Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.10
Ammar Falah Hasan, G. Farman
An optimization study was conducted to determine the optimal operating pressure for the oil and gas separation vessels in the West Qurna 1 oil field. The ASPEN HYSYS software was employed as an effective tool to analyze the optimal pressure for the second and third-stage separators while maintaining a constant operating pressure for the first stage. The analysis involved 10 cases for each separation stage, revealing that the operating pressure of 3.0 Kg/cm2 and 0.7 Kg/cm2 for the second and third stages, respectively, yielded the optimum oil recovery to the flow tank. These pressure set points were selected based on serval factors including API gravity, oil formation volume factor, and gas-oil ratio from the flow tank. To improve the optimization process for separator sizes, a Python code was developed, combining the Newton Raphson Method (NRM), and Lang Cost Method (LCM), with Retention time calculations. In this process, total purchase cost was the objective function. Two design scenarios were examined, corresponding to throughput of 105,000 KBPD and 52,500 KBPD respectively. In the first scenario, the NRM, LCM, and Retention time methods within the Python code were employed, resulting in a three-stage separation train with costs of $1,534,630 for the first stage, $1,438,239 for the second stage and $1,025,978 for the third stage. The Total purchase cost for the separation train was $3,988,847. In the second scenario, utilizing two separators for each stage to process the same throughput resulted in lower costs, totaling $823,851.5 per stage and a total purchase cost of $2,471,553. These costs were calculated using the Lang Cost method, which included the material cost and utilized a Lang factor of 3.1 to determine the total purchase cost after adding shipping, installation, commissioning, and start-up expenses. The first scenario resulted in larger separators and higher costs, while the second scenario showed lower costs, although it required two vessels per stage to process the same throughput. It was observed that the separator efficiencies were influenced by retention time, with increased retention time leading to improved separator efficiency.
{"title":"Optimization of Separator Size and Operating Pressure for Three-phase Separators in the West Qurna1 Oil Field","authors":"Ammar Falah Hasan, G. Farman","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"An optimization study was conducted to determine the optimal operating pressure for the oil and gas separation vessels in the West Qurna 1 oil field. The ASPEN HYSYS software was employed as an effective tool to analyze the optimal pressure for the second and third-stage separators while maintaining a constant operating pressure for the first stage. The analysis involved 10 cases for each separation stage, revealing that the operating pressure of 3.0 Kg/cm2 and 0.7 Kg/cm2 for the second and third stages, respectively, yielded the optimum oil recovery to the flow tank. These pressure set points were selected based on serval factors including API gravity, oil formation volume factor, and gas-oil ratio from the flow tank.\u0000 To improve the optimization process for separator sizes, a Python code was developed, combining the Newton Raphson Method (NRM), and Lang Cost Method (LCM), with Retention time calculations. In this process, total purchase cost was the objective function. Two design scenarios were examined, corresponding to throughput of 105,000 KBPD and 52,500 KBPD respectively. In the first scenario, the NRM, LCM, and Retention time methods within the Python code were employed, resulting in a three-stage separation train with costs of $1,534,630 for the first stage, $1,438,239 for the second stage and $1,025,978 for the third stage. The Total purchase cost for the separation train was $3,988,847. In the second scenario, utilizing two separators for each stage to process the same throughput resulted in lower costs, totaling $823,851.5 per stage and a total purchase cost of $2,471,553. These costs were calculated using the Lang Cost method, which included the material cost and utilized a Lang factor of 3.1 to determine the total purchase cost after adding shipping, installation, commissioning, and start-up expenses.\u0000The first scenario resulted in larger separators and higher costs, while the second scenario showed lower costs, although it required two vessels per stage to process the same throughput. It was observed that the separator efficiencies were influenced by retention time, with increased retention time leading to improved separator efficiency.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"34 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salsabeel Raheem, A. Al-yaqoobi, Hussein Znad, H. Abid
Coffee is the most essential drink today, aside from water, the high consumption of coffee and the byproducts of its soluble industries such as spent coffee grounds can have a negative effect on the environment as a source of toxic organic compounds. Therefore, caffeine removal from the spent coffee ground can be applied as a method to limit the effect of its production on the environment. The aim of this study is to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics parameters and develop models for both processes based on the process parameters by using traditional solid-liquid extraction and Ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. The processes were performed at a temperature range of 25 to 55 °C for traditional and ultrasound baths, and experimental time ranged from 5- 60 min. The results demonstrated that under the above conditions, the extraction process applies to the pseudo-first-order reaction, where the rate constant K value increases with temperature. The transition state parameters were also discussed where these parameters indicated that the system of the process exhibited an activated complex formation state resulting in a thermodynamically unfavorable process, and the thermodynamic parameters at the equilibrium state were also evaluated in terms of the obtained yield percentage. The results also showed that the ultrasound-assisted bath process showed a spontaneous behavior at temperatures of 45 °C and 55 °C with D°G of -1192.9703 and - 2725.25 J/mole. On the other hand, for the traditional method, the extraction process was approaching a spontaneous behavior with the temperature increasing where at 25 °C the D°G value was 10379.944 J and at a temperature of 55 °C it reached 8004.26 J/mole.
咖啡是当今除水之外最不可或缺的饮料，咖啡的大量消费及其可溶性工业副产品（如废咖啡渣）作为有毒有机化合物的来源，会对环境产生负面影响。因此，可以采用从废咖啡渣中去除咖啡因的方法来限制咖啡生产对环境的影响。本研究的目的是通过传统的固液萃取法和超声波辅助萃取法，确定两种工艺的动力学和热力学参数，并根据工艺参数建立模型。传统萃取浴和超声波萃取浴的温度范围为 25 至 55 °C，实验时间为 5 至 60 分钟。结果表明，在上述条件下，萃取过程属于伪一阶反应，速率常数 K 值随温度升高而增大。此外，还讨论了过渡态参数，这些参数表明，该过程的系统呈现出活化的复合物形成状态，导致热力学上的不利过程，同时还根据所获得的产率百分比评估了平衡状态下的热力学参数。结果还显示，超声波辅助水浴法在温度为 45 °C 和 55 °C 时表现出自发行为，D°G 分别为 -1192.9703 和 - 2725.25 J/mole。另一方面，在传统方法中，随着温度的升高，萃取过程接近于自发行为，在 25 °C 时，D°G 值为 10379.944 J，而在 55 °C 时，D°G 值达到 8004.26 J/mole。
{"title":"Caffeine Extraction from Spent Coffee Grounds by Solid-liquid and Ultrasound-assisted Extraction: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study","authors":"Salsabeel Raheem, A. Al-yaqoobi, Hussein Znad, H. Abid","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is the most essential drink today, aside from water, the high consumption of coffee and the byproducts of its soluble industries such as spent coffee grounds can have a negative effect on the environment as a source of toxic organic compounds. Therefore, caffeine removal from the spent coffee ground can be applied as a method to limit the effect of its production on the environment. The aim of this study is to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics parameters and develop models for both processes based on the process parameters by using traditional solid-liquid extraction and Ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. The processes were performed at a temperature range of 25 to 55 °C for traditional and ultrasound baths, and experimental time ranged from 5- 60 min. The results demonstrated that under the above conditions, the extraction process applies to the pseudo-first-order reaction, where the rate constant K value increases with temperature. The transition state parameters were also discussed where these parameters indicated that the system of the process exhibited an activated complex formation state resulting in a thermodynamically unfavorable process, and the thermodynamic parameters at the equilibrium state were also evaluated in terms of the obtained yield percentage. The results also showed that the ultrasound-assisted bath process showed a spontaneous behavior at temperatures of 45 °C and 55 °C with D°G of -1192.9703 and - 2725.25 J/mole. On the other hand, for the traditional method, the extraction process was approaching a spontaneous behavior with the temperature increasing where at 25 °C the D°G value was 10379.944 J and at a temperature of 55 °C it reached 8004.26 J/mole.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"27 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.16
Safwan Riyadh Ahmed, D. Sadeq
Gas lift is one of the most common artificial lift methods which is effectively utilized in the oil industry for enhancing production. However, proper gas allocation into wells can be challenging due to various limitations such as shortage in injected gas and economic considerations. Therefore, the current research is conducted to address the critical requirement to effectively distribute gas to maximize profits in the Halfaya Oil Field- Mishrif formation. Continuous gas lift is one of the most commonly used artificial lift methods. To enhance production rate, a sufficient amount of gas is injected into the production tubing at specific depths to reduce the liquid column pressure as each well has an optimal point for production in an oil reservoir. On the other hand, constraints of gas availability restrict achieving the optimal state of production. Such restrictions combined with economic limitations including high gas prices and compression costs, emphasized the necessity for optimal methodology to enhance oil production. Aside from the importance of the Halfaya oil field, there are limited relevant studies on artificial lifting methods specifically associated with the gas-lifting method used in this paper. Thus, the purpose of the current investigation is to propose a well-tested gas lifting design for oil production improvement. The approach combines the skill of the fmincon function built in MATLAB as an optimizer and the PIPESIM network model to create gas lift performance curves. This resulted in an oil production rate of 18860 STB/d, with a gas lift rate of 9.42 mmscf/d. Establishing such a systematic optimization process can manage the challenges of gas allocation in the Halfaya Oil Field towards maximizing production rates and ultimately increasing net profits.
{"title":"Maximizing Production Profits: Optimizing Gas Lift Design in the Halfaya Oil Field","authors":"Safwan Riyadh Ahmed, D. Sadeq","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"Gas lift is one of the most common artificial lift methods which is effectively utilized in the oil industry for enhancing production. However, proper gas allocation into wells can be challenging due to various limitations such as shortage in injected gas and economic considerations. Therefore, the current research is conducted to address the critical requirement to effectively distribute gas to maximize profits in the Halfaya Oil Field- Mishrif formation. Continuous gas lift is one of the most commonly used artificial lift methods. To enhance production rate, a sufficient amount of gas is injected into the production tubing at specific depths to reduce the liquid column pressure as each well has an optimal point for production in an oil reservoir. On the other hand, constraints of gas availability restrict achieving the optimal state of production. Such restrictions combined with economic limitations including high gas prices and compression costs, emphasized the necessity for optimal methodology to enhance oil production. Aside from the importance of the Halfaya oil field, there are limited relevant studies on artificial lifting methods specifically associated with the gas-lifting method used in this paper. Thus, the purpose of the current investigation is to propose a well-tested gas lifting design for oil production improvement. The approach combines the skill of the fmincon function built in MATLAB as an optimizer and the PIPESIM network model to create gas lift performance curves. This resulted in an oil production rate of 18860 STB/d, with a gas lift rate of 9.42 mmscf/d. Establishing such a systematic optimization process can manage the challenges of gas allocation in the Halfaya Oil Field towards maximizing production rates and ultimately increasing net profits.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"68 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140365177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.12
A. Assi
This study presents a significant advancement in addressing the utilization of environmental additives to improve the properties of drilling mud. The current materials added to drilling fluids could cause a harmful effect on the environment and safety of individuals, highlighting the necessity for alternative additives. In this study, the potential use of orange peel powder (OPP) and Sidr leaf powder (SLP) as environmentally friendly additives to drilling fluid is evaluated. Laboratory tests were conducted to identify the impact of OPP and SLP on the drilling fluid properties. Different weights (1-20) % of OPP and SLP were utilized to prepare the drilling fluid. The results demonstrated that both OPP and SLP affected the rheological properties and filtration of the drilling mud. Notably, the density of the drilling fluid decreased significantly with the addition of crushed Sidr. Attributed to the composition of flavonoids and jujubogenin glycoside in the leaves, and citric acid in the orange peel. The specific weight of SLP and OPP (1.5 and 1.7 respectively) is considerably lower than that of bentonite (2.5), leading to a reduction in density. Sider leaves exhibited a high performance compared to orange peel, with the highest value of yield point, 10 min gel, pH observed at 20 gm of addition. The experimental findings demonstrate the impact of both materials, filtration, viscosity, and alkalinity, with Side leaves proving to be more in enhancing drilling fluid properties.
这项研究在利用环保添加剂改善钻井泥浆性能方面取得了重大进展。目前添加到钻井液中的材料可能会对环境和人身安全造成有害影响，因此有必要使用替代添加剂。本研究评估了橘皮粉（OPP）和西德叶粉（SLP）作为钻井液环保添加剂的潜在用途。通过实验室测试，确定了 OPP 和 SLP 对钻井液性能的影响。使用不同重量（1-20）% 的 OPP 和 SLP 制备钻井液。结果表明，OPP 和 SLP 都会影响钻井泥浆的流变特性和过滤性。值得注意的是，钻井液的密度在加入粉碎的 Sidr 后明显降低。这归因于橘子叶中的黄酮类化合物和大枣苷元甙，以及橘子皮中的柠檬酸。SLP和OPP的比重（分别为1.5和1.7）大大低于膨润土（2.5），导致密度降低。与橘子皮相比，橘子叶表现出更高的性能，在添加 20 克橘子叶时，产率点、10 分钟凝胶、pH 值均达到最高值。实验结果表明了这两种材料对过滤、粘度和碱度的影响，其中茜德叶更能提高钻井液的性能。
{"title":"Using Environmentally Friendly Materials to Improve the Properties of the Drilling Fluid","authors":"A. Assi","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a significant advancement in addressing the utilization of environmental additives to improve the properties of drilling mud. The current materials added to drilling fluids could cause a harmful effect on the environment and safety of individuals, highlighting the necessity for alternative additives. In this study, the potential use of orange peel powder (OPP) and Sidr leaf powder (SLP) as environmentally friendly additives to drilling fluid is evaluated. Laboratory tests were conducted to identify the impact of OPP and SLP on the drilling fluid properties. Different weights (1-20) % of OPP and SLP were utilized to prepare the drilling fluid. The results demonstrated that both OPP and SLP affected the rheological properties and filtration of the drilling mud. Notably, the density of the drilling fluid decreased significantly with the addition of crushed Sidr. Attributed to the composition of flavonoids and jujubogenin glycoside in the leaves, and citric acid in the orange peel. The specific weight of SLP and OPP (1.5 and 1.7 respectively) is considerably lower than that of bentonite (2.5), leading to a reduction in density. Sider leaves exhibited a high performance compared to orange peel, with the highest value of yield point, 10 min gel, pH observed at 20 gm of addition. The experimental findings demonstrate the impact of both materials, filtration, viscosity, and alkalinity, with Side leaves proving to be more in enhancing drilling fluid properties.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"54 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to comprehensively characterize and identify microalgae inhabiting the biocathode compartment of a photosynthetic microbial desalination cell (PMDC). Also, modeling of microalgae growth in the biocathode was considered as well as the interrelation between the growth of microalgae and dissolved oxygen (DO) generation within the biocathode. The general performance of the PMDC was evaluated based on; (1) organic content removal from the real domestic wastewater fed to the anode compartment, (2) salinity removal from actual seawater in the desalination compartment, and (3) power generation in the PMDC. The results unveiled the presence of two distinct microalgae species, specifically Coelastrella sp. and Mariniradius saccharolyticus, which were thoroughly characterized using 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing within the cathodic chamber of the PMDC. Following sequence editing and trimming, the resulting sequences were meticulously submitted to the NCBI GenBank and juxtaposed with other sequences utilizing the GenBank online BLAST software. Importantly, the obtained data demonstrated a good correlation with coefficients of determination (R²) reaching 0.83, as per the employed kinetic models. Complete removal of up to 99.11% of organic content from the real domestic wastewater was obtained in the PMDC system with maximum efficiency of desalination elimination of 80.95% associated with a maximum power output of 420 mW/m3 in the system.
{"title":"Microalgae Growth in a Biocathode-Photosynthesis Microbial Desalination Cell: Molecular Characterization, Modeling Study, and Performance Evaluation","authors":"Ahmed M. Sadeq, Zainab Z. Ismail","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to comprehensively characterize and identify microalgae inhabiting the biocathode compartment of a photosynthetic microbial desalination cell (PMDC). Also, modeling of microalgae growth in the biocathode was considered as well as the interrelation between the growth of microalgae and dissolved oxygen (DO) generation within the biocathode. The general performance of the PMDC was evaluated based on; (1) organic content removal from the real domestic wastewater fed to the anode compartment, (2) salinity removal from actual seawater in the desalination compartment, and (3) power generation in the PMDC. The results unveiled the presence of two distinct microalgae species, specifically Coelastrella sp. and Mariniradius saccharolyticus, which were thoroughly characterized using 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing within the cathodic chamber of the PMDC. Following sequence editing and trimming, the resulting sequences were meticulously submitted to the NCBI GenBank and juxtaposed with other sequences utilizing the GenBank online BLAST software. Importantly, the obtained data demonstrated a good correlation with coefficients of determination (R²) reaching 0.83, as per the employed kinetic models. Complete removal of up to 99.11% of organic content from the real domestic wastewater was obtained in the PMDC system with maximum efficiency of desalination elimination of 80.95% associated with a maximum power output of 420 mW/m3 in the system.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"47 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140363104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sajjad H. Al-adliy, Faleh H. M. Al-mahdawi, Elhassan M. A. Mohammed, Yasir M. F. Mukhtar
Increasing oil production from a reservoir can be achieved by decreasing the distance between the injector and the producer through a process known as infill drilling, which involves a pattern water flood. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the optimal infill well location and the research and applications available to enhance the oil recovery factor, leading to increased economic profits. one effective empirical approach used in this study is based on decline curve analysis, which analyzes the production history of the well to determine the final economic recovery. Additionally, a numerical method that combines numerical simulation and optimization techniques has been proven to be successful in determining optimal infill drilling locations. The research results show that the volumetric computation of oil in place is a useful method for estimating the number of infill wells needed, but it does not consider heterogeneity and continuity. On the other hand, the numerical simulation and optimization techniques can quantify the remaining mobile oil post-infill drilling and establish optimal pattern configurations for maximum recovery at their centers.
{"title":"Comparison Different Techniques of Optimum Location for Infill Well Drilling","authors":"Sajjad H. Al-adliy, Faleh H. M. Al-mahdawi, Elhassan M. A. Mohammed, Yasir M. F. Mukhtar","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing oil production from a reservoir can be achieved by decreasing the distance between the injector and the producer through a process known as infill drilling, which involves a pattern water flood. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the optimal infill well location and the research and applications available to enhance the oil recovery factor, leading to increased economic profits. one effective empirical approach used in this study is based on decline curve analysis, which analyzes the production history of the well to determine the final economic recovery. Additionally, a numerical method that combines numerical simulation and optimization techniques has been proven to be successful in determining optimal infill drilling locations. The research results show that the volumetric computation of oil in place is a useful method for estimating the number of infill wells needed, but it does not consider heterogeneity and continuity. On the other hand, the numerical simulation and optimization techniques can quantify the remaining mobile oil post-infill drilling and establish optimal pattern configurations for maximum recovery at their centers.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140363844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The performance of a three-dimensional electrocoagulation process operated at a batch recirculation mode for treating petroleum refinery wastewater using aluminium as a sacrificial anode, stainless steel as a cathode, and granular activated carbon with metal impregnated carbon (GACMI (Al: Fe)) with mass ratio (2:1) as a third particle electrode was investigated. Effects of operating factors such as the applied voltage (15-30 v), flow rate (50-175 mL/min), pH (4-10), and GACMI dosage (5-10) g/L on the chemical oxygen demand removal were investigated. Using Box-Behnken design (BBD), a mathematical model relating the essential operational parameters to chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was constructed. Results showed that the effect of GACMI dosage on the efficiency of COD removal was the major one, where COD removal increased as GACMI dosage increased. However, increasing applied voltage would enhance the performance of the electrocoagulation reaction. Experimental chemical oxygen demand removal of 96.25 % was attained at the optimized conditions (applied voltage=27.7 v, flow rate=128 mL/min, pH=5.6, GACMI dosage= 8.7 g/L). BET-specific surface area, total pore volume, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed for the characterization of GACMI particle electrodes.
{"title":"Three-dimensional Electrocoagulation Process Optimization Employing Response Surface Methodology that Operated at Batch Recirculation Mode for Treatment Refinery Wastewaters","authors":"S. Theydan, Wadood T. Mohammed, S. Haque","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of a three-dimensional electrocoagulation process operated at a batch recirculation mode for treating petroleum refinery wastewater using aluminium as a sacrificial anode, stainless steel as a cathode, and granular activated carbon with metal impregnated carbon (GACMI (Al: Fe)) with mass ratio (2:1) as a third particle electrode was investigated. Effects of operating factors such as the applied voltage (15-30 v), flow rate (50-175 mL/min), pH (4-10), and GACMI dosage (5-10) g/L on the chemical oxygen demand removal were investigated. Using Box-Behnken design (BBD), a mathematical model relating the essential operational parameters to chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was constructed. Results showed that the effect of GACMI dosage on the efficiency of COD removal was the major one, where COD removal increased as GACMI dosage increased. However, increasing applied voltage would enhance the performance of the electrocoagulation reaction. Experimental chemical oxygen demand removal of 96.25 % was attained at the optimized conditions (applied voltage=27.7 v, flow rate=128 mL/min, pH=5.6, GACMI dosage= 8.7 g/L). BET-specific surface area, total pore volume, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed for the characterization of GACMI particle electrodes.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"56 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140363779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.14
Fatima R. Salih, Farqad A. Hadi, Mortadha T. Al Saba
Surge and swab pressures are frequently produced during various stages of well construction, including casing running and tripping operations. Managing downhole pressure within the mud window is crucial for mitigating the risks associated with drilling operations including wellbore failure, lost circulation, kicks, and well control issues. The primary objectives of this study are to emphasize the theoretical foundation of surge and swab pressures, forecast the optimum pipe and casing tripping speeds, as well as identify the changes in surge and swab pressures (i.e., equivalent circulating density-ECD) for both open-ended and close-ended drill strings. To achieve these goals, a steady state surge and swab model was used to simulate a case study in the Rumaila oil field, located in Southern Iraq, by utilizing landmark-well plan software. The results of this study support the evidence that the string trip speed plays a substantial role in controlling the swab and surge pressures. It was found that pulling out the 5" drill string from the 12 1/4" open hole section drilled with a 9.51 ppg water-based mud at a speed of 10 sec/stand resulted in a swab ECD below the formation pore pressure against all formations, thus resulting in a kick. Moreover, it was found that the annular clearance had a significant impact on the surge and swab ECD whereas the surge ECD at the bit was bigger than that obtained at the previous hole casing shoe. For example, in our case study pulling speeds ranging from 10-190 sec/stand for the 9 5/8" casing could cause the swab ECD to be below the formation pore pressure gradient at total depth (TD), which is 9.23 ppg. While it was safe to run the same casing through the same interval within 55-190 sec/stand. Furthermore, the results emphasized high trip speeds ranging between 10-30 sec/stand, where for close-ended drill strings, greater surge ECD was observed compared to the open-ended ones. The surge ECD of a 5" close-ended drill string at 30 sec/stand (60 m/min) at bit was 9.92 ppg, while an open-ended string at the same speed was 9.9 ppg.
{"title":"Analysis of Surge and Swab ECD of Herschel Bulkley Fluids in Rumaila Iraqi Oil Field","authors":"Fatima R. Salih, Farqad A. Hadi, Mortadha T. Al Saba","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.14","url":null,"abstract":" Surge and swab pressures are frequently produced during various stages of well construction, including casing running and tripping operations. Managing downhole pressure within the mud window is crucial for mitigating the risks associated with drilling operations including wellbore failure, lost circulation, kicks, and well control issues. The primary objectives of this study are to emphasize the theoretical foundation of surge and swab pressures, forecast the optimum pipe and casing tripping speeds, as well as identify the changes in surge and swab pressures (i.e., equivalent circulating density-ECD) for both open-ended and close-ended drill strings. To achieve these goals, a steady state surge and swab model was used to simulate a case study in the Rumaila oil field, located in Southern Iraq, by utilizing landmark-well plan software. The results of this study support the evidence that the string trip speed plays a substantial role in controlling the swab and surge pressures. It was found that pulling out the 5\" drill string from the 12 1/4\" open hole section drilled with a 9.51 ppg water-based mud at a speed of 10 sec/stand resulted in a swab ECD below the formation pore pressure against all formations, thus resulting in a kick. Moreover, it was found that the annular clearance had a significant impact on the surge and swab ECD whereas the surge ECD at the bit was bigger than that obtained at the previous hole casing shoe. For example, in our case study pulling speeds ranging from 10-190 sec/stand for the 9 5/8\" casing could cause the swab ECD to be below the formation pore pressure gradient at total depth (TD), which is 9.23 ppg. While it was safe to run the same casing through the same interval within 55-190 sec/stand. Furthermore, the results emphasized high trip speeds ranging between 10-30 sec/stand, where for close-ended drill strings, greater surge ECD was observed compared to the open-ended ones. The surge ECD of a 5\" close-ended drill string at 30 sec/stand (60 m/min) at bit was 9.92 ppg, while an open-ended string at the same speed was 9.9 ppg.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"41 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140363859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noora A. Raheem, Najwa S. Majeed, Zahraa Al Timimi
The removal of phenol from wastewater has become a significant environmental concern because of its toxicity, even at low concentrations. This research focuses on the removal of phenol using spent tea leaves (STLs) as an adsorbent. SEM and FTIR tests were used to evaluate the surface characterization of the STLs. The effect of the parameters such as initial phenol concentration (20 - 80 mg. L-1), pH (3 - 12), temperature (25 - 55 °C), contact period (30-330 min), and dose (0.25 - 2.5) on the removal of phenol was studied. The highest removal of phenol of 82% was obtained at 20 mg. L-1 of initial phenol concentration, 4 h of the contact period, pH of 3, adsorbent dose of 2 g, and temperature of 55 °C. The results of the kinetic study fitted the pseudo-second-order model. The obtained data for phenol adsorption isotherm fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The Temkin isotherm model presented the best fitting with phenol adsorption isotherm experimental data based on the correlation coefficients. According to the findings, the STLs can effectively remove phenol from wastewater.
{"title":"Phenol Adsorption from Simulated Wastewater Using Activated Spent Tea Leaves","authors":"Noora A. Raheem, Najwa S. Majeed, Zahraa Al Timimi","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The removal of phenol from wastewater has become a significant environmental concern because of its toxicity, even at low concentrations. This research focuses on the removal of phenol using spent tea leaves (STLs) as an adsorbent. SEM and FTIR tests were used to evaluate the surface characterization of the STLs. The effect of the parameters such as initial phenol concentration (20 - 80 mg. L-1), pH (3 - 12), temperature (25 - 55 °C), contact period (30-330 min), and dose (0.25 - 2.5) on the removal of phenol was studied. The highest removal of phenol of 82% was obtained at 20 mg. L-1 of initial phenol concentration, 4 h of the contact period, pH of 3, adsorbent dose of 2 g, and temperature of 55 °C. The results of the kinetic study fitted the pseudo-second-order model. The obtained data for phenol adsorption isotherm fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The Temkin isotherm model presented the best fitting with phenol adsorption isotherm experimental data based on the correlation coefficients. According to the findings, the STLs can effectively remove phenol from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"26 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.15
Tamara L. Rasool, Ahmed A. Mohammed, Vida Ravankhah
In the current study, the effect of the nonionic surfactant (span 80) on the emulsification of a mixture of kerosene as a petroleum-based organic solvent and span80 as a green diluent in the ratio 1:1 was investigated. NaOH was used as the internal phase, and the stability of the emulsion was tested. The potential for extracting phenol from aqueous solutions without the use of a carrier agent has been explored using Pickering emulsion liquid membrane. Additionally, the impacts of experimental parameters include homogenizer speed, mixing speed, emulsification time, Fe3O4-Span 80 ratios, NaOH concentration, and internal to membrane volume ratio (I/O) on extraction effectiveness and emulsion stability. The findings demonstrated that after 9 minutes of contact time and a minimum breaking percent of 0.745% under ideal circumstances, more than 96% of phenol could be recovered. In addition thermodynamic analysis reveals that the extraction process was an endothermic and spontaneous in nature and the overall mass transfer coefficient was 1.115 m/s. Membrane materials and nanoparticles were recycled four time in the extraction of phenol with approximately the same efficiency and no significant breakage percent..
{"title":"Removal of Phenol Contaminants from Aqueous Solution Using Pickering Emulsion Liquid Membrane Stabilized by Magnetic Nano-Fe3O4","authors":"Tamara L. Rasool, Ahmed A. Mohammed, Vida Ravankhah","doi":"10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2024.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"In the current study, the effect of the nonionic surfactant (span 80) on the emulsification of a mixture of kerosene as a petroleum-based organic solvent and span80 as a green diluent in the ratio 1:1 was investigated. NaOH was used as the internal phase, and the stability of the emulsion was tested. The potential for extracting phenol from aqueous solutions without the use of a carrier agent has been explored using Pickering emulsion liquid membrane. Additionally, the impacts of experimental parameters include homogenizer speed, mixing speed, emulsification time, Fe3O4-Span 80 ratios, NaOH concentration, and internal to membrane volume ratio (I/O) on extraction effectiveness and emulsion stability. The findings demonstrated that after 9 minutes of contact time and a minimum breaking percent of 0.745% under ideal circumstances, more than 96% of phenol could be recovered. In addition thermodynamic analysis reveals that the extraction process was an endothermic and spontaneous in nature and the overall mass transfer coefficient was 1.115 m/s. Membrane materials and nanoparticles were recycled four time in the extraction of phenol with approximately the same efficiency and no significant breakage percent..","PeriodicalId":53067,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering","volume":"7 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140362709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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