Abstract Introduction Worldwide nearly 70 million populations are affected by glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Awareness and knowledge about glaucoma is the key to early diagnosis and effective management to prevent debilitating blindness. In India, the literature has shown that the level of awareness ranges from 0.32 to 13.5%, much lower than developed countries. Previous studies found higher levels of education and socioeconomic status along with positive family history of ocular diseases were directly related to improved levels of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma. Considering the improvement in literacy standards, socioeconomic status, and better utilization of medical care in the past few years, we aimed to assess the current trends in levels of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma in the North Indian population. Methodology This prospective cross-sectional questionnaire-based study included 1,536 participants enrolled from the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Data for the study were collected from the responses given by participants from two sets of questionnaires adopted and validated from previous similar work on awareness of glaucoma. Statistical analysis was done by applying the chi-square test and Fisher exact probability test using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Results In total, 7.74% of study participants were aware of glaucoma and the newspaper was the most common source of (57.9%) information. A significant correlation ( p < 0.05) was found for male sex, education status, and past medical history between aware and not aware participants; however, non-significant ( p = 0.182) correlation was seen for upper and lower socioeconomic status among the same group participants. Only 16% of aware participants had a good knowledge of glaucoma. Conclusion In current trends, the state of awareness and knowledge on glaucoma in the Indian population was poor compared to that in the Western world, although the levels of education status and the presence of past medical history had significant correlation among aware and not aware population, but socioeconomic status had no significant correlation. Electronic media and health camps were among the least common source of information; hence, improvised awareness programs and opportunistic screening of glaucoma is the answer to control this silent thief of vision called glaucoma.
青光眼是导致不可逆失明的主要原因，全球有近7000万人患有青光眼。对青光眼的认识和认识是早期诊断和有效防治致残性失明的关键。在印度，文献表明，意识水平在0.32%到13.5%之间，远低于发达国家。先前的研究发现，较高的教育水平和社会经济地位以及积极的眼部疾病家族史与提高青光眼的认识和知识水平直接相关。考虑到过去几年识字水平、社会经济地位和医疗保健利用率的提高，我们旨在评估北印度人口对青光眼的认识和知识水平的当前趋势。方法:本前瞻性横断面问卷研究纳入1536名来自三级护理教学医院门诊部的参与者。该研究的数据是从参与者的两组问卷中收集的，这些问卷采用了之前关于青光眼认知的类似研究，并得到了验证。采用IBM SPSS Statistics version 20，采用卡方检验和Fisher精确概率检验进行统计分析。结果共有7.74%的研究对象了解青光眼，其中报纸是最常见的信息来源(57.9%)。显著相关(p <知晓和未知晓受试者的性别、教育程度和既往病史差异均为0.05);然而，在同一组参与者中，高社会经济地位和低社会经济地位的相关性不显著(p = 0.182)。只有16%的参与者对青光眼有很好的了解。结论在目前趋势下，印度人群对青光眼的认知和知识状况较西方国家差，虽然知者和不知者的教育程度和既往病史存在显著相关性，但社会经济状况无显著相关性。电子媒体和保健营是最不常见的信息来源;因此，即兴的意识项目和青光眼的机会性筛查是控制这种被称为青光眼的视觉窃贼的答案。
{"title":"Glaucoma the Silent Thief of Vision! A Study to Assess Current Trends on Awareness and Knowledge About Glaucoma","authors":"Amit Kumar Jain, Neha Singh, Naveen Kumar Singh, Praveen Kumar Singh, Suman Rajpoot","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1772215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1772215","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction Worldwide nearly 70 million populations are affected by glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Awareness and knowledge about glaucoma is the key to early diagnosis and effective management to prevent debilitating blindness. In India, the literature has shown that the level of awareness ranges from 0.32 to 13.5%, much lower than developed countries. Previous studies found higher levels of education and socioeconomic status along with positive family history of ocular diseases were directly related to improved levels of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma. Considering the improvement in literacy standards, socioeconomic status, and better utilization of medical care in the past few years, we aimed to assess the current trends in levels of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma in the North Indian population. Methodology This prospective cross-sectional questionnaire-based study included 1,536 participants enrolled from the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Data for the study were collected from the responses given by participants from two sets of questionnaires adopted and validated from previous similar work on awareness of glaucoma. Statistical analysis was done by applying the chi-square test and Fisher exact probability test using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Results In total, 7.74% of study participants were aware of glaucoma and the newspaper was the most common source of (57.9%) information. A significant correlation ( p < 0.05) was found for male sex, education status, and past medical history between aware and not aware participants; however, non-significant ( p = 0.182) correlation was seen for upper and lower socioeconomic status among the same group participants. Only 16% of aware participants had a good knowledge of glaucoma. Conclusion In current trends, the state of awareness and knowledge on glaucoma in the Indian population was poor compared to that in the Western world, although the levels of education status and the presence of past medical history had significant correlation among aware and not aware population, but socioeconomic status had no significant correlation. Electronic media and health camps were among the least common source of information; hence, improvised awareness programs and opportunistic screening of glaucoma is the answer to control this silent thief of vision called glaucoma.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135326680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bachani, J. Suri, Anita Kumar, Suchandana Dasgupta, A. Dabral
Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation, course of disease, and management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pregnant women. We also aimed to evaluate the fetomaternal outcomes in these women. Material and Methodology This was a single-center, retrospective study performed in a tertiary care hospital for pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India. The medical records of all antenatal or postnatal women who were admitted to COVID-19 facility from April 1 to June 30, 2021, were reviewed. The demographic characteristics, obstetric parameters, presence of comorbidities, disease severity, investigations, management, and fetal outcome were recorded. Statistical Analysis The data were entered in MS Excel spreadsheet and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Result A total of 94 women were admitted to the COVID-19 facility; 54 (57.45%) were antenatal and 40 (42.55%) were postnatal, 75.53% of them were between 20 and 30 years of age, and 62.96% were multigravida. In addition, 42.55% were asymptomatic and 32.98, 9.58, and 14.89% had mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively. Also, 42.59% of women had cesarean delivery. Among these, 14 (14.89%) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and 24.46% needed oxygen therapy. Comorbidities were present in 48.94%, with hypertensive disorder being the most common (14.89%). Common residual complaints were malaise, body ache, and cough. Among women admitted in the ICU, eight (57%) had comorbidities such as preeclampsia, diabetes, heart disease, and anemia. All these women required oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and thromboprophylaxis. Six among them received steroid (methylprednisolone) and four received antiviral drug (remdesivir). Three women succumbed to death. The mortality rate was 3.19%. Among the neonates, six babies were affected with SARS-CoV-2 and all recovered. On follow-up after discharge, one woman with rheumatic heart disease expired after 2 days of discharge and one woman had a spontaneous abortion. Conclusion During the second wave, caused by the Delta variant, maximum requirement was for oxygen therapy, antiviral drugs, and steroids. We conclude that women with comorbidities and advanced period of gestation had a severe course and required critical care. The optimum care and counselling regarding possible outcome in such a vulnerable population is needed.
{"title":"Second Wave of SARS-CoV-2: Impact on Pregnant Women and Newborns—A Tertiary Care Experience in North India","authors":"S. Bachani, J. Suri, Anita Kumar, Suchandana Dasgupta, A. Dabral","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-57224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-57224","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation, course of disease, and management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pregnant women. We also aimed to evaluate the fetomaternal outcomes in these women. Material and Methodology This was a single-center, retrospective study performed in a tertiary care hospital for pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India. The medical records of all antenatal or postnatal women who were admitted to COVID-19 facility from April 1 to June 30, 2021, were reviewed. The demographic characteristics, obstetric parameters, presence of comorbidities, disease severity, investigations, management, and fetal outcome were recorded. Statistical Analysis The data were entered in MS Excel spreadsheet and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Result A total of 94 women were admitted to the COVID-19 facility; 54 (57.45%) were antenatal and 40 (42.55%) were postnatal, 75.53% of them were between 20 and 30 years of age, and 62.96% were multigravida. In addition, 42.55% were asymptomatic and 32.98, 9.58, and 14.89% had mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively. Also, 42.59% of women had cesarean delivery. Among these, 14 (14.89%) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and 24.46% needed oxygen therapy. Comorbidities were present in 48.94%, with hypertensive disorder being the most common (14.89%). Common residual complaints were malaise, body ache, and cough. Among women admitted in the ICU, eight (57%) had comorbidities such as preeclampsia, diabetes, heart disease, and anemia. All these women required oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and thromboprophylaxis. Six among them received steroid (methylprednisolone) and four received antiviral drug (remdesivir). Three women succumbed to death. The mortality rate was 3.19%. Among the neonates, six babies were affected with SARS-CoV-2 and all recovered. On follow-up after discharge, one woman with rheumatic heart disease expired after 2 days of discharge and one woman had a spontaneous abortion. Conclusion During the second wave, caused by the Delta variant, maximum requirement was for oxygen therapy, antiviral drugs, and steroids. We conclude that women with comorbidities and advanced period of gestation had a severe course and required critical care. The optimum care and counselling regarding possible outcome in such a vulnerable population is needed.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45362876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aashima Dabas, Nisha Kukreti, D. Shah, P. Dewan, A. K. Bansal, P. Gupta
Abstract Cathelicidins are human peptides involved in innate immunity, and are believed to be mediators of vitamin D-related immune benefits. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and serum cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) in children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. This was a secondary analysis from a larger randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on vitamin D supplementation in severe pneumonia. Children aged 6 months to 5 years with the World Health Organization (WHO) defined severe pneumonia were included. Any child with rickets, immunodeficiency, or chronic illness was excluded. Baseline serum CAMP, serum 25(OH)D, and immunoglobulins were measured and analyzed. A total of 163 under-five children were recruited with mean (standard deviation) age 16.4 (13.0) months. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) serum CAMP was 12.5(8.0–20.0) ng/mL and serum 25(OH)D was 14.4 (8.4–24.2) ng/mL. There was no significant correlation between serum cathelicidin and serum 25(OH)D ( r = −0.064, p = 0.415). Serum 25(OH)D was low (<20 ng/mL) in 105(64.4%) participants. Median (IQR) serum CAMP was comparable between children with low (<20 ng/mL) and normal serum 25(OH)D levels (13.0 [8.2, 22.1] and 12.0 [8.0, 17.4] pg/mL; p = 0.2). Serum cathelicidin showed significant positive correlation with serum immunoglobulin M levels ( r = 0.456, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between serum cathelicidin and serum vitamin D in under-five children hospitalized with severe pneumonia.
Cathelicidins是参与先天免疫的人多肽，被认为是维生素d相关免疫益处的介质。我们旨在评估重症肺炎住院儿童血清25羟基维生素D (25(OH)D)水平与血清抗菌肽(CAMP)的相关性。这是一项大型随机双盲安慰剂对照试验的二次分析，该试验是关于补充维生素D治疗重症肺炎的。患有世界卫生组织(世卫组织)定义的6个月至5岁严重肺炎的儿童被纳入研究对象。任何患有佝偻病、免疫缺陷或慢性疾病的儿童都被排除在外。测定和分析基线血清CAMP、血清25(OH)D和免疫球蛋白。共招募163名5岁以下儿童，平均(标准差)年龄16.4(13.0)个月。血清CAMP中位数(四分位数间距[IQR])为12.5(8.0-20.0)ng/mL，血清25(OH)D为14.4 (8.4-24.2)ng/mL。血清抗菌肽与血清25(OH)D无显著相关性(r = - 0.064, p = 0.415)。105名(64.4%)参与者血清25(OH)D水平低(<20 ng/mL)。血清25(OH)D水平低(<20 ng/mL)和正常(13.0[8.2,22.1]和12.0 [8.0,17.4]pg/mL)儿童的中位(IQR)血清CAMP具有可比性;P = 0.2)。血清抗菌肽与血清免疫球蛋白M水平呈显著正相关(r = 0.456, p < 0.001)。5岁以下重症肺炎住院儿童血清抗菌肽与血清维生素D无显著相关性。
{"title":"Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide (CAMP) and Its Correlation with Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D in Under-Five Children with Pneumonia","authors":"Aashima Dabas, Nisha Kukreti, D. Shah, P. Dewan, A. K. Bansal, P. Gupta","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1768979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1768979","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cathelicidins are human peptides involved in innate immunity, and are believed to be mediators of vitamin D-related immune benefits. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and serum cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) in children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. This was a secondary analysis from a larger randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on vitamin D supplementation in severe pneumonia. Children aged 6 months to 5 years with the World Health Organization (WHO) defined severe pneumonia were included. Any child with rickets, immunodeficiency, or chronic illness was excluded. Baseline serum CAMP, serum 25(OH)D, and immunoglobulins were measured and analyzed. A total of 163 under-five children were recruited with mean (standard deviation) age 16.4 (13.0) months. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) serum CAMP was 12.5(8.0–20.0) ng/mL and serum 25(OH)D was 14.4 (8.4–24.2) ng/mL. There was no significant correlation between serum cathelicidin and serum 25(OH)D ( r = −0.064, p = 0.415). Serum 25(OH)D was low (<20 ng/mL) in 105(64.4%) participants. Median (IQR) serum CAMP was comparable between children with low (<20 ng/mL) and normal serum 25(OH)D levels (13.0 [8.2, 22.1] and 12.0 [8.0, 17.4] pg/mL; p = 0.2). Serum cathelicidin showed significant positive correlation with serum immunoglobulin M levels ( r = 0.456, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between serum cathelicidin and serum vitamin D in under-five children hospitalized with severe pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46042969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We spend one-third of our lives in sleep, yet the core function of it still remains an enigma due to underlying complex neural processing in this altered state of consciousness. Sleep requirement varies with phase of development. Neonates spent about 85% of their time in sleep, which is polyphasic in nature. Gradually, this pattern takes the shape of a monophasic sleep in adolescents and adults, with changing micro- and macroarchitecture in every phase. Deprivation of sleep in adults impairs learning and memory, and reduces theta coherence among hippocampus and amygdale during sleep. However, sleep loss during pregnancy can affect the ontogenetic development of networks for sleep–wakefulness and the cognitive development of offspring. Even in normal pregnancy, poor sleep quality, reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and sleep fragmentation are common observation during the last trimester of pregnancy. Delta power, a marker for the homeostatic drive for sleep, in the NREM sleep during the last trimester of pregnancy and postpartum is increased. However, further sleep loss during late pregnancy is a growing concern. Neonates that are born to the total sleep-restricted dams present significant alterations in their emotional development (symptoms of hyperactivity, increased risk-taking behavior during periadolescence) and immature sleep–wakefulness patterns. The REM sleep restriction during late pregnancy elicits depressionlike traits in neonates, which persist until middle age. For a healthy development of brain and body, thorough understanding of the dynamic nature of sleep in relation to age and state (pregnancy) is instrumental in preventing the above-mentioned conditions of prenatal origin. Although sleep is essential for an active brain (for work during day), it remains an underestimated phenomenon. This review highlights the importance of sleep during pregnancy for a healthy brain network programming in offspring.
{"title":"Effect of Sleep Restriction during Pregnancy on Fetal Brain Programming and Neurocognitive Development of Offspring: A Review","authors":"K. Gulia","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1770157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1770157","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We spend one-third of our lives in sleep, yet the core function of it still remains an enigma due to underlying complex neural processing in this altered state of consciousness. Sleep requirement varies with phase of development. Neonates spent about 85% of their time in sleep, which is polyphasic in nature. Gradually, this pattern takes the shape of a monophasic sleep in adolescents and adults, with changing micro- and macroarchitecture in every phase. Deprivation of sleep in adults impairs learning and memory, and reduces theta coherence among hippocampus and amygdale during sleep. However, sleep loss during pregnancy can affect the ontogenetic development of networks for sleep–wakefulness and the cognitive development of offspring. Even in normal pregnancy, poor sleep quality, reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and sleep fragmentation are common observation during the last trimester of pregnancy. Delta power, a marker for the homeostatic drive for sleep, in the NREM sleep during the last trimester of pregnancy and postpartum is increased. However, further sleep loss during late pregnancy is a growing concern. Neonates that are born to the total sleep-restricted dams present significant alterations in their emotional development (symptoms of hyperactivity, increased risk-taking behavior during periadolescence) and immature sleep–wakefulness patterns. The REM sleep restriction during late pregnancy elicits depressionlike traits in neonates, which persist until middle age. For a healthy development of brain and body, thorough understanding of the dynamic nature of sleep in relation to age and state (pregnancy) is instrumental in preventing the above-mentioned conditions of prenatal origin. Although sleep is essential for an active brain (for work during day), it remains an underestimated phenomenon. This review highlights the importance of sleep during pregnancy for a healthy brain network programming in offspring.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47377721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kumar, B. Lal, A. Rai, D. Verma, R. Alagarsamy, Prateek Shakti
Abstract Like in orthopaedics, many maxillofacial fracture cases require elastic traction to control the muscle spasms, pain and aid in reduction of the fractured segments to achieve acceptable occlusion before the definitive management. In trauma and emergency hospital setup, sometimes conventional stock elastic bands are not readily available for the traction (non-rigid maxillo–mandibular fixation). In such cases, customized elastic bands, made from Foley's catheter, can be a better alternative. The current technique is hassle free and has ease of customization as per individual case due to easy availability of Foley's catheter in hospital setup.
{"title":"Customized Elastics Fabricated from Foley's Catheter for Traction in Maxillofacial Trauma","authors":"J. Kumar, B. Lal, A. Rai, D. Verma, R. Alagarsamy, Prateek Shakti","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1772451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1772451","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Like in orthopaedics, many maxillofacial fracture cases require elastic traction to control the muscle spasms, pain and aid in reduction of the fractured segments to achieve acceptable occlusion before the definitive management. In trauma and emergency hospital setup, sometimes conventional stock elastic bands are not readily available for the traction (non-rigid maxillo–mandibular fixation). In such cases, customized elastic bands, made from Foley's catheter, can be a better alternative. The current technique is hassle free and has ease of customization as per individual case due to easy availability of Foley's catheter in hospital setup.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45104143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geeta S. Boora, A. Chauhan, A. Bal, R. Verma, A. Pal
Abstract Background Cystatin A (CSTA), an endogenous inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine protease, is expressed primarily in epithelial tissues. The expression of CSTA was found to be dysregulated in various cancers and associated with cancer pathogenesis, but its role is reported to be contradictory. Our previous preliminary study found CSTA to be upregulated in the saliva and tissues of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this current study, we have explored the role of CSTA in the pathophysiology of HNSCC. Methods First, we confirmed the upregulation of CSTA in CAL 27 ( p = 0.0242) and FaDu ( p = 0.0014), two HNSCC cell lines, compared to the normal gingival epithelium. CSTA was then stably knocked down in CAL 27 and FaDu using the lentiviral short hairpin RNA pLKO vector transduction to study the effects of CSTA knockdown on various cancer hallmarks such as cell proliferation ability, invasion, migration, colony formation, and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Results CSTA knockdown significantly decreased cell viability, cell migration, transwell invasion, and colony formation in both cell lines. CSTA downregulation also enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Conclusion Overall, this study suggests the protumorigenic role of CSTA in HNSCC.
{"title":"Cystatin A Down-regulation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines Decreases Cancer Hallmark Signatures","authors":"Geeta S. Boora, A. Chauhan, A. Bal, R. Verma, A. Pal","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1772214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1772214","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Cystatin A (CSTA), an endogenous inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine protease, is expressed primarily in epithelial tissues. The expression of CSTA was found to be dysregulated in various cancers and associated with cancer pathogenesis, but its role is reported to be contradictory. Our previous preliminary study found CSTA to be upregulated in the saliva and tissues of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this current study, we have explored the role of CSTA in the pathophysiology of HNSCC. Methods First, we confirmed the upregulation of CSTA in CAL 27 ( p = 0.0242) and FaDu ( p = 0.0014), two HNSCC cell lines, compared to the normal gingival epithelium. CSTA was then stably knocked down in CAL 27 and FaDu using the lentiviral short hairpin RNA pLKO vector transduction to study the effects of CSTA knockdown on various cancer hallmarks such as cell proliferation ability, invasion, migration, colony formation, and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Results CSTA knockdown significantly decreased cell viability, cell migration, transwell invasion, and colony formation in both cell lines. CSTA downregulation also enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Conclusion Overall, this study suggests the protumorigenic role of CSTA in HNSCC.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44175015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sayanti Chatterjee, Sneha Kar, Shrayana Ghosh, P. Gupta, Pragya Santra, Subhajit Nan, A. Dutta, S. Chatterjee, Asesh Banerjee
Abstract Although tuberculosis (TB) is predominantly known to be a traditional air-borne disease, new modes of transmission have also come to light. While the lungs remain the main entry point, TB can spread to other regions of the body causing extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Female genital tuberculosis is one such EPTB that can adversely affect females between the ages of 15 and 45 years and may cause hindrance in their ability of conception and successful pregnancy. Sexual transmission of TB is a lesser-known or poorly investigated route of spread that has recently been confirmed through molecular evidence. Targeted molecular-level studies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in addition to interim diagnostic techniques, have offered evidence for the sexual transmission of Mycobacterium subtypes. Recent studies conducted using multiplex PCR on both the male and female counterparts revealed that the male partners had Mycobacterium in their semen, while the female counterparts had it in their endometrium and products of conception resulting in miscarriage. These studies indicate that the mycobacterial infection/infestation in the females may have been brought on by contact with infected male semen. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the genetic loci that are responsible for the sexual transmission of mycobacteria. This can be done by whole-genome sequencing. It has also to be emphasized that screening of sexually active males for genital TB in endemic regions is necessary for the prevention of sexual transmission of mycobacteria.
{"title":"Molecular Genetic Analysis of Mycobacteria, Causing Female Genital Tuberculosis: Possibilities of Sexual Transmission—An Overview","authors":"Sayanti Chatterjee, Sneha Kar, Shrayana Ghosh, P. Gupta, Pragya Santra, Subhajit Nan, A. Dutta, S. Chatterjee, Asesh Banerjee","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1771471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1771471","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although tuberculosis (TB) is predominantly known to be a traditional air-borne disease, new modes of transmission have also come to light. While the lungs remain the main entry point, TB can spread to other regions of the body causing extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Female genital tuberculosis is one such EPTB that can adversely affect females between the ages of 15 and 45 years and may cause hindrance in their ability of conception and successful pregnancy. Sexual transmission of TB is a lesser-known or poorly investigated route of spread that has recently been confirmed through molecular evidence. Targeted molecular-level studies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in addition to interim diagnostic techniques, have offered evidence for the sexual transmission of Mycobacterium subtypes. Recent studies conducted using multiplex PCR on both the male and female counterparts revealed that the male partners had Mycobacterium in their semen, while the female counterparts had it in their endometrium and products of conception resulting in miscarriage. These studies indicate that the mycobacterial infection/infestation in the females may have been brought on by contact with infected male semen. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the genetic loci that are responsible for the sexual transmission of mycobacteria. This can be done by whole-genome sequencing. It has also to be emphasized that screening of sexually active males for genital TB in endemic regions is necessary for the prevention of sexual transmission of mycobacteria.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41414128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disease is an enveloped virus, showing genome similarity with bat coronavirus. This virus initially infects the upper respiratory tract, with subsequent spread to the lower respiratory tract. Despite the availability of antigen and antibody detection methods, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the diagnostic test of choice for this novel coronaviral infection. Care must be taken while interpreting the RT-PCR results, as single RT-PCR, especially in early days of infection, maybe false negative. The availability of cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test has improved the diagnostic facilities in a peripheral setting of developing countries.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Genome Structure, Pathogenesis, Issues, and Challenges in Laboratory Diagnosis","authors":"G. Nath, S. Pandey, Nishant Kumar, M. Gupta","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1769901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1769901","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disease is an enveloped virus, showing genome similarity with bat coronavirus. This virus initially infects the upper respiratory tract, with subsequent spread to the lower respiratory tract. Despite the availability of antigen and antibody detection methods, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the diagnostic test of choice for this novel coronaviral infection. Care must be taken while interpreting the RT-PCR results, as single RT-PCR, especially in early days of infection, maybe false negative. The availability of cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test has improved the diagnostic facilities in a peripheral setting of developing countries.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One of the main reasons of death in India is infection. At many centers, determining the infectious cause of death during autopsy is not regularly done. Although it is still a neglected field, postmortem microbiology has the potential to be a crucial tool for identifying the reason and circumstances of unexpected death. In addition to its use in forensic autopsies and medicolegal investigations, this tool can help with the detection of novel pathogen presentations, estimation of drug resistance, identification of bioterrorism agents, and a better understanding of infectious diseases like toxic shock syndrome, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In India, there has not been much use of microbiology in postmortem, and there is a dearth of specific guidelines or recommendations by regulatory agencies. In an effort to highlight the value of microbiology in postmortem, this narrative review focusses on suggestions made by a group of academicians from Europe in February 2016 and how they may be used in an Indian context. Based on the Indian Council of Medical Research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards, we have briefly discussed about postmortem in coronavirus disease 2019 related deaths.
{"title":"The Underutilization of Forensic Microbiology: A Narrative Review","authors":"Rumpa Saha, Stuti Kaushik, Arvind Kumar, Swapnil Choudhary","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1771030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1771030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the main reasons of death in India is infection. At many centers, determining the infectious cause of death during autopsy is not regularly done. Although it is still a neglected field, postmortem microbiology has the potential to be a crucial tool for identifying the reason and circumstances of unexpected death. In addition to its use in forensic autopsies and medicolegal investigations, this tool can help with the detection of novel pathogen presentations, estimation of drug resistance, identification of bioterrorism agents, and a better understanding of infectious diseases like toxic shock syndrome, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In India, there has not been much use of microbiology in postmortem, and there is a dearth of specific guidelines or recommendations by regulatory agencies. In an effort to highlight the value of microbiology in postmortem, this narrative review focusses on suggestions made by a group of academicians from Europe in February 2016 and how they may be used in an Indian context. Based on the Indian Council of Medical Research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards, we have briefly discussed about postmortem in coronavirus disease 2019 related deaths.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Double J (DJ) stents are placed in patients with obstructive uropathy to relieve the obstruction. Curved ends prevent slippage or migration of the stent. Antegrade migration into the urinary bladder or retrograde migration into the ureter are common complications. Mode of retrieval of migrated stents depends upon the location of the stent. We present a case series of four cases with percutaneous snaring of cephalad migrated DJ stents in pediatric patients.
{"title":"Percutaneous Snaring and Retrieval of Cephalad Migrated Double J Stents in Pediatric Patients—A Bailout Technique Urologists Should Know","authors":"K. Nandolia, U. Chauhan","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1769897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1769897","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Double J (DJ) stents are placed in patients with obstructive uropathy to relieve the obstruction. Curved ends prevent slippage or migration of the stent. Antegrade migration into the urinary bladder or retrograde migration into the ureter are common complications. Mode of retrieval of migrated stents depends upon the location of the stent. We present a case series of four cases with percutaneous snaring of cephalad migrated DJ stents in pediatric patients.","PeriodicalId":53332,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45736551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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