Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8810
Paweł Kopczyński
Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to evaluate whether multiple discriminant analysis models developed in Malaysia to forecast the bankruptcy of Malaysian indus-trial companies and Singaporean companies can be useful in assessing the risk of bank-ruptcy of Polish listed companies. Methodology/approach: To test the efficacy of these discriminant models, the finan-cial statements of 25 bankrupt Polish companies and 25 viable companies were used. The accuracy of the classification of these enterprises into two groups (potential bank-ruptcy and companies able to survive on the market) was analyzed using the models developed to forecast the bankruptcy of Malaysian and Singaporean companies. Z-scores for each model were calculated for one year, two years, and three years prior to bankruptcy. Findings: The model developed to forecast the bankruptcy of Malaysian industrial companies correctly classified bankrupted Polish listed companies. However, it incor-rectly classified a large percentage of non-bankrupt companies. The Singaporean model accurately (it was 100% when data from one year prior to bankruptcy was used) assessed the risk of bankruptcy of failed companies. The percentage of correctly classified companies still in business was lower, but still acceptable. Research limitations/implications: It is recommended to test the classification abili-ties of the models using the financial data of Polish companies from various sectors of the economy (separately for selected industries), and in particular, utilizing financial reports of industrial companies. Originality/value: The Polish-language literature often describes bankruptcy forecast-ing methods developed in highly developed countries, such as the USA, Canada, Germany and Great Britain. Polish scientists have also developed many bankruptcy forecasting tools. By contrast, little attention has been paid to Asian bankruptcy forecasting methods. The study, the results of which are presented in this article, broadens the knowledge on this subject and makes it possible to test and evaluate the usefulness of such methods for Polish companies.
{"title":"Bankruptcy risk assessment of Polish listed companies using Asian multiple discriminant analysis models","authors":"Paweł Kopczyński","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8810","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to evaluate whether multiple discriminant analysis models developed in Malaysia to forecast the bankruptcy of Malaysian indus-trial companies and Singaporean companies can be useful in assessing the risk of bank-ruptcy of Polish listed companies. \u0000Methodology/approach: To test the efficacy of these discriminant models, the finan-cial statements of 25 bankrupt Polish companies and 25 viable companies were used. The accuracy of the classification of these enterprises into two groups (potential bank-ruptcy and companies able to survive on the market) was analyzed using the models developed to forecast the bankruptcy of Malaysian and Singaporean companies. Z-scores for each model were calculated for one year, two years, and three years prior to bankruptcy.\u0000Findings: The model developed to forecast the bankruptcy of Malaysian industrial companies correctly classified bankrupted Polish listed companies. However, it incor-rectly classified a large percentage of non-bankrupt companies. The Singaporean model accurately (it was 100% when data from one year prior to bankruptcy was used) assessed the risk of bankruptcy of failed companies. The percentage of correctly classified companies still in business was lower, but still acceptable.\u0000Research limitations/implications: It is recommended to test the classification abili-ties of the models using the financial data of Polish companies from various sectors of the economy (separately for selected industries), and in particular, utilizing financial reports of industrial companies.\u0000Originality/value: The Polish-language literature often describes bankruptcy forecast-ing methods developed in highly developed countries, such as the USA, Canada, Germany and Great Britain. Polish scientists have also developed many bankruptcy forecasting tools. By contrast, little attention has been paid to Asian bankruptcy forecasting methods. The study, the results of which are presented in this article, broadens the knowledge on this subject and makes it possible to test and evaluate the usefulness of such methods for Polish companies.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71286475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8815
M. Nowak
Purpose: The study aims to identify the image of the controller profession by students of controlling. The research question is: How do potential future controllers perceive the controller profession? Methodology/approach: The investigation presented in this paper takes a qualitative approach. The study uses metaphors and projection – the Forced Metaphor Elicitation Technique and narrative analysis. Findings: The image of controllers is varied. They are viewed as intelligent, cunning, clever, good strategists, and observers. They possess adaptation capabilities, intuitive thinking, and creativity. Their job is characterized by using different tools and working with massive amounts of data, documents, tables, and graphs. A controller’s position is seen as significant as they enhance results, watch over other workers, and minimize mistakes and costs. Controllers are respected or even feared, dangerous, and some-times they play the role of an alpha wolf. Research limitations/implications: The findings of the study may be culture-sensitive. This limitation calls for intercultural research in various countries to enable an understanding of the controller’s role across the globe. Value: The paper proves the appropriacy of applying the symbolic-interpretive para-digm in behavioral accounting research. The research is one of the first investigations in accounting, and probably first in controlling, to demonstrate that the metaphors used to describe controllers reveal how the controller’s role, tasks, and work are seen. The findings can be applied in accounting education, career planning in accounting, and in shaping the professional image by associations of accountants and controllers. The image of controllers displayed future controllers reveals the direction in which controlling is probably headed.
{"title":"Metaphors by which controllers are seen. The image of the controller profession in the eyes of controlling students","authors":"M. Nowak","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8815","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The study aims to identify the image of the controller profession by students of controlling. The research question is: How do potential future controllers perceive the controller profession? Methodology/approach: The investigation presented in this paper takes a qualitative approach. The study uses metaphors and projection – the Forced Metaphor Elicitation Technique and narrative analysis. Findings: The image of controllers is varied. They are viewed as intelligent, cunning, clever, good strategists, and observers. They possess adaptation capabilities, intuitive thinking, and creativity. Their job is characterized by using different tools and working with massive amounts of data, documents, tables, and graphs. A controller’s position is seen as significant as they enhance results, watch over other workers, and minimize mistakes and costs. Controllers are respected or even feared, dangerous, and some-times they play the role of an alpha wolf. Research limitations/implications: The findings of the study may be culture-sensitive. This limitation calls for intercultural research in various countries to enable an understanding of the controller’s role across the globe. Value: The paper proves the appropriacy of applying the symbolic-interpretive para-digm in behavioral accounting research. The research is one of the first investigations in accounting, and probably first in controlling, to demonstrate that the metaphors used to describe controllers reveal how the controller’s role, tasks, and work are seen. The findings can be applied in accounting education, career planning in accounting, and in shaping the professional image by associations of accountants and controllers. The image of controllers displayed future controllers reveals the direction in which controlling is probably headed.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48231835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8812
Diana Bachtijeva, D. Tamulevičienė
Purpose: The aim of this article is to compare the concepts of earnings management and creative accounting and to determine their similarities and differences. Methodology/approach: In the study, it is assumed that earnings management and creative accounting are two different phenomena. A comparative study is carried out in three stages using theoretical study methods. In the first stage, by applying the genetic and historical approaches, the origin and development of earnings management and creative accounting are compared. The purpose of the comparison is to assess the ori-gins, period, and causes of earnings management and creative accounting, and to de-termine the differences in origin and the points of contact. In the second stage, the def-initions of phenomena are compared using comparative analysis methods. In the third stage, using comparative analysis and analogy methods, earnings management tech-niques and creative accounting methods are compared. Findings: The results of the study show that earnings management and creative ac-counting are two terms that describe the same phenomenon. To avoid confusion and ambiguity of the terminology, it is recommended that the term “earnings management” be used. Practical implications: By abandoning the term “creative accounting” and using only the term “earnings management”, a contradiction between the academic community and practitioners, as well as terminological confusion, would be eliminated. Originality/value: The terms “earnings management” and “creative accounting” are used in both different and similar contexts in the literature, and it is difficult to identify which actions describe earnings management and which ones describe creative account-ing. A comparative study of earnings management and creative accounting assists in solving the terminological problems in the literature.
{"title":"Comparing earnings management and creative accounting. A general review","authors":"Diana Bachtijeva, D. Tamulevičienė","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8812","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of this article is to compare the concepts of earnings management and creative accounting and to determine their similarities and differences. Methodology/approach: In the study, it is assumed that earnings management and creative accounting are two different phenomena. A comparative study is carried out in three stages using theoretical study methods. In the first stage, by applying the genetic and historical approaches, the origin and development of earnings management and creative accounting are compared. The purpose of the comparison is to assess the ori-gins, period, and causes of earnings management and creative accounting, and to de-termine the differences in origin and the points of contact. In the second stage, the def-initions of phenomena are compared using comparative analysis methods. In the third stage, using comparative analysis and analogy methods, earnings management tech-niques and creative accounting methods are compared. Findings: The results of the study show that earnings management and creative ac-counting are two terms that describe the same phenomenon. To avoid confusion and ambiguity of the terminology, it is recommended that the term “earnings management” be used. Practical implications: By abandoning the term “creative accounting” and using only the term “earnings management”, a contradiction between the academic community and practitioners, as well as terminological confusion, would be eliminated. Originality/value: The terms “earnings management” and “creative accounting” are used in both different and similar contexts in the literature, and it is difficult to identify which actions describe earnings management and which ones describe creative account-ing. A comparative study of earnings management and creative accounting assists in solving the terminological problems in the literature.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47545721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8808
Małgorzata Czerny
Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the principles of Buddhist ethical educa-tion in the context of their usefulness for the study of ethics in accounting in Poland. Methodology/approach: a critical and comparative literature analysis was used. Findings: Buddhist ethics offers a significant development of Mele’s model, which is largely based on Catholic ethics and has great potential for application in the Polish cultural circle. The model expanded in this way illustrates the impact and importance of developing the right view on developing practical knowledge and virtues, meditating practice on cultivating the right view, and the conditioning between effective (right) meditation and the ability to concentrate properly. Finally, this model emphasizes the continuity and repetition of the processes leading to “moral behavior”. Research limitations/implications: The model presented in the article can be used to develop new educational techniques in teaching accounting ethics. Originality/value: The article fills the cognitive gap regarding the Buddhist model of teaching the ethics of accounting, which is a potential supplement to educational theo-ries and techniques in this field, and indicates the directions of research that may con-firm the possible usefulness of its application in combination with Mele’s model.
{"title":"The meaning and possibility of applying elements of Buddhist ethical accounting education in the Christian cultural circle","authors":"Małgorzata Czerny","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8808","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the principles of Buddhist ethical educa-tion in the context of their usefulness for the study of ethics in accounting in Poland. \u0000Methodology/approach: a critical and comparative literature analysis was used.\u0000Findings: Buddhist ethics offers a significant development of Mele’s model, which is largely based on Catholic ethics and has great potential for application in the Polish cultural circle. The model expanded in this way illustrates the impact and importance of developing the right view on developing practical knowledge and virtues, meditating practice on cultivating the right view, and the conditioning between effective (right) meditation and the ability to concentrate properly. Finally, this model emphasizes the continuity and repetition of the processes leading to “moral behavior”. \u0000Research limitations/implications: The model presented in the article can be used to develop new educational techniques in teaching accounting ethics.\u0000Originality/value: The article fills the cognitive gap regarding the Buddhist model of teaching the ethics of accounting, which is a potential supplement to educational theo-ries and techniques in this field, and indicates the directions of research that may con-firm the possible usefulness of its application in combination with Mele’s model.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71286358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7985
Michał Comporek
Purpose: The main purpose of the paper is to examine the relationship between the value of discretionary accruals and the legal and economic determinants of capital structure, which are taken into account in static trade-off theory and pecking order theory. Methodology/approach: Discretionary accruals were extracted using the Jones model and the Kang-Sivaramakrishnana model. The empirical research is based on regression analyses, variable distribution statistics, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analyses, among others. The study covered 72 public industrial enterprises listed on the Warsaw Stock Ex-change. Findings: In the studied sample, there are statistically significant relationships be-tween discretionary accruals and variables such as effective tax rate, non-debt tax shield, operating risk, enterprise size, and the operating profitability of assets. Research limitations/implications: Due to the limited sample, the research results cannot be generalized to all industrial enterprises. Moreover, the indicators of good-ness-of-fit of the regression models to the empirical data are low, which indicates the need to further explore this field of research. Originality/value: The presented research methodology is innovative in relation to the Polish capital market. Previous empirical research on this issue is limited to showing the relationship between financial leverage and discretionary accruals.
{"title":"Determinants of the capital structure and accrual-based earnings management","authors":"Michał Comporek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.7985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7985","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The main purpose of the paper is to examine the relationship between the value of discretionary accruals and the legal and economic determinants of capital structure, which are taken into account in static trade-off theory and pecking order theory.\u0000Methodology/approach: Discretionary accruals were extracted using the Jones model and the Kang-Sivaramakrishnana model. The empirical research is based on regression analyses, variable distribution statistics, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analyses, among others. The study covered 72 public industrial enterprises listed on the Warsaw Stock Ex-change.\u0000Findings: In the studied sample, there are statistically significant relationships be-tween discretionary accruals and variables such as effective tax rate, non-debt tax shield, operating risk, enterprise size, and the operating profitability of assets.\u0000Research limitations/implications: Due to the limited sample, the research results cannot be generalized to all industrial enterprises. Moreover, the indicators of good-ness-of-fit of the regression models to the empirical data are low, which indicates the need to further explore this field of research.\u0000Originality/value: The presented research methodology is innovative in relation to the Polish capital market. Previous empirical research on this issue is limited to showing the relationship between financial leverage and discretionary accruals.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71285795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7986
R. Ignatowski
Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse and assess the quality, including the clar-ity and understanding of legal regulations on preparing and presenting the report on payments to governments, which is crucial in rhw practical application of such requirements. Methodology/approach: The methods used include studies of legal acts on reports, including related EU Directives and Polish Accounting Act with deductive critical and interpretative analyses of those regulations. Findings: The study demonstrates that both European Union and Polish regulations on reports on payments to governments are unclear, difficult to understand, and can caus-es difficulties and a lack of comparability in practical application of provisions con-structed in this way, which is confirmed by quite rare empirical studies. Research limitations/implications: The article points out the difficulties in under-standing and the practical application of the related regulations. To avoid inconsistenc-es and improper application, legal action should be taken (e.g., it is necessary to improve regula-tions or give additional official guidance). Originality/value: The article provides a thorough analysis of legal regulations for preparing and presenting reports on payments to governments, not done by other Polish authors or in Polish previously.
{"title":"Report on payments to governments. A critical analysis of related legal regulations","authors":"R. Ignatowski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.7986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7986","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse and assess the quality, including the clar-ity and understanding of legal regulations on preparing and presenting the report on payments to governments, which is crucial in rhw practical application of such requirements. \u0000Methodology/approach: The methods used include studies of legal acts on reports, including related EU Directives and Polish Accounting Act with deductive critical and interpretative analyses of those regulations.\u0000Findings: The study demonstrates that both European Union and Polish regulations on reports on payments to governments are unclear, difficult to understand, and can caus-es difficulties and a lack of comparability in practical application of provisions con-structed in this way, which is confirmed by quite rare empirical studies.\u0000Research limitations/implications: The article points out the difficulties in under-standing and the practical application of the related regulations. To avoid inconsistenc-es and improper application, legal action should be taken (e.g., it is necessary to improve regula-tions or give additional official guidance).\u0000Originality/value: The article provides a thorough analysis of legal regulations for preparing and presenting reports on payments to governments, not done by other Polish authors or in Polish previously.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48070327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7989
A. Szychta
Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the activities of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Accounting and Reporting Standards (UNCTADISAR), and to explain and evaluate the importance and the role of its Guidance on Core Indicators for Entity Reporting on Contribution Towards Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which were set by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda. Methodology/approach: The general review article was based on an analysis of the literature on the subject, an analysis and synthesis of UNCTAD materials and guide-lines, as well as regulations and other documents regarding sustainable development and corporate reporting in this area. Findings: The UNCTAD-ISAR guidance, issued in 2019, contains 33 core indicators designed for enterprises to measure the economic, environmental, social, and institutional aspects of sustainable development. The guidance and the training materials need to be disseminated globally in order to become a real tool for monitoring private sector contributions to SDG implementation. Their application by enterprises in Po-land, especially SMEs, may contribute to improving the perception of sustainable de-velopment and reporting issues in this regard by their skeptics and opponents. Research limitations/implications: Increased awareness of academics, students and accounting practitioners in Poland about the importance of global SDG and the need for their implementation and monitoring at the micro level. Originality/value: The article expands knowledge in the accounting research commu-nity about the ability of enterprises to measure and report their sustainability perfor-mance in line with the goals and tasks set out in the 2030 Agenda.
{"title":"The role of UNCTAD-ISAR guidance in monitoring the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals by enterprises","authors":"A. Szychta","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.7989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7989","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the activities of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Accounting and Reporting Standards (UNCTADISAR), and to explain and evaluate the importance and the role of its Guidance on Core Indicators for Entity Reporting on Contribution Towards Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which were set by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda. \u0000Methodology/approach: The general review article was based on an analysis of the literature on the subject, an analysis and synthesis of UNCTAD materials and guide-lines, as well as regulations and other documents regarding sustainable development and corporate reporting in this area.\u0000Findings: The UNCTAD-ISAR guidance, issued in 2019, contains 33 core indicators designed for enterprises to measure the economic, environmental, social, and institutional aspects of sustainable development. The guidance and the training materials need to be disseminated globally in order to become a real tool for monitoring private sector contributions to SDG implementation. Their application by enterprises in Po-land, especially SMEs, may contribute to improving the perception of sustainable de-velopment and reporting issues in this regard by their skeptics and opponents.\u0000Research limitations/implications: Increased awareness of academics, students and accounting practitioners in Poland about the importance of global SDG and the need for their implementation and monitoring at the micro level. \u0000Originality/value: The article expands knowledge in the accounting research commu-nity about the ability of enterprises to measure and report their sustainability perfor-mance in line with the goals and tasks set out in the 2030 Agenda.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71285869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7992
M. Kowalczyk
Purpose: Entities from the public finance sector are required to function effectively. This translates significantly into the shape of public sector accounting. Achieving this goal requires relevant information, and the main sources of information about results are financial and budget statements, which are the basic products of accounting. This information is used by various users, including councillors, who are the decision-making and controlling body of communes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the usefulness of the information provided by financial and budget statements for management purposes from the point of view of councillors Method/approach: The article uses the survey method. A questionnaire was emailed to 800 councillors of rural, urban and urban-rural municipalities. The survey was conducted in 2020, and 65 completed questionnaires were received. Findings: The information provided by public sector accounting supports decision-making in municipalities. Both budget reports and financial reports are essential for management purposes. The annual report on the implementation of the budget is transparent for councillors, and the information contained therein allows for effective management of the finances of communes. Originality/value: The article provides information about the usefulness of financial and budget statements to the management of the commune. It shows the viewpoint of one group of stakeholders – councillors.
{"title":"Municipal councillors’ assessments of the usefulness of information generated by financial and budget statements","authors":"M. Kowalczyk","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.7992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7992","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Entities from the public finance sector are required to function effectively. This translates significantly into the shape of public sector accounting. Achieving this goal requires relevant information, and the main sources of information about results are financial and budget statements, which are the basic products of accounting. This information is used by various users, including councillors, who are the decision-making and controlling body of communes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the usefulness of the information provided by financial and budget statements for management purposes from the point of view of councillors Method/approach: The article uses the survey method. A questionnaire was emailed to 800 councillors of rural, urban and urban-rural municipalities. The survey was conducted in 2020, and 65 completed questionnaires were received. Findings: The information provided by public sector accounting supports decision-making in municipalities. Both budget reports and financial reports are essential for management purposes. The annual report on the implementation of the budget is transparent for councillors, and the information contained therein allows for effective management of the finances of communes. Originality/value: The article provides information about the usefulness of financial and budget statements to the management of the commune. It shows the viewpoint of one group of stakeholders – councillors.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71286396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7993
Przemysław Kabalski
Purpose: The article presents the results of research on the frequency and content (varieties) of the stereotype that the accounting profession is a job for women. The research concerns Poland, a country with a unique level of feminisation of the accounting profession. Methodology/approach: To formulate hypotheses about the content (varieties) of the stereotype concerning the feminine character of accounting that exists in Poland, several mainly qualitative studies were carried out. As a result, four stereotypes were identified (i.e. different beliefs about why accounting is a profession for women and not for men). The hypotheses were tested using a survey of a representative group of Polish secondary school students (almost 1,200 respondents). Findings: The belief that the accounting profession is for women and not for men is expressed by one in six secondary school students, more often by men. Two stereotypes are particu-larly common: 1) that accounting is simply for women (without any specific justifica-tion), 2) that the most important aspects in this profession are accuracy, patience, meticulousness, the ability to focus on details, and other similar qualities usually attribut-ed to women. Originality/value: For the first time in Poland (and probably in other East European countries with feminized accounting profession), the article provides new and up-to-date knowledge on the gender perception of the accounting profession and the stereo-types about this job which may be a significant driving force in sustaining gender segre-gation in this profession.
{"title":"Gender accounting stereotypes in the highly feminised accounting profession. The case of Poland","authors":"Przemysław Kabalski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.7993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7993","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article presents the results of research on the frequency and content (varieties) of the stereotype that the accounting profession is a job for women. The research concerns Poland, a country with a unique level of feminisation of the accounting profession. Methodology/approach: To formulate hypotheses about the content (varieties) of the stereotype concerning the feminine character of accounting that exists in Poland, several mainly qualitative studies were carried out. As a result, four stereotypes were identified (i.e. different beliefs about why accounting is a profession for women and not for men). The hypotheses were tested using a survey of a representative group of Polish secondary school students (almost 1,200 respondents). Findings: The belief that the accounting profession is for women and not for men is expressed by one in six secondary school students, more often by men. Two stereotypes are particu-larly common: 1) that accounting is simply for women (without any specific justifica-tion), 2) that the most important aspects in this profession are accuracy, patience, meticulousness, the ability to focus on details, and other similar qualities usually attribut-ed to women. Originality/value: For the first time in Poland (and probably in other East European countries with feminized accounting profession), the article provides new and up-to-date knowledge on the gender perception of the accounting profession and the stereo-types about this job which may be a significant driving force in sustaining gender segre-gation in this profession.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48526305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7988
Marzena Remlein, Piotr Bejger, I. Olejnik, Artur Jastrzebowski, Dawid Obrzeżgiewicz
Purpose: The article discusses the concept of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and examines the level of its application in the area of financial accounting in Polish compa-nies. Methodology/approach: The article uses quantitative research in the form of a ques-tionnaire, which was conducted based on a purposeful sampling of respondents. Taking into account the nature of the questions and scales included in the research tool, de-scriptive statistics measures were used in the data analysis in the study. Findings: The research showed that among entities that use RPA in Poland, robotiza-tion is mainly used in the area of financial accounting. Further analysis indicated that robots are implemented mainly either in processes with a high volume of transactions (like sales or purchases) or in processes determined by internally generated data (month-end closing, financial reporting). It also shows that entities that implemented RPA mainly have a long history of operation and are large corporations employing over 1,000 employees. Research limitations/implications: The article is a contribution to research on the use of RPA in accounting and it identifies the benefits and threats that result from us-ing RPA. Practical implications: This article indicates that financial accounting is the area that is most often the subject of robotization among entities that apply RPA in Poland. Addi-tionally, it presents the specific processes within financial accounting in which the ap-plication of robotization is most popular. The results of the research give a clear direc-tion both for the companies that are at the initial stage of implementing RPA and those that are considering expanding its application. Originality/value: The article covers the current and relatively little-known area of contemporary financial accounting. The literature review, especially the Polish litera-ture, indicates that the area of applying RPA in accounting is a new topic. This study is one of the first to present the results of research conducted among entities operating in Poland.
{"title":"The application of Robotic Process Automation in the financial accounting in entities that operate in Poland","authors":"Marzena Remlein, Piotr Bejger, I. Olejnik, Artur Jastrzebowski, Dawid Obrzeżgiewicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.7988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7988","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The article discusses the concept of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and examines the level of its application in the area of financial accounting in Polish compa-nies.\u0000Methodology/approach: The article uses quantitative research in the form of a ques-tionnaire, which was conducted based on a purposeful sampling of respondents. Taking into account the nature of the questions and scales included in the research tool, de-scriptive statistics measures were used in the data analysis in the study.\u0000Findings: The research showed that among entities that use RPA in Poland, robotiza-tion is mainly used in the area of financial accounting. Further analysis indicated that robots are implemented mainly either in processes with a high volume of transactions (like sales or purchases) or in processes determined by internally generated data (month-end closing, financial reporting). It also shows that entities that implemented RPA mainly have a long history of operation and are large corporations employing over 1,000 employees. \u0000Research limitations/implications: The article is a contribution to research on the use of RPA in accounting and it identifies the benefits and threats that result from us-ing RPA.\u0000Practical implications: This article indicates that financial accounting is the area that is most often the subject of robotization among entities that apply RPA in Poland. Addi-tionally, it presents the specific processes within financial accounting in which the ap-plication of robotization is most popular. The results of the research give a clear direc-tion both for the companies that are at the initial stage of implementing RPA and those that are considering expanding its application. \u0000Originality/value: The article covers the current and relatively little-known area of contemporary financial accounting. The literature review, especially the Polish litera-ture, indicates that the area of applying RPA in accounting is a new topic. This study is one of the first to present the results of research conducted among entities operating in Poland.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":53342,"journal":{"name":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowosci","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71285852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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