Military emergency medical care in support of mission personnel in operational areas serves as a vital element of peace support operations, as it ensures the maintenance of the human resources deployed in mission areas. Although the South African National Defence Force is facing significant financial constraints, it is becoming increasingly mobile, as South Africa continues to pledge military and diplomatic assistance in the African continent to maintain peace and stability, promote development and provide security. Consequently, when deployed abroad, military emergency care providers face unique challenges. The aim of this paper is to describe the lived experiences of Gauteng-based emergency care providers in delivering emergency medical care amid resource constraints during external deployment. The descriptions were extracted from a larger study titled “exploring lived experiences of Gauteng-based military pre-hospital emergency care providers during external deployment”. The research was conducted using a qualitative, exploratory research design and was guided by a phenomenological approach. The findings indicate that Gauteng-based military emergency care providers often did not have enough equipment or appropriate transportation to perform their duties during external deployment. As a result, they are hindered from providing quality care to ill and injured patients.
{"title":"PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF EMERGENCY CARE PROVIDERS DURING EXTERNAL DEPLOYMENT","authors":"T. Khoza, N. Mshunqane, Simpiwe Sobuwa","doi":"10.5787/47-1-1269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/47-1-1269","url":null,"abstract":"Military emergency medical care in support of mission personnel in operational areas serves as a vital element of peace support operations, as it ensures the maintenance of the human resources deployed in mission areas. Although the South African National Defence Force is facing significant financial constraints, it is becoming increasingly mobile, as South Africa continues to pledge military and diplomatic assistance in the African continent to maintain peace and stability, promote development and provide security. Consequently, when deployed abroad, military emergency care providers face unique challenges. The aim of this paper is to describe the lived experiences of Gauteng-based emergency care providers in delivering emergency medical care amid resource constraints during external deployment. The descriptions were extracted from a larger study titled “exploring lived experiences of Gauteng-based military pre-hospital emergency care providers during external deployment”. The research was conducted using a qualitative, exploratory research design and was guided by a phenomenological approach. The findings indicate that Gauteng-based military emergency care providers often did not have enough equipment or appropriate transportation to perform their duties during external deployment. As a result, they are hindered from providing quality care to ill and injured patients.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85136737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The First World War in German East Africa was significantly different than the war in Europe. More so than just the geographical difference and that Europe still stands at the forefront of popular memory, the environment of equatorial Africa played an equally significant role as an enemy to the British Army as did the German Army. Rather than just a collection of assorted stories, it is the aim of this article to examine the interaction between the British Army and the environment of German East Africa from 1914-1918 and demonstrate that three environmental factors – climate, disease, and terrain – significantly affected the war and the soldiers that fought in it in a variety of ways, both in terms of military operations and on the human level.
{"title":"The First World War on the Periphery: The Effect of the Environment on British Soldiers in German East Africa, 1914-1918","authors":"Shawn M. Reagin","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1203","url":null,"abstract":"The First World War in German East Africa was significantly different than the war in Europe. More so than just the geographical difference and that Europe still stands at the forefront of popular memory, the environment of equatorial Africa played an equally significant role as an enemy to the British Army as did the German Army. Rather than just a collection of assorted stories, it is the aim of this article to examine the interaction between the British Army and the environment of German East Africa from 1914-1918 and demonstrate that three environmental factors – climate, disease, and terrain – significantly affected the war and the soldiers that fought in it in a variety of ways, both in terms of military operations and on the human level.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74857144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deneys Reitz (1882–1944), the acclaimed memoirist and author of Commando, is arguably the best known of his gifted family.1 Several generations before him played interesting roles in the history of South Africa. The progenitor, Jan Frederik Reitz (1761–1824), was a Dutch naval officer, and then a Cape civil servant, before becoming a substantial landowner. His marriage into the influential Van Reenen family assisted as a social escalator. They had four sons and a daughter. Of these, Francis William (1810–1881) was a Swellendam agriculturalist and politician, and was returned in 1854 as one of the youngest members of the Cape Parliament of Francis William’s twelve children, a daughter married WP Schreiner, later a prime minister of the Cape Colony, and a son, another Francis William (1844–1934), served as president of the Orange Free State, then as state secretary of the South African Republic (Transvaal), and after 1910, as the first present of the Senate of the Union of South Africa. His talented sons included legal men, politicians, an author and poet, and another Union senator, as well as Deneys, the soldier-politician and trusted confidant of General Jan Smuts.
丹尼斯·雷茨(1882-1944)，广受赞誉的回忆录作家和《突击队》的作者，可以说是他的天才家庭中最著名的在他之前的几代人在南非历史上扮演了有趣的角色。其创始人扬·弗雷德里克·赖茨(Jan Frederik Reitz, 1761-1824)在成为大地主之前，曾是一名荷兰海军军官，后来成为开普省的一名公务员。他与有影响力的范·雷南家族的联姻起到了助推社会发展的作用。他们有四个儿子和一个女儿。其中，弗朗西斯·威廉(1810-1881)是斯韦伦丹的农学家和政治家，并于1854年作为弗朗西斯·威廉的12个孩子中最年轻的开普议会成员之一返回，一个女儿嫁给了WP Schreiner，后来成为开普殖民地的总理，还有一个儿子，另一个弗朗西斯·威廉(1844-1934)，担任奥兰治自由邦总统，然后担任南非共和国(德兰士瓦省)的国务秘书，1910年后，作为南非联邦参议院的第一位代表。他有才华的儿子们有法律界人士、政治家、一位作家兼诗人、另一位联邦参议员，还有丹尼斯，他是军人兼政治家，是扬·斯马茨将军信任的知己。
{"title":"Afrikaner Odyssey: The Life and Times of the Reitz Family","authors":"I. V. D. Waag","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1240","url":null,"abstract":"Deneys Reitz (1882–1944), the acclaimed memoirist and author of Commando, is arguably the best known of his gifted family.1 Several generations before him played interesting roles in the history of South Africa. The progenitor, Jan Frederik Reitz (1761–1824), was a Dutch naval officer, and then a Cape civil servant, before becoming a substantial landowner. His marriage into the influential Van Reenen family assisted as a social escalator. They had four sons and a daughter. Of these, Francis William (1810–1881) was a Swellendam agriculturalist and politician, and was returned in 1854 as one of the youngest members of the Cape Parliament of Francis William’s twelve children, a daughter married WP Schreiner, later a prime minister of the Cape Colony, and a son, another Francis William (1844–1934), served as president of the Orange Free State, then as state secretary of the South African Republic (Transvaal), and after 1910, as the first present of the Senate of the Union of South Africa. His talented sons included legal men, politicians, an author and poet, and another Union senator, as well as Deneys, the soldier-politician and trusted confidant of General Jan Smuts.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87047120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This book is based on research about criminal assassinations and organised crime in South Africa, conducted by Shaw and his colleagues at the Centre of Criminology in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town (UCT).
这本书是基于Shaw和他在开普敦大学法律系犯罪学中心的同事们对南非的犯罪暗杀和有组织犯罪的研究。
{"title":"Hitmen for Hire: Exposing South Africa's Underworld","authors":"T. Beukes","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1241","url":null,"abstract":"This book is based on research about criminal assassinations and organised crime in South Africa, conducted by Shaw and his colleagues at the Centre of Criminology in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town (UCT).","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87432424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing ethical competence in nursing is integral to the process of professional socialisation during which students are taught the ethical values and norms of the nursing profession. The process of professional socialisation is however influenced by a range of factors related to the teaching and learning environment, such as organisational culture, teaching practices and role models. Students at a military nursing college are exposed to a unique environment rich in military culture. The findings discussed in this article formed part of a larger grounded theory study that aimed to determine the influence of the hidden curriculum on the professional socialisation of students in a military context. Data were collected from purposefully selected nurse educators and students by means of focus-group interviews and critical incident narratives. Findings revealed a significant influence of the abuse of rank on the ethical competence of students.
{"title":"The Influence of Rankism on the Ethical Competence of Student Nurses in a Military Context","authors":"G. V. van Rensburg, Karen Zägenhagen","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1205","url":null,"abstract":"Developing ethical competence in nursing is integral to the process of professional socialisation during which students are taught the ethical values and norms of the nursing profession. The process of professional socialisation is however influenced by a range of factors related to the teaching and learning environment, such as organisational culture, teaching practices and role models. Students at a military nursing college are exposed to a unique environment rich in military culture. The findings discussed in this article formed part of a larger grounded theory study that aimed to determine the influence of the hidden curriculum on the professional socialisation of students in a military context. Data were collected from purposefully selected nurse educators and students by means of focus-group interviews and critical incident narratives. Findings revealed a significant influence of the abuse of rank on the ethical competence of students.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75970880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Indonesian War of Independence (1945–1949) and the Dutch attempt to combat the insurgency campaign by the Indonesian nationalists provides an excellent case study of how not to conduct a counter-insurgency war. In this article, it is reasoned that the Dutch security strategic objective – a smokescreen of autonomy while keeping hold of political power – was unrealistic. Their military strategic approach was very deficient. They approached the war with a conventional war mind-set, thinking that if they could merely reoccupy the whole archipelago and take the nationalist leaders prisoner, that it would guarantee victory. They also mistreated the indigenous population badly, including several mass murders and other war crimes, and ensured that the population turned against them. There was little coordination between the civilian and military authorities. Two conventional mobile operations, while conducted professionally, actually enlarged the territory to be pacified and weakened the Dutch hold on the country. By early 1949, it was clear that the Dutch had lost the war, mainly because the Dutch made a series of crucial mistakes, such as not attempting to win the hearts and minds of the local population. In addition, the implacable opposition by the United States made their war effort futile.
{"title":"The Dutch Strategic and Operational Approach in the Indonesian War of Independence, 1945-1949","authors":"L. Scholtz","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1237","url":null,"abstract":"The Indonesian War of Independence (1945–1949) and the Dutch attempt to combat the insurgency campaign by the Indonesian nationalists provides an excellent case study of how not to conduct a counter-insurgency war. In this article, it is reasoned that the Dutch security strategic objective – a smokescreen of autonomy while keeping hold of political power – was unrealistic. Their military strategic approach was very deficient. They approached the war with a conventional war mind-set, thinking that if they could merely reoccupy the whole archipelago and take the nationalist leaders prisoner, that it would guarantee victory. They also mistreated the indigenous population badly, including several mass murders and other war crimes, and ensured that the population turned against them. There was little coordination between the civilian and military authorities. Two conventional mobile operations, while conducted professionally, actually enlarged the territory to be pacified and weakened the Dutch hold on the country. By early 1949, it was clear that the Dutch had lost the war, mainly because the Dutch made a series of crucial mistakes, such as not attempting to win the hearts and minds of the local population. In addition, the implacable opposition by the United States made their war effort futile.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78707800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article argues that China’s Eastern Africa policy is based on Chinese national economic and strategic interests – but with significant contributions to regional order. Beijing couples its One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative and existing United Nations (UN) policies to ensure that economic development projects are linked to Chinese contributions to regional peace and stability. China contributes to regional order by emphasising the use of military force for defensive purposes only and by gaining pre-approval from the region for such interventions. It also provides strong government-backed economic and diplomatic assistance to African countries, to further foster such regional order. Yet, contrary to its stated intentions, Beijing’s focus on development and non-interference could pose challenges to human rights observance and issues of social justice – by potentially allowing rogue regimes to jeopardise the basic security of individuals. In turn, this could further challenge regional order by spreading instability and conflict across borders.
{"title":"China’s Policy on Development and Security in East Africa","authors":"L. Odgaard","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1190","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that China’s Eastern Africa policy is based on Chinese national economic and strategic interests – but with significant contributions to regional order. Beijing couples its One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative and existing United Nations (UN) policies to ensure that economic development projects are linked to Chinese contributions to regional peace and stability. China contributes to regional order by emphasising the use of military force for defensive purposes only and by gaining pre-approval from the region for such interventions. It also provides strong government-backed economic and diplomatic assistance to African countries, to further foster such regional order. Yet, contrary to its stated intentions, Beijing’s focus on development and non-interference could pose challenges to human rights observance and issues of social justice – by potentially allowing rogue regimes to jeopardise the basic security of individuals. In turn, this could further challenge regional order by spreading instability and conflict across borders.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72947568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Combining the writing abilities of a seasoned literary author with the intricacies of a good military story is almost a guarantee for a good book. And this is precisely the case with 1 Recce – The night belongs to us. It is without doubt a well-written book and an outstanding read. The book fills a gap in the existing South African military historiography by documenting the story of the formation and building of 1 Reconnaissance Regiment of the former defence force to full operational capacity.
{"title":"1 Recce - The Night Belongs to Us","authors":"A. Esterhuyse","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1239","url":null,"abstract":"Combining the writing abilities of a seasoned literary author with the intricacies of a good military story is almost a guarantee for a good book. And this is precisely the case with 1 Recce – The night belongs to us. It is without doubt a well-written book and an outstanding read. The book fills a gap in the existing South African military historiography by documenting the story of the formation and building of 1 Reconnaissance Regiment of the former defence force to full operational capacity.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78389304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The South African Special Forces is a grouping of highly trained, motivated and dedicated soldiers who execute specialised tasks that ordinary infantry soldiers are not trained or required to conduct. The milieu in which Special Forces operators function is notoriously challenging as these forces could deploy for a few days or several months or longer in any type of environment. It is therefore essential that the correct candidates be selected to function in these environments. The aim of the officer’s potential assessment (OPA) is thus to select candidates with the physical, cognitive, emotional and psychological fitness to be trained as South African Special Forces operators and officers. The study on which this article is based, explored the development of the behavioural assessments during the South African Special Forces officers’ selection process as a method and model for the review and design of assessment centres from a holistic, detailed perspective.
{"title":"Behavioural-Based Assessments in the Special Forces Environment: A Procedural Review","authors":"S. V. Van Wyk, Renier Armand du Toit","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1154","url":null,"abstract":"The South African Special Forces is a grouping of highly trained, motivated and dedicated soldiers who execute specialised tasks that ordinary infantry soldiers are not trained or required to conduct. The milieu in which Special Forces operators function is notoriously challenging as these forces could deploy for a few days or several months or longer in any type of environment. It is therefore essential that the correct candidates be selected to function in these environments. The aim of the officer’s potential assessment (OPA) is thus to select candidates with the physical, cognitive, emotional and psychological fitness to be trained as South African Special Forces operators and officers. The study on which this article is based, explored the development of the behavioural assessments during the South African Special Forces officers’ selection process as a method and model for the review and design of assessment centres from a holistic, detailed perspective.","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82303833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From the Editors","authors":"J. van der Merwe","doi":"10.5787/46-2-1236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/46-2-1236","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53024,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73227086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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