine has a better odor (3.2) than VCO (3.1), RCCO (2.9). Chlorhexidine scored (3.4) in taste compared with VCO (3.1) and RCCO (2.8). Texture and mouthfeel scores for Chlorhexidine and VCO (3.6) and RCCO (3.4). VCO and RCCO are as efficient in reducing gingivitis. VCO has better taste, odor, and texture in the mouth than RCCO.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46641504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted for six years to assess the effects of two widely grown cover crops Gliricidia sepium (T1) and Puereria phasioloides (T2) on coconut yields and soil characteristics. Experiments were carried out on coconuts planted in Reddish Brown Latosolic soils located in the low country intermediate zone-IL1 of Sri Lanka. Results showed that treatments 1 and 2 were significantly (p≤0.05) effective over the control treatment (no cover crop) in suppressing weed biomass. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological properties. Results showed that soils where G. sepium and P. phasioloides were grown were superior in most of the properties compared to the control. Soils under P. phasioloides showed significantly higher moisture contents compared to G. sepium and control treatments. Significant increases on soil properties were likewise observed in G. sepium and P. phasioloides plots: nitrogen (by 77% and 76 %), organic carbon content (by 86% and 148%), soil microbial activity (by 52% and 73%), respectively. On the other hand, soil bulk densities were reduced significantly by 20% and 27% under G. sepium and P. phasioloides, respectively. There was no significant increase observed on available P but P content improved with the establishment of cover crops. Significant increases in mean annual nut yields were observed during the 4th, 5th, and 6th years after cover crops establishment. Nut yields were found to increase with G. sepium and P. phasioloides by 46% and 58%, respectively when compared to that of control treatment plots.
{"title":"Effect of Selected Leguminous Cover Crop Species on the Productivity of Coconut Cultivated in Reddish Brown Latosolic Soils in Sri Lanka","authors":"S. Senarathne, S. Udumann","doi":"10.37833/cord.v37i.435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v37i.435","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted for six years to assess the effects of two widely grown cover crops Gliricidia sepium (T1) and Puereria phasioloides (T2) on coconut yields and soil characteristics. Experiments were carried out on coconuts planted in Reddish Brown Latosolic soils located in the low country intermediate zone-IL1 of Sri Lanka. Results showed that treatments 1 and 2 were significantly (p≤0.05) effective over the control treatment (no cover crop) in suppressing weed biomass. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological properties. Results showed that soils where G. sepium and P. phasioloides were grown were superior in most of the properties compared to the control. Soils under P. phasioloides showed significantly higher moisture contents compared to G. sepium and control treatments. Significant increases on soil properties were likewise observed in G. sepium and P. phasioloides plots: nitrogen (by 77% and 76 %), organic carbon content (by 86% and 148%), soil microbial activity (by 52% and 73%), respectively. On the other hand, soil bulk densities were reduced significantly by 20% and 27% under G. sepium and P. phasioloides, respectively. There was no significant increase observed on available P but P content improved with the establishment of cover crops. Significant increases in mean annual nut yields were observed during the 4th, 5th, and 6th years after cover crops establishment. Nut yields were found to increase with G. sepium and P. phasioloides by 46% and 58%, respectively when compared to that of control treatment plots.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42429301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dilani Hewa Pathirana, C. Yalegama, Darshana Jayawardhana Arachige, Malki Senarathne
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a superior edible oil extracted from fresh coconut (Cocos nucifera L) kernel using mixed coconut varieties without considering the varietal effect. Therefore, this research focuses on the quality evaluation of VCO extracted from four types of coconut varieties, namely Sri lanka Tall×Tall (TT), a tall variety of Gon Thambili (GT), a tall variety of Ran Thambili (RT) and Philippines tall variety of San Ramon (SR). Mature coconuts from each variety were collected from the Bandirippuwa Estate of the Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka to extract VCO by cold press oil extraction method. The extractability of VCO from different varieties was investigated. Moisture, free fatty acid (FFA), fatty acid profile (gas chromatography), peroxide value (PV), color (Lovibond scale), total phenolic substances (Galic acid equivalent), antioxidant capacity (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, 0.1mM – DPPH method) and sun protection factor (SPF) of VCO extracted from each variety were analyzed. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data were analyzed using ANOVA using Tukey’s test by MINITAB 17. Oil extractability (58%-59%), FFA (0.04%-0.12%), color (0.43–0.93) and fatty acid profile of VCO did not show variation among varieties. A higher concentration of total phenolic substances was observed in GT (0.24±0.03mg GAE/100g) while antioxidant capacity (857.19±14.99mg/ml) and SPF (8.99±1.26) was rich in RT.
{"title":"Physicochemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil Extracted from Different Coconut (Cocos nucifera L) Varieties","authors":"Dilani Hewa Pathirana, C. Yalegama, Darshana Jayawardhana Arachige, Malki Senarathne","doi":"10.37833/cord.v37i.440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v37i.440","url":null,"abstract":"Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a superior edible oil extracted from fresh coconut (Cocos nucifera L) kernel using mixed coconut varieties without considering the varietal effect. Therefore, this research focuses on the quality evaluation of VCO extracted from four types of coconut varieties, namely Sri lanka Tall×Tall (TT), a tall variety of Gon Thambili (GT), a tall variety of Ran Thambili (RT) and Philippines tall variety of San Ramon (SR). Mature coconuts from each variety were collected from the Bandirippuwa Estate of the Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka to extract VCO by cold press oil extraction method. The extractability of VCO from different varieties was investigated. Moisture, free fatty acid (FFA), fatty acid profile (gas chromatography), peroxide value (PV), color (Lovibond scale), total phenolic substances (Galic acid equivalent), antioxidant capacity (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, 0.1mM – DPPH method) and sun protection factor (SPF) of VCO extracted from each variety were analyzed. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data were analyzed using ANOVA using Tukey’s test by MINITAB 17. Oil extractability (58%-59%), FFA (0.04%-0.12%), color (0.43–0.93) and fatty acid profile of VCO did not show variation among varieties. A higher concentration of total phenolic substances was observed in GT (0.24±0.03mg GAE/100g) while antioxidant capacity (857.19±14.99mg/ml) and SPF (8.99±1.26) was rich in RT.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48015854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coconut sugar is one of the high economic value products. The production of coconut sugar In Indonesia is about 300,000 tonnes/year. During the last few years, the supply of raw materials for the coconut sugar product has diminished due to stagnant production caused by the lack of coconut climbers collecting coconut sap. The scarcity of labor is caused by several factors, especially young tappers who are less interested in climbing tall coconut palms. To solve this problem, it is necessary to evaluate the potency of dwarf coconuts, with short trunk and fast fruiting. The objective of this study was the evaluation and selection of Dwarf coconut varieties that have high yield potential as a producer of sap and coconut sugar. The research was conducted in North Sulawesi Province by evaluating 9 Dwarf coconut varieties. The results of research on the production of coconut sap and sugar from 9 Dwarf coconut varieties with different plant ages, gave mixed results among coconut varieties. The length of tapping sap varied between 31.42 - 43.21 days/bunch, the volume of sap varied between 1.1 - 3.3 liters/tree/day, the pH of sap ranged between 6.49 - 7.86 and the Brix value varied between 14.01 - 17.64. The most important traits such as the sap yield and sugar production also varied from 14.54 to 18.95% among varieties, and between 0.16 to 0.42 kg/tree/day respectively. The Dwarf coconut varieties with the highest potential yield of sap and sugar are the Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), and Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), with the potential sugar yield of 2.09 tons, 1.64 tons, and 1.56 tons/month/ha respectively. It is hoped that these Dwarf coconut varieties would be attractive for young tapers and could be introduced to farmers in several Provinces for tapping purposes for the production of coconut sugar.
椰子糖是具有较高经济价值的产品之一。印度尼西亚的椰子糖产量约为30万吨/年。在过去的几年里，由于缺乏采摘椰汁的攀椰者导致生产停滞，椰子糖产品的原材料供应减少。劳动力短缺是由几个因素造成的，尤其是年轻的采花者，他们对爬高椰树不太感兴趣。为了解决这一问题，有必要对树干短、结实快的矮椰子进行效力评价。本研究的目的是评价和选择具有高产潜力的矮椰子品种，作为树液和椰子糖的生产者。该研究在北苏拉威西省进行，对9个矮椰子品种进行了评估。对9个不同株龄矮椰子品种的椰汁和椰糖产量进行了研究，结果表明，不同品种的椰汁和椰糖产量差异较大。采液长度在31.42 ~ 43.21 d /株之间，液量在1.1 ~ 3.3 l /株/d之间，液的pH值在6.49 ~ 7.86之间，糖度值在14.01 ~ 17.64之间。不同品种间树液和糖产量的差异在14.54% ~ 18.95%之间，在0.16 ~ 0.42 kg/株/d之间。产糖潜力最高的矮椰子品种为旺加普红矮(WRD)、萨拉克绿矮(SGD)和尼亚斯黄矮(NYD)，产糖潜力分别为2.09吨、1.64吨和1.56吨/月/公顷。希望这些矮椰子品种能够吸引年轻的锥子，并可以介绍给几个省份的农民，用于开采椰子糖的生产。
{"title":"Preliminary Investigation of The Potential of Coconut Sugar Production Using Dwarf Varieties","authors":"H. Novarianto","doi":"10.37833/cord.v37i.444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v37i.444","url":null,"abstract":"Coconut sugar is one of the high economic value products. The production of coconut sugar In Indonesia is about 300,000 tonnes/year. During the last few years, the supply of raw materials for the coconut sugar product has diminished due to stagnant production caused by the lack of coconut climbers collecting coconut sap. The scarcity of labor is caused by several factors, especially young tappers who are less interested in climbing tall coconut palms. To solve this problem, it is necessary to evaluate the potency of dwarf coconuts, with short trunk and fast fruiting. The objective of this study was the evaluation and selection of Dwarf coconut varieties that have high yield potential as a producer of sap and coconut sugar. The research was conducted in North Sulawesi Province by evaluating 9 Dwarf coconut varieties. The results of research on the production of coconut sap and sugar from 9 Dwarf coconut varieties with different plant ages, gave mixed results among coconut varieties. The length of tapping sap varied between 31.42 - 43.21 days/bunch, the volume of sap varied between 1.1 - 3.3 liters/tree/day, the pH of sap ranged between 6.49 - 7.86 and the Brix value varied between 14.01 - 17.64. The most important traits such as the sap yield and sugar production also varied from 14.54 to 18.95% among varieties, and between 0.16 to 0.42 kg/tree/day respectively. The Dwarf coconut varieties with the highest potential yield of sap and sugar are the Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Salak Green Dwarf (SGD), and Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), with the potential sugar yield of 2.09 tons, 1.64 tons, and 1.56 tons/month/ha respectively. It is hoped that these Dwarf coconut varieties would be attractive for young tapers and could be introduced to farmers in several Provinces for tapping purposes for the production of coconut sugar.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42068478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Pathirana, W. M. K. Lakdusinghe, L. Yalegama, C. A. T. D. Chandrapeli, J. A. .. Madusanka
Defatted coconut kernel is the major by-product of the dry method of virgin coconut oil (VCO) processing which includes high fiber content. It is ground into a fine powder, has a high potential to use as a composite matrix for baked food items with wheat flour. The aim of this research is to compare nutritional characteristics of defatted coconut flour incorporated biscuits (CF), desiccated coconut incorporated commercial biscuits (DC) and wheat flour-based commercial biscuits (WF) using white bread (WB) as a reference. Proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber and carbohydrate), Hydrolysis Index (HI) and Predicted Glycemic Index (PGI) of samples were performed through standard in-vitro analysis methods. Results of the proximate analysis revealed that moisture (36.67±0.16 %) and protein (13.35±1.17 %) content of bread were significantly (p<0.05) higher while fat, fiber and ash content of CF incorporated biscuits were significantly (p<0.05) higher with the values of 26.67±1.87 %, 3.53±0.10 % and 4.70±2.61 % respectively. Free sugar glucose content (FSG) of WF was observed the highest significant (p<0.05) value of 5.88±1.03 % while the highest amount of rapidly available glucose (RAG) (81.45±5.27 %), slowly available glucose (SAG) (59.81±7.58 %), total glucose (TG) (99.16±5.56 %) were observed in reference food of bread. The PGI of three biscuit types belonging to the medium glycemic food with the values of 60.84, 64.53 and 62.90 respectively for CF, DC and WF treatments.
{"title":"Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Defatted Coconut Flour Incorporated Biscuits","authors":"H. Pathirana, W. M. K. Lakdusinghe, L. Yalegama, C. A. T. D. Chandrapeli, J. A. .. Madusanka","doi":"10.37833/cord.v36i.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v36i.427","url":null,"abstract":"Defatted coconut kernel is the major by-product of the dry method of virgin coconut oil (VCO) processing which includes high fiber content. It is ground into a fine powder, has a high potential to use as a composite matrix for baked food items with wheat flour. The aim of this research is to compare nutritional characteristics of defatted coconut flour incorporated biscuits (CF), desiccated coconut incorporated commercial biscuits (DC) and wheat flour-based commercial biscuits (WF) using white bread (WB) as a reference. Proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber and carbohydrate), Hydrolysis Index (HI) and Predicted Glycemic Index (PGI) of samples were performed through standard in-vitro analysis methods. Results of the proximate analysis revealed that moisture (36.67±0.16 %) and protein (13.35±1.17 %) content of bread were significantly (p<0.05) higher while fat, fiber and ash content of CF incorporated biscuits were significantly (p<0.05) higher with the values of 26.67±1.87 %, 3.53±0.10 % and 4.70±2.61 % respectively. Free sugar glucose content (FSG) of WF was observed the highest significant (p<0.05) value of 5.88±1.03 % while the highest amount of rapidly available glucose (RAG) (81.45±5.27 %), slowly available glucose (SAG) (59.81±7.58 %), total glucose (TG) (99.16±5.56 %) were observed in reference food of bread. The PGI of three biscuit types belonging to the medium glycemic food with the values of 60.84, 64.53 and 62.90 respectively for CF, DC and WF treatments.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44754397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global supply and demand of coconuts and coconut-based products have been increased tremendously over the past decades; hence, the industry has become one of the significant contributors to the economies of producer countries. However, similar to the other agricultural industries, coconut has confronted by fluctuation in prices and accords the importance of reliable price modelling and forecasting techniques to ease the burden on the value chain actors. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the main approaches used in modelling and forecasting coconut prices, with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The modelling techniques used in coconut price forecasting were mainly time series models dominated by univariate time series models. This type of models excessively confines the analysis to a single variable, despite the many interactions affected in a system of coconut pricing. The major drawback in existing price modelling studies is the absence of interacting factors such as prices, production, climatic variables and their interactions as a system. Therefore, it is important to extend the existing studies of coconut price modelling and forecasting with a system’s approach by including other influencing variables to generate more realistic forecast values, allowing the industry to adopt its changing circumstances. Keywords: Coconut, modelling, price forecasting, time series models, system’s approach
{"title":"The Coconut Industry: A Review of Price Forecasting Modelling in Major Coconut Producing Countries","authors":"M. Abeysekara, K. Waidyarathne","doi":"10.37833/cord.v36i.422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v36i.422","url":null,"abstract":"The global supply and demand of coconuts and coconut-based products have been increased tremendously over the past decades; hence, the industry has become one of the significant contributors to the economies of producer countries. However, similar to the other agricultural industries, coconut has confronted by fluctuation in prices and accords the importance of reliable price modelling and forecasting techniques to ease the burden on the value chain actors. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the main approaches used in modelling and forecasting coconut prices, with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The modelling techniques used in coconut price forecasting were mainly time series models dominated by univariate time series models. This type of models excessively confines the analysis to a single variable, despite the many interactions affected in a system of coconut pricing. The major drawback in existing price modelling studies is the absence of interacting factors such as prices, production, climatic variables and their interactions as a system. Therefore, it is important to extend the existing studies of coconut price modelling and forecasting with a system’s approach by including other influencing variables to generate more realistic forecast values, allowing the industry to adopt its changing circumstances. \u0000Keywords: Coconut, modelling, price forecasting, time series models, system’s approach","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47201167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Wijesekara, S. Perera, D. Bandupriya, M. Meegahakumbura, L. Perera
Weligama Coconut Leaf Wilt Disease (WCLWD) is a non-lethal, but debilitating phytoplasma disease found in coconut palms in Sri Lanka which is confined to the Southern Province of the country, well-away from the major coconut growing area. If it spreads to the major coconut growing area, it might severely damage the coconut industry in Sri Lanka. Government commenced a disease control program to eradicate the disease and, more importantly to prevent spreading of the disease to major coconut growing areas. The major constraint in this program is the lack of an accurate and reliable method for identifying affected palms. Visual symptoms are used to identify the affected palms for removal, yet growers are not always convinced of the method of resisting palm removal. This poses a serious threat to the implementation of the disease control program. Although a Nested-PCR-based disease diagnosis was established earlier, the detection rate and reliability need further improvements. Therefore, an urgent necessity for a more reliable disease detection method has arisen. In the current study, a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) powered by a pair of primers and a probe designed from the published partial sequences of the WCLWD phytoplasma was validated with 202 coconut samples and a detection rate of above 95% was achieved. This newly established detection system was highly reliable and a way forward for controlling the WCLWD disease in Sri Lanka.
{"title":"Detection of Weligama Coconut Leaf Wilt Disease Phytoplasma by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction","authors":"H. Wijesekara, S. Perera, D. Bandupriya, M. Meegahakumbura, L. Perera","doi":"10.37833/cord.v36i.425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v36i.425","url":null,"abstract":"Weligama Coconut Leaf Wilt Disease (WCLWD) is a non-lethal, but debilitating phytoplasma disease found in coconut palms in Sri Lanka which is confined to the Southern Province of the country, well-away from the major coconut growing area. If it spreads to the major coconut growing area, it might severely damage the coconut industry in Sri Lanka. Government commenced a disease control program to eradicate the disease and, more importantly to prevent spreading of the disease to major coconut growing areas. The major constraint in this program is the lack of an accurate and reliable method for identifying affected palms. Visual symptoms are used to identify the affected palms for removal, yet growers are not always convinced of the method of resisting palm removal. This poses a serious threat to the implementation of the disease control program. Although a Nested-PCR-based disease diagnosis was established earlier, the detection rate and reliability need further improvements. Therefore, an urgent necessity for a more reliable disease detection method has arisen. In the current study, a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) powered by a pair of primers and a probe designed from the published partial sequences of the WCLWD phytoplasma was validated with 202 coconut samples and a detection rate of above 95% was achieved. This newly established detection system was highly reliable and a way forward for controlling the WCLWD disease in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46892707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted to design and develop a semi-direct dryer for flat terrain. This dryer was designed to provide farmers an alternative to traditional and existing dryers particularly the semi-direct and indirect dryers. The components of the dryer were drying bed, plenum chamber, tunnel and firing chamber. It has a capacity of 2,000 nuts and the husks from the nuts were used as fuel for the dryer. The means of the average drying temperature on the front, middle and rear portions of the drying platform were 56.5 oC, 58.2 oC, and 58.4 oC, respectively. The average time of drying in bringing down the moisture content of the copra from 50% to 12% wet basis was 24 hours using only 66.30% of the husks. As of January 2017, the total cost of the dryer with shed was P 61,100.00 and the computed break-even cost was P 1.82/kg. The performance of the dryer is comparable to the existing dryers.
{"title":"DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-DIRECT COPRA DRYER FOR FLAT TERRAIN","authors":"Mencius Lesidan","doi":"10.37833/cord.v36i.419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v36i.419","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to design and develop a semi-direct dryer for flat terrain. This dryer was designed to provide farmers an alternative to traditional and existing dryers particularly the semi-direct and indirect dryers. The components of the dryer were drying bed, plenum chamber, tunnel and firing chamber. It has a capacity of 2,000 nuts and the husks from the nuts were used as fuel for the dryer. The means of the average drying temperature on the front, middle and rear portions of the drying platform were 56.5 oC, 58.2 oC, and 58.4 oC, respectively. The average time of drying in bringing down the moisture content of the copra from 50% to 12% wet basis was 24 hours using only 66.30% of the husks. As of January 2017, the total cost of the dryer with shed was P 61,100.00 and the computed break-even cost was P 1.82/kg. The performance of the dryer is comparable to the existing dryers.","PeriodicalId":52732,"journal":{"name":"CORD","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44536356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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