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Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow最新文献

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Spatial distributions of airborne transmission risk on commuter buses: Numerical case study using computational fluid and particle dynamics with computer-simulated persons. 通勤巴士空气传播风险的空间分布:使用计算机模拟人员的计算流体和粒子动力学的数值案例研究。
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0146-6
Sung-Jun Yoo, Akira Kurokawa, Kazuhiko Matsunaga, Kazuhide Ito

Commuter buses have a high passenger density relative to the interior cabin volume, and it is difficult to maintain a physical/social distance in terms of airborne transmission control. Therefore, it is important to quantitatively investigate the impact of ventilation and air-conditioning in the cabin on the airborne transmission risk for passengers. In this study, comprehensive coupled numerical simulations using computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) and computer-simulated persons (CSPs) were performed to investigate the heterogeneous spatial distribution of the airborne transmission risk in a commuter bus environment under two types of layouts of the ventilation system and two types of passenger densities. Through a series of particle transmission analysis and infection risk assessment in this study, it was revealed that the layout of the supply inlet/exhaust outlet openings of a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system has a significant impact on the particle dispersion characteristics inside the bus cabin, and higher infection risks were observed near the single exhaust outlet in the case of higher passenger density. The integrated analysis of CFPD and CSPs in a commuter bus cabin revealed that the airborne transmission risk formed significant heterogeneous spatial distributions, and the changes in air-conditioning conditions had a certain impact on the risk.

通勤巴士的乘客密度相对于车厢内部的体积较高,并且在空气传播控制方面很难保持物理/社交距离。因此,定量研究客舱通风和空调对乘客空气传播风险的影响很重要。在本研究中,使用计算流体和粒子动力学(CFPD)和计算机模拟人(CSP)进行了综合耦合数值模拟,以研究在两种通风系统布局和两种乘客密度下通勤巴士环境中空气传播风险的非均匀空间分布。通过本研究中的一系列颗粒物传播分析和感染风险评估,发现供暖、通风和空调(HVAC)系统的进风口/出风口的布局对客车车厢内的颗粒物扩散特性有显著影响,在乘客密度较高的情况下,在单个排气口附近观察到较高的感染风险。对通勤客车车厢内CFPD和CSP的综合分析表明,空气传播风险形成显著的异质性空间分布,空调条件的变化对风险有一定影响。
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引用次数: 4
A computational analysis on the impact of multilevel laryngotracheal stenosis on airflow and drug particle dynamics in the upper airway. 多层喉气管狭窄对上呼吸道气流和药物颗粒动力学影响的计算分析。
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0151-9
Raluca E Gosman, Ryan M Sicard, Seth M Cohen, Dennis O Frank-Ito

Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a type of airway narrowing that is frequently caused by intubation-related trauma. LTS can occur at one or multiple locations in the larynx and/or trachea. This study characterizes airflow dynamics and drug delivery in patients with multilevel stenosis. Two subjects with multilevel stenosis (S1 = glottis + trachea, S2 = glottis + subglottis) and one normal subject were retrospectively selected. Computed tomography scans were used to create subject-specific upper airway models. Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used to simulate airflow at inhalation pressures of 10, 25, and 40 Pa, and orally inhaled drug transport with particle velocities of 1, 5, and 10 m/s, and particle size range of 100 nm-40 µm. Subjects had increased airflow velocity and resistance at stenosis with decreased cross-sectional area (CSA): S1 had the smallest CSA at trachea (0.23 cm2) and resistance = 0.3 Pa·s/mL; S2 had the smallest CSA at glottis (0.44 cm2), and resistance = 0.16 Pa·s/mL. S1 maximal stenotic deposition was 4.15% at trachea; S2 maximal deposition was 2.28% at glottis. Particles of 11-20 µm had the greatest deposition, 13.25% (S1-trachea) and 7.81% (S2-subglottis). Results showed differences in airway resistance and drug delivery between subjects with LTS. Less than 4.2% of orally inhaled particles deposited at stenosis. Particle sizes with most stenotic deposition were 11-20 µm and may not represent typical particle sizes emitted by current-use inhalers.

喉气管狭窄(LTS)是一种经常由插管相关创伤引起的气道狭窄。LTS可以发生在喉部和/或气管中的一个或多个位置。本研究描述了多节段狭窄患者的气流动力学和药物输送。回顾性选择两名多级狭窄受试者(S1=声门+气管,S2=声门+声门下)和一名正常受试者。计算机断层扫描用于创建受试者特定的上呼吸道模型。使用计算流体动力学建模来模拟吸入压力为10、25和40Pa时的气流,以及颗粒速度为1、5和10m/s、颗粒尺寸范围为100 nm-40µm时的口服吸入药物传输。受试者在狭窄处的气流速度和阻力增加,横截面积减少(CSA):S1在气管处的CSA最小(0.23cm2),阻力=0.3Pa·s/mL;S2在声门处的CSA最小(0.44cm2),电阻=0.16Pa·s/mL。S1气管最大狭窄沉积为4.15%;S2在声门处的最大沉积率为2.28%。11-20µm的颗粒沉积量最大,分别为13.25%(S1气管)和7.81%(S2声门下)。结果显示,LTS受试者在气道阻力和给药方面存在差异。不到4.2%的经口吸入颗粒沉积在狭窄处。狭窄沉积最多的颗粒尺寸为11-20µm,可能不代表当前使用的吸入器排放的典型颗粒尺寸。
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引用次数: 1
Quantifying strategies to minimize aerosol dispersion in dental clinics. 量化策略,以最大限度地减少气溶胶在牙科诊所的扩散。
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0157-3
Shamudra Dey, Maryam Tunio, Louis C Boryc, Brian D Hodgson, Guilherme J M Garcia

Many dental procedures are aerosol-generating and pose a risk for the spread of airborne diseases, including COVID-19. Several aerosol mitigation strategies are available to reduce aerosol dispersion in dental clinics, such as increasing room ventilation and using extra-oral suction devices and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration units. However, many questions remain unanswered, including what the optimal device flow rate is and how long after a patient exits the room it is safe to start treatment of the next patient. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify the effectiveness of room ventilation, an HEPA filtration unit, and two extra-oral suction devices to reduce aerosols in a dental clinic. Aerosol concentration was quantified as the particulate matter under 10 µm (PM10) using the particle size distribution generated during dental drilling. The simulations considered a 15 min procedure followed by a 30 min resting period. The efficiency of aerosol mitigation strategies was quantified by the scrubbing time, defined as the amount of time required to remove 95% of the aerosol released during the dental procedure. When no aerosol mitigation strategy was applied, PM10 reached 30 µg/m3 after 15 min of dental drilling, and then declined gradually to 0.2 µg/m3 at the end of the resting period. The scrubbing time decreased from 20 to 5 min when the room ventilation increased from 6.3 to 18 air changes per hour (ACH), and decreased from 10 to 1 min when the flow rate of the HEPA filtration unit increased from 8 to 20 ACH. The CFD simulations also predicted that the extra-oral suction devices would capture 100% of the particles emanating from the patient's mouth for device flow rates above 400 L/min. In summary, this study demonstrates that aerosol mitigation strategies can effectively reduce aerosol concentrations in dental clinics, which is expected to reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19 and other airborne diseases.

许多牙科手术都是气溶胶生成的,并对包括新冠肺炎在内的空气传播疾病构成风险。有几种气溶胶缓解策略可用于减少牙科诊所的气溶胶扩散,例如增加房间通风,使用额外的口腔抽吸设备和高效微粒空气(HEPA)过滤装置。然而,许多问题仍未得到解答,包括最佳设备流速是多少,以及患者离开房间后多久才能安全地开始治疗下一位患者。这项研究使用计算流体动力学(CFD)来量化牙科诊所房间通风、高效空气过滤器过滤装置和两个额外的口腔抽吸装置的有效性,以减少气溶胶。气溶胶浓度量化为10µm以下的颗粒物(PM10),使用牙科钻孔过程中产生的颗粒尺寸分布。模拟考虑了15分钟的程序,然后是30分钟的休息期。气溶胶缓解策略的效率通过擦洗时间来量化,擦洗时间定义为去除牙科手术期间释放的95%气溶胶所需的时间。当不采用气溶胶缓解策略时,牙钻15分钟后,PM10达到30µg/m3,然后在休息期结束时逐渐下降至0.2µg/m3。当房间通风量从每小时6.3次增加到18次换气(ACH)时,洗涤时间从20分钟减少到5分钟,当HEPA过滤单元的流速从8次增加到20次ACH时,洗涤次数从10分钟减少到1分钟。CFD模拟还预测,当装置流速超过400L/min时,额外的口腔抽吸装置将捕获100%从患者口腔排出的颗粒。总之,这项研究表明,气溶胶缓解策略可以有效降低牙科诊所的气溶胶浓度,有望降低新冠肺炎和其他空气传播疾病的风险。
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引用次数: 2
Message from the Guest Editor of the 18th Multiphase Flow Conference Special Issue. 第18届多相流大会特刊客座编辑寄语。
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0154-6
Dirk Lucas
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of transport, deposition, and resultant immune response of nasal spray vaccine droplets using a CFPD-HCD model in a 6-year-old upper airway geometry to potentially prevent COVID-19. 在6岁的上气道几何结构中使用CFPD-HCD模型预测鼻喷雾疫苗液滴的运输、沉积和由此产生的免疫反应,以潜在地预防新冠肺炎。
IF 4.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-19 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0145-7
Hamideh Hayati, Yu Feng, Xiaole Chen, Emily Kolewe, Catherine Fromen

This study focuses on the transport, deposition, and triggered immune response of intranasal vaccine droplets to the angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2-rich region, i.e., the olfactory region (OR), in the nasal cavity of a 6-year-old female to possibly prevent corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19). To investigate how administration strategy can influence nasal vaccine efficiency, a validated multi-scale model, i.e., computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) and host-cell dynamics (HCD) model, was employed. Droplet deposition fraction, size change, residence time, and the area percentage of OR covered by the vaccine droplets, and triggered immune system response were predicted with different spray cone angles, initial droplet velocities, and compositions. Numerical results indicate that droplet initial velocity and composition have negligible influences on the vaccine delivery efficiency to OR. In contrast, the spray cone angle can significantly impact the vaccine delivery efficiency. The triggered immunity was not significantly influenced by the administration investigated in this study due to the low percentage of OR area covered by the droplets. To enhance the effectiveness of the intranasal vaccine to prevent COVID-19 infection, it is necessary to optimize the vaccine formulation and administration strategy so that the vaccine droplets can cover more epithelial cells in OR to minimize the number of available receptors for SARS-CoV-2.

这项研究的重点是鼻内疫苗液滴对6岁女性鼻腔中富含血管紧张素转化酶2的区域,即嗅觉区域(OR)的运输、沉积和触发的免疫反应,以可能预防冠状病毒疾病19(新冠肺炎)。为了研究给药策略如何影响鼻用疫苗的效率,采用了一个经过验证的多尺度模型,即计算流体粒子动力学(CFPD)和宿主细胞动力学(HCD)模型。在不同喷雾锥角、初始液滴速度和成分的情况下,预测了液滴沉积分数、尺寸变化、停留时间、疫苗液滴覆盖的OR面积百分比以及触发的免疫系统反应。数值结果表明,液滴初始速度和成分对OR疫苗递送效率的影响可以忽略不计。相反,喷雾锥角会显著影响疫苗的递送效率。由于飞沫覆盖OR区域的百分比较低,本研究中调查的给药对触发免疫没有显著影响。为了提高鼻内疫苗预防新冠肺炎感染的有效性,有必要优化疫苗配方和给药策略,使疫苗液滴能够覆盖OR中更多的上皮细胞,以最大限度地减少SARS-CoV-2的可用受体数量。
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引用次数: 0
Message from the Guest Editor of the SCONA 2022 Meeting Special Issue. SCONA 2022年会议特刊客座编辑寄语。
IF 4.2 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0147-5
Kiao Inthavong
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引用次数: 0
Modelling of free bubble growth with Interface Capturing Computational Fluid Dynamics 基于界面捕获计算流体动力学的自由气泡生长建模
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0139-5
G. Giustini, R. Issa
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引用次数: 0
A review of recent study on the characteristics and applications of pebble flows in nuclear engineering 核卵石流的特点及其在核工程中的应用
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0140-z
N. Gui, Shengyao Jiang, Xingtuan Yang, J. Tu
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引用次数: 16
Numerical study of the effect of nasopharynx airway obstruction on the transport and deposition of nanoparticles in nasal airways 鼻咽部气道阻塞对纳米颗粒在鼻气道内运输和沉积影响的数值研究
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0143-9
Q. Sun, Jingliang Dong, Ya Zhang, L. Tian, J. Tu
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引用次数: 9
Effect of two-group void fraction covariance correlations on interfacial drag predictions for two-fluid model calculations in large diameter pipes 两组空隙率协方差相关性对大直径管道双流体模型界面阻力预测的影响
IF 6.5 2区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0138-6
Alexander Swearingen, Sean Drewry, J. Schlegel, T. Hibiki
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow
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