Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2913
Mikołaj Turzyński
Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyse, interpret and evaluate the accounting regulations of enterprises under trust management in the General Government.Methodology/approach: The article uses the historical method, which comprises researching archival sources. The research approach used in the article uses the social theories of Foucault (the concept of biopower) and Agamben (the concept of the state of emergency).Findings: As a result of the study, the accounting functions in enterprises under trust management are identified: masking, segregation, legitimization, control, elimination and expropriation.Research limitations/implications: The basic research limitation is the small number of preserved archival materials concerning the accounting regulations in enterprises under trust management.Practical implications: The results of research on the accounting of enterprises under trust management may be useful in the process of estimating Polish war losses.Originality/value: The article is the first presentation of enterprises accounting issues under trust management in the General Government.
{"title":"Accounting entangled in looting. The example of companies under trust management in the General Government","authors":"Mikołaj Turzyński","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2913","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyse, interpret and evaluate the accounting regulations of enterprises under trust management in the General Government.Methodology/approach: The article uses the historical method, which comprises researching archival sources. The research approach used in the article uses the social theories of Foucault (the concept of biopower) and Agamben (the concept of the state of emergency).Findings: As a result of the study, the accounting functions in enterprises under trust management are identified: masking, segregation, legitimization, control, elimination and expropriation.Research limitations/implications: The basic research limitation is the small number of preserved archival materials concerning the accounting regulations in enterprises under trust management.Practical implications: The results of research on the accounting of enterprises under trust management may be useful in the process of estimating Polish war losses.Originality/value: The article is the first presentation of enterprises accounting issues under trust management in the General Government.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71287549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2910
Dariusz Pauch
Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate the level of tax knowledge and analyze the perception of taxes by students at the University of Szczecin. To achieve the goal, the sources of this knowledge and the respondents approach to tax avoidance are investigated. It also presents the differences in the perception of taxes between male and female students. Research method/approach: The research was conducted in the form of interviews using a paper questionnaire Paper & Pen Personal Interview (PAPI) on a sample of 927 students at the University of Szczecin between April and June 2020. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and are presented as tables and figures. To the best of the authors knowledge, research in this area is still very limited, which was confirmed by a system-atic literature review conducted from April to December 2021. Findings: The research results made it possible to achieve the goal and answer the questions posed in the introduction. The students were mostly characterized by an average or low level of knowledge about taxes. One in three respondents indicated that Poles pay higher taxes than other European countries. Women are more willing to pay taxes, treating it as an obligation (65%), while only 50% of the surveyed men think the same. Almost half of the respondents stated that failure to report income to pay lower taxes is an expression of the weakness of the tax system. Research limitations/implications: The analysis concerned only a single research group; therefore, the results should not be applied to a larger or the entire collective. However, they may contribute to further research. Originality/value: The article contains the results of primary research on tax knowledge and how young people from generation Z perceive taxes and the concept of tax morality. Most of the respondents were interested in tax subjects being introduced into the curriculum. Therefore, the results provide a basis for considering the introduc-tion of tax issues in all fields of economic study. The paper is one of the few in the Polish literature that contains an analysis of university students perceptions of taxes.
{"title":"Tax knowledge and tax perception by students at the University of Szczecin","authors":"Dariusz Pauch","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2910","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate the level of tax knowledge and analyze the perception of taxes by students at the University of Szczecin. To achieve the goal, the sources of this knowledge and the respondents approach to tax avoidance are investigated. It also presents the differences in the perception of taxes between male and female students. Research method/approach: The research was conducted in the form of interviews using a paper questionnaire Paper & Pen Personal Interview (PAPI) on a sample of 927 students at the University of Szczecin between April and June 2020. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and are presented as tables and figures. To the best of the authors knowledge, research in this area is still very limited, which was confirmed by a system-atic literature review conducted from April to December 2021. Findings: The research results made it possible to achieve the goal and answer the questions posed in the introduction. The students were mostly characterized by an average or low level of knowledge about taxes. One in three respondents indicated that Poles pay higher taxes than other European countries. Women are more willing to pay taxes, treating it as an obligation (65%), while only 50% of the surveyed men think the same. Almost half of the respondents stated that failure to report income to pay lower taxes is an expression of the weakness of the tax system. Research limitations/implications: The analysis concerned only a single research group; therefore, the results should not be applied to a larger or the entire collective. However, they may contribute to further research. Originality/value: The article contains the results of primary research on tax knowledge and how young people from generation Z perceive taxes and the concept of tax morality. Most of the respondents were interested in tax subjects being introduced into the curriculum. Therefore, the results provide a basis for considering the introduc-tion of tax issues in all fields of economic study. The paper is one of the few in the Polish literature that contains an analysis of university students perceptions of taxes.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47974178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2903
A. Szychta, Halina Waniak-Michalak
Szanowni Autorzy i Czytelnicy, z przyjemnoci przekazujemy Pastwu pierwszy numer kwartalnika Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowoci (ZTR) w 2023 roku. Skada si on z dziesiciu artykuw naukowych oraz sprawozdania z XXVI oglnopolskiej konferencji naukowej z cyklu Rachunkowo a controlling, ktra odbya si w Polanicy-Zdroju w padzierniku 2022 roku. Prezentowany numer czasopisma otwiera artyku napisany przez Dorot Adamek-Hysk i Iwon Franczak, ktry wskazuje na nisk uyteczno kategorii zaangaowania wydatkw w sprawozdawczoci budetowej. Magorzata Garstka podja si zadania ustalenia, czy zjawisko zrnicowania pogldw wykadowcw opisane przez Jana Winieckiego jest obecne w nauczaniu rachunkowoci i czy przed-stawione w nim propozycje wypracowania jednolitoci prezentowania treci maj zastosowanie w tym obszarze. Badania autorki wykazay, e cho wikszo studentw oczekuje jednolitych pogldw wykadowcw na rne kwestie z zakresu rachunkowoci, cz z nich opowiada si za ich zrnicowaniem w celu poszerzania horyzontw mylenia. W kolejnym artykule Maciej Leszek Hyy odnis si do problemw finansowych spowodowanych przez pandemi COVID-19. Autor obj swoimi badaniami bran motoryzacyjn i nieruchomoci. Badania tego autora wskazuj na wikszy wpyw pandemii COVID-19 na wyniki finansowe spek z sektora motoryzacyjnego ni sektora deweloperskiego. Temat pandemii COVID-19 podj rwnie Mariusz Karwowski, ale w odniesieniu do wpywu pandemii COVID-19 na wysoko obcienia z tytuu podatku dochodowego (biecego i odroczonego) w spkach notowanych na Giedzie Papierw Wartociowych w Warszawie. Joanna Liziska i Leszek Czapiewski przedstawili wyniki badania na temat zrnicowania zjawiska zarzdzania zyskami zarwno poprzez dziaania memoriaowe, jak i realne transakcje w spkach zagroonych i niezagroonych problemami finansowymi. W swoim artykule wykazali, e spki stabilne finansowo s bardziej skonne do zawyania zysku. Wojciech Andrzej Nowak przedstawi i skomentowa struktur oraz gwne podejcia i treci ram konceptualnych sprawozdawczoci finansowej zmodernizowanych przez amerykask FASB. Dariusz Pauch przygotowa artyku w jzyku angielskim na temat poziomu wiedzy podatkowej i postrzegania podatkw przez studentw Uniwersytetu Szczeciskiego. Badania wykazay, e ankietowani studenci postrzegaj podatki w Polsce jako wysze ni w innych krajach, jednoczenie uznajc ich pacenie za obowizek, a unikanie ich pacenia za dowd saboci polskiego systemu podatkowego. Trzy kolejne artykuy dotycz historii rachunkowoci. Pierwszy tekst, przygotowany przez Magorzat Czerny, traktuje o zakresie zada ksigowych w Kalifacie Islamskim w epoce redniowiecza. Drugi artyku, autorstwa Anny Szychty, opisuje wkad Andrzeja Bieka w nauczanie rachunkowoci i pimiennictwo z zakresu rachunku kosztw w Polsce w okresie midzywojennym. Trzeci artyku zosta przygotowany przez Mikoaja Turzyskiego. Jest to obszerne opracowanie na temat rachunkowoci w przedsibiorstwach objtych zarzdem powierniczym w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie w czasie drugiej wojny wiatowej. Skadamy podzikowania wszystkim
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"A. Szychta, Halina Waniak-Michalak","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2903","url":null,"abstract":"Szanowni Autorzy i Czytelnicy, z przyjemnoci przekazujemy Pastwu pierwszy numer kwartalnika Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowoci (ZTR) w 2023 roku. Skada si on z dziesiciu artykuw naukowych oraz sprawozdania z XXVI oglnopolskiej konferencji naukowej z cyklu Rachunkowo a controlling, ktra odbya si w Polanicy-Zdroju w padzierniku 2022 roku. Prezentowany numer czasopisma otwiera artyku napisany przez Dorot Adamek-Hysk i Iwon Franczak, ktry wskazuje na nisk uyteczno kategorii zaangaowania wydatkw w sprawozdawczoci budetowej. Magorzata Garstka podja si zadania ustalenia, czy zjawisko zrnicowania pogldw wykadowcw opisane przez Jana Winieckiego jest obecne w nauczaniu rachunkowoci i czy przed-stawione w nim propozycje wypracowania jednolitoci prezentowania treci maj zastosowanie w tym obszarze. Badania autorki wykazay, e cho wikszo studentw oczekuje jednolitych pogldw wykadowcw na rne kwestie z zakresu rachunkowoci, cz z nich opowiada si za ich zrnicowaniem w celu poszerzania horyzontw mylenia. W kolejnym artykule Maciej Leszek Hyy odnis si do problemw finansowych spowodowanych przez pandemi COVID-19. Autor obj swoimi badaniami bran motoryzacyjn i nieruchomoci. Badania tego autora wskazuj na wikszy wpyw pandemii COVID-19 na wyniki finansowe spek z sektora motoryzacyjnego ni sektora deweloperskiego. Temat pandemii COVID-19 podj rwnie Mariusz Karwowski, ale w odniesieniu do wpywu pandemii COVID-19 na wysoko obcienia z tytuu podatku dochodowego (biecego i odroczonego) w spkach notowanych na Giedzie Papierw Wartociowych w Warszawie. Joanna Liziska i Leszek Czapiewski przedstawili wyniki badania na temat zrnicowania zjawiska zarzdzania zyskami zarwno poprzez dziaania memoriaowe, jak i realne transakcje w spkach zagroonych i niezagroonych problemami finansowymi. W swoim artykule wykazali, e spki stabilne finansowo s bardziej skonne do zawyania zysku. Wojciech Andrzej Nowak przedstawi i skomentowa struktur oraz gwne podejcia i treci ram konceptualnych sprawozdawczoci finansowej zmodernizowanych przez amerykask FASB. Dariusz Pauch przygotowa artyku w jzyku angielskim na temat poziomu wiedzy podatkowej i postrzegania podatkw przez studentw Uniwersytetu Szczeciskiego. Badania wykazay, e ankietowani studenci postrzegaj podatki w Polsce jako wysze ni w innych krajach, jednoczenie uznajc ich pacenie za obowizek, a unikanie ich pacenia za dowd saboci polskiego systemu podatkowego. Trzy kolejne artykuy dotycz historii rachunkowoci. Pierwszy tekst, przygotowany przez Magorzat Czerny, traktuje o zakresie zada ksigowych w Kalifacie Islamskim w epoce redniowiecza. Drugi artyku, autorstwa Anny Szychty, opisuje wkad Andrzeja Bieka w nauczanie rachunkowoci i pimiennictwo z zakresu rachunku kosztw w Polsce w okresie midzywojennym. Trzeci artyku zosta przygotowany przez Mikoaja Turzyskiego. Jest to obszerne opracowanie na temat rachunkowoci w przedsibiorstwach objtych zarzdem powierniczym w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie w czasie drugiej wojny wiatowej. Skadamy podzikowania wszystkim ","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48256987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2909
Wojciech Nowak
Purpose: The article presents and comments on the main structures, key approaches, and content of the new conceptual framework promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in December 2021.Methodology/approach: Descriptive-analytical and content analysis.Findings: After presenting the modernization of FASBs conceptual approach towards financial reporting, the article presents the results of this modernization. It shows how the primary users have been redefined and it also describes the quality and constitutive elements of financial statements, how the components of these elements are measured, and the principles for shaping general purpose financial reporting. The article points out important differences between the FASB Framework 2021 and the IFRS/IASB Framework 2018 regarding the definition of a reporting entity, the types of financial statements, the number and type of elements of the financial statements, the definition of assets, and the quality of financial information in the notes to the financial statements.Practical implications: FASB modernized approach verifies and develops the conceptual frameworks as a financial reporting theory. It confirms their role as the basis for the standard-setting function, and interpreting standards and financial statements. In this way, the general level of distrust towards financial reporting relevancy and reliability may be reduced, increasing the opportunities to use the new FASB framework for a broadened and deepened interpretation of Polish financial reporting and auditing regulations and practice. As a result, it allows them to be better shaped and taught, and it provides a more informed direction for research.Originality/value: This paper is probably the first public presentation in Polish of the ideas of the new FASB conceptual framework for financial reporting.
{"title":"The new generation of the FASBs Conceptual Framework","authors":"Wojciech Nowak","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2909","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article presents and comments on the main structures, key approaches, and content of the new conceptual framework promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in December 2021.Methodology/approach: Descriptive-analytical and content analysis.Findings: After presenting the modernization of FASBs conceptual approach towards financial reporting, the article presents the results of this modernization. It shows how the primary users have been redefined and it also describes the quality and constitutive elements of financial statements, how the components of these elements are measured, and the principles for shaping general purpose financial reporting. The article points out important differences between the FASB Framework 2021 and the IFRS/IASB Framework 2018 regarding the definition of a reporting entity, the types of financial statements, the number and type of elements of the financial statements, the definition of assets, and the quality of financial information in the notes to the financial statements.Practical implications: FASB modernized approach verifies and develops the conceptual frameworks as a financial reporting theory. It confirms their role as the basis for the standard-setting function, and interpreting standards and financial statements. In this way, the general level of distrust towards financial reporting relevancy and reliability may be reduced, increasing the opportunities to use the new FASB framework for a broadened and deepened interpretation of Polish financial reporting and auditing regulations and practice. As a result, it allows them to be better shaped and taught, and it provides a more informed direction for research.Originality/value: This paper is probably the first public presentation in Polish of the ideas of the new FASB conceptual framework for financial reporting.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47359628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2905
M. Garstka
Purpose: The goal of this article is to verify if the observations of different views described by Jan Winiecki in the article Reflections on teaching economics: some observations and some proposals are also present in the teaching of accounting. It also investigates whether the proposals for developing a uniform way to present content are applicable in this area. Methodology/approach: The study was carried out based on the assumption that accounting plays a central role in a rational economy and used the critical analysis of the literature and student surveys.Findings: The answers to the questions lead to the conclusion that most students expected their lecturers views to be uniform, although, in reality, there are minor differences. Conclusions regarding the reasons for the expectation of uniformity focus on the ease of understanding, examination and graduation considerations, opportunities to broaden awareness, and to make accounting choices independently. Research limitations: A limitation is the number of respondents. Another limitation is that this research presents only the view of one group students.Originality/value: In accounting, different views can be presented. The main differences at the macro level relate to the purpose and objective of reporting, while at the micro level, they appear in the areas of valuation, simplification, and disclosures. To formulate and achieve learning outcomes, it is necessary to decide whom, what, and for what purpose a university teaches.
{"title":"Consistency in teaching accounting in the light of Professor Jan Winieckis considerations","authors":"M. Garstka","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2905","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The goal of this article is to verify if the observations of different views described by Jan Winiecki in the article Reflections on teaching economics: some observations and some proposals are also present in the teaching of accounting. It also investigates whether the proposals for developing a uniform way to present content are applicable in this area. Methodology/approach: The study was carried out based on the assumption that accounting plays a central role in a rational economy and used the critical analysis of the literature and student surveys.Findings: The answers to the questions lead to the conclusion that most students expected their lecturers views to be uniform, although, in reality, there are minor differences. Conclusions regarding the reasons for the expectation of uniformity focus on the ease of understanding, examination and graduation considerations, opportunities to broaden awareness, and to make accounting choices independently. Research limitations: A limitation is the number of respondents. Another limitation is that this research presents only the view of one group students.Originality/value: In accounting, different views can be presented. The main differences at the macro level relate to the purpose and objective of reporting, while at the micro level, they appear in the areas of valuation, simplification, and disclosures. To formulate and achieve learning outcomes, it is necessary to decide whom, what, and for what purpose a university teaches.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71287616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2907
Mariusz Karwowski
Purpose: The article shows the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the amount of income tax expense (including current and deferred tax).Methodology/approach: The legal status of income tax in accounting is presented, taking into account issues that should be applied in the pandemic era. An empirical study was carried out based on the content analysis of financial statements for 20192021 of entities included in the WIG30.Findings: The pandemic mainly reduced income tax expense while increasing deferred tax assets, after meeting certain conditions, primarily due to tax losses.Originality/value: The article shows the impact of the pandemic on the amount of income tax expense (including current and deferred tax), an area not yet explored. The starting point for future scientific research shows the impact of the pandemic based on another (larger) research sample.
{"title":"Current and deferred income tax in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in the light of the financial statements of WIG30 companies","authors":"Mariusz Karwowski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2907","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article shows the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the amount of income tax expense (including current and deferred tax).Methodology/approach: The legal status of income tax in accounting is presented, taking into account issues that should be applied in the pandemic era. An empirical study was carried out based on the content analysis of financial statements for 20192021 of entities included in the WIG30.Findings: The pandemic mainly reduced income tax expense while increasing deferred tax assets, after meeting certain conditions, primarily due to tax losses.Originality/value: The article shows the impact of the pandemic on the amount of income tax expense (including current and deferred tax), an area not yet explored. The starting point for future scientific research shows the impact of the pandemic based on another (larger) research sample.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71287625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2904
Dorota Adamek-Hyska, Iwona Franczak
Purpose: The budget reporting system plays an important role in reporting the achievements of local government units regarding how these entities communicate with the environment and various stakeholder groups. The main purpose of the study is to assess the usefulness of reporting information on budget expenditures by selected local government units. The authors were interested in the importance of budget expendi-ture commitments, their functions, and whether the commitment of budget expendi-tures should be presented in the reporting system of local government units.Methodology/approach: The article contains a review of the literature on the subject and legal acts. In the empirical part, the study covers annual budget reports RB-28S from the implementation of the financial plan of budgetary expenditures for the years 20192021 of local government units. r-Pearsons linear correlation analysis was used. Findings: Statistical inference confirmed the low relevance of the expenditure commitment category in budget reporting. A very strong positive correlation with realized expenditures shows that showing the involvement of expenditures next to the incurred expenditures only doubles the value of expenditures. Research limitations/implications: The article may be an inspiration for further research, including comparative research, on the same units or extended to other local government units. Originality/value: The authors draw attention to the lack of research on the usefulness of financial data presented in the budget reporting system.
{"title":"The usefulness of reporting information on the commitment of budget expenditures in the light of local government units","authors":"Dorota Adamek-Hyska, Iwona Franczak","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2904","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The budget reporting system plays an important role in reporting the achievements of local government units regarding how these entities communicate with the environment and various stakeholder groups. The main purpose of the study is to assess the usefulness of reporting information on budget expenditures by selected local government units. The authors were interested in the importance of budget expendi-ture commitments, their functions, and whether the commitment of budget expendi-tures should be presented in the reporting system of local government units.Methodology/approach: The article contains a review of the literature on the subject and legal acts. In the empirical part, the study covers annual budget reports RB-28S from the implementation of the financial plan of budgetary expenditures for the years 20192021 of local government units. r-Pearsons linear correlation analysis was used. Findings: Statistical inference confirmed the low relevance of the expenditure commitment category in budget reporting. A very strong positive correlation with realized expenditures shows that showing the involvement of expenditures next to the incurred expenditures only doubles the value of expenditures. Research limitations/implications: The article may be an inspiration for further research, including comparative research, on the same units or extended to other local government units. Originality/value: The authors draw attention to the lack of research on the usefulness of financial data presented in the budget reporting system.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71287486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2911
Małgorzata Czerny
Purpose: The article aims to establish the scope of accounting tasks in the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle Ages based on the literature on the subject based on primary sources. Methodology/approach: Expert literature review, interpretative and inductive method. Findings: The duties and responsibilities of accountants in the medieval Muslim community were very broad (using information from the accounting system to ensure that the interests of the umma were respected in the context of religious law). In addition to operating seven accounting systems in the Caliphate and having knowledge of the complicated recording and control procedures associated with it, accountants had to demonstrate the ability to prepare periodic financial statements and budgets, used as an internal control tool and for the analysis and interpretation of reports. They also acted as auditors a mandatory practice in the Islamic Caliphate. They also offered their services to individual entrepreneurs (for the purpose of fulfilling zakat payments). Practical implications: The article provides a better understanding of the historical evolution of the accounting profession. Originality/value: The article presents little-known issues, such as the premises for the evolution of the accounting profession in the Islamic Caliphate, determining the scope of account-ants tasks and thus filling the cognitive gap.
{"title":"The scope of accountants activities in the Islamic Caliphate (6321418)","authors":"Małgorzata Czerny","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2911","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article aims to establish the scope of accounting tasks in the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle Ages based on the literature on the subject based on primary sources. Methodology/approach: Expert literature review, interpretative and inductive method. Findings: The duties and responsibilities of accountants in the medieval Muslim community were very broad (using information from the accounting system to ensure that the interests of the umma were respected in the context of religious law). In addition to operating seven accounting systems in the Caliphate and having knowledge of the complicated recording and control procedures associated with it, accountants had to demonstrate the ability to prepare periodic financial statements and budgets, used as an internal control tool and for the analysis and interpretation of reports. They also acted as auditors a mandatory practice in the Islamic Caliphate. They also offered their services to individual entrepreneurs (for the purpose of fulfilling zakat payments). Practical implications: The article provides a better understanding of the historical evolution of the accounting profession. Originality/value: The article presents little-known issues, such as the premises for the evolution of the accounting profession in the Islamic Caliphate, determining the scope of account-ants tasks and thus filling the cognitive gap.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47080552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2906
Maciej Hyzy
Purpose: The article aims to assess whether the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the financial results of selected companies in the development and automotive industries in Poland. Methodology/research approach: The research looked at individual and consolidated annual reports of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, covering the real estate and automotive sectors. All (seven in total) annual stock exchange reports of companies listed on the stock exchange from the automotive sector were examined. Furthermore, in the real estate sector (29 out of 29), annual reports of companies listed on the stock exchange were examined. The method used was to analyze the full versions of the narrative sections of the annual separate and consolidated financial statements. The auditors reports and the entitys management reports were also analyzed.Findings: Two of the seven examined automotive companies recorded a loss and described in their additional explanatory notes the uncertainty regarding the going concern. The audited real estate companies showed no losses and did not present any threats to going concern.Research limitations/implications: The study was limited to two industries representing durable goods. It would also be worth verifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial reporting of companies representing other sectors. Due to the successive waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, it would be interesting to analyze financial statements over three reporting periods.Originality/value: The article verifies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial reporting and the financial results of companies in the durable goods sector: real estate and automotive.
{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial results of selected companies in the development and automotive industries","authors":"Maciej Hyzy","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2906","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article aims to assess whether the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the financial results of selected companies in the development and automotive industries in Poland. Methodology/research approach: The research looked at individual and consolidated annual reports of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, covering the real estate and automotive sectors. All (seven in total) annual stock exchange reports of companies listed on the stock exchange from the automotive sector were examined. Furthermore, in the real estate sector (29 out of 29), annual reports of companies listed on the stock exchange were examined. The method used was to analyze the full versions of the narrative sections of the annual separate and consolidated financial statements. The auditors reports and the entitys management reports were also analyzed.Findings: Two of the seven examined automotive companies recorded a loss and described in their additional explanatory notes the uncertainty regarding the going concern. The audited real estate companies showed no losses and did not present any threats to going concern.Research limitations/implications: The study was limited to two industries representing durable goods. It would also be worth verifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial reporting of companies representing other sectors. Due to the successive waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, it would be interesting to analyze financial statements over three reporting periods.Originality/value: The article verifies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial reporting and the financial results of companies in the durable goods sector: real estate and automotive.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47460015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2908
Joanna Lizińska, Leszek Czapiewski
Purpose: The study aims to assess differences in accrual and real earnings management strategies between financially distressed and non-distressed companies. The research sample includes public non-financial companies in Poland.Methodology/approach: Based on the GICS classification, cross-sectional regressions were estimated. Abnormal accruals were calculated using the Jones model and the modified Jones model. Based on Roychowdhury, real earnings management was proxied: abnormal operating cash flow, abnormal production costs, and abnormal discretionary expenses. Symptoms of financial difficulties were observed with discriminant analysis, net working capital strategy and ability to pay interest. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were used.Findings: There were statistically significant differences in earnings management between non-distressed and distressed companies. Financially healthy companies, as well as those with conservative net working capital strategies and a good ability to pay their interest, were more likely to manage earnings. However, they used selected to influence through real transactions.Research limitations/implications: Proxies for earnings management and financial difficulties are commonly recognized in the literature, but none of them is without imperfections. Therefore, many alternative research approaches have been used.Originality/value: Previous Polish research has not addressed the relationship be-tween earnings quality and financial distress. Multiple robustness tests were imple-mented.
{"title":"Financial distress and accrual and real earnings management in Polish public companies","authors":"Joanna Lizińska, Leszek Czapiewski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2908","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The study aims to assess differences in accrual and real earnings management strategies between financially distressed and non-distressed companies. The research sample includes public non-financial companies in Poland.Methodology/approach: Based on the GICS classification, cross-sectional regressions were estimated. Abnormal accruals were calculated using the Jones model and the modified Jones model. Based on Roychowdhury, real earnings management was proxied: abnormal operating cash flow, abnormal production costs, and abnormal discretionary expenses. Symptoms of financial difficulties were observed with discriminant analysis, net working capital strategy and ability to pay interest. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were used.Findings: There were statistically significant differences in earnings management between non-distressed and distressed companies. Financially healthy companies, as well as those with conservative net working capital strategies and a good ability to pay their interest, were more likely to manage earnings. However, they used selected to influence through real transactions.Research limitations/implications: Proxies for earnings management and financial difficulties are commonly recognized in the literature, but none of them is without imperfections. Therefore, many alternative research approaches have been used.Originality/value: Previous Polish research has not addressed the relationship be-tween earnings quality and financial distress. Multiple robustness tests were imple-mented.","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71287632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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