Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.141205
J. Sridhar, R. Malathy, R. Sangeetha
This paper presents the investigation report of flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with ferrocement laminates using steel slag from the steel industry as a partial replacement material for fine aggregate. The parameter varied in this study includes volume fraction of mesh reinforcement 1.88% and 2.35% and percentage replacement of steel slag (0% and 30%) to fine aggregate in ferrocement laminate. For experimental investigation, five RC beams of size 1220 mm × 100 mm × 150 mm and four ferrocement laminates of size 1220 mm × 100 mm × 25 mm with different parameters were cast. Four beams were strengthened with ferrocement laminates using the epoxy resin as a bonding agent. One control specimen and four strengthened beams were subjected to flexural test under two-point loading. The observations were focused on first crack load, ultimate load and mid span deflection. From the investigation result, it was concluded that the beams strengthened with ferrocement having a volume fraction of 2.35% and 30% replacement of steel slag increases the load carrying capacity significantly under flexural load. Furthermore, other mechanical properties such as ductility and energy absorption capacity were found to be increased for specimens with 2.35% of volume fraction of mesh reinforcement and 30% of steel slag replacement.
本文介绍了用钢铁工业的钢渣作为部分替代细骨料的钢筋混凝土层合板加固梁的抗弯性能的研究报告。本研究的参数变化为:补强网目体积分数为1.88%和2.35%，钢渣对细骨料的替代率为0%和30%。为进行试验研究，浇铸了5根尺寸为1220 mm × 100 mm × 150 mm的钢筋混凝土梁和4块尺寸为1220 mm × 100 mm × 25 mm的钢筋水泥层板。用环氧树脂作为粘结剂，用铁水泥层板加固了四根梁。1个对照试件和4根加固梁在两点荷载下进行了抗弯试验。主要对初裂荷载、极限荷载和跨中挠度进行了观测。研究结果表明，体积分数为2.35%、钢渣置换量为30%的铁渣加固梁在受弯荷载作用下的承载能力显著提高。此外，当网格补强体积分数为2.35%，钢渣置换量为30%时，试件的延性、吸能能力等力学性能均有所提高。
{"title":"Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using Ferrocement Laminates with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Steel Slag","authors":"J. Sridhar, R. Malathy, R. Sangeetha","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.141205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.141205","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the investigation report of flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with ferrocement laminates using steel slag from the steel industry as a partial replacement material for fine aggregate. The parameter varied in this study includes volume fraction of mesh reinforcement 1.88% and 2.35% and percentage replacement of steel slag (0% and 30%) to fine aggregate in ferrocement laminate. For experimental investigation, five RC beams of size 1220 mm × 100 mm × 150 mm and four ferrocement laminates of size 1220 mm × 100 mm × 25 mm with different parameters were cast. Four beams were strengthened with ferrocement laminates using the epoxy resin as a bonding agent. One control specimen and four strengthened beams were subjected to flexural test under two-point loading. The observations were focused on first crack load, ultimate load and mid span deflection. From the investigation result, it was concluded that the beams strengthened with ferrocement having a volume fraction of 2.35% and 30% replacement of steel slag increases the load carrying capacity significantly under flexural load. Furthermore, other mechanical properties such as ductility and energy absorption capacity were found to be increased for specimens with 2.35% of volume fraction of mesh reinforcement and 30% of steel slag replacement.","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"53 1","pages":"123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84496053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.141176
Satpal Sharma
The objective of the following study was to evaluate the effect of injection pressure of the molten metal, hydraulic pressure, temperature of the molten metal and the cooling time on the dimensional stability of the lock assembly of two wheelers. The material of the lock assembly was ZAMAK 3 (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper) alloy. The lock assembly was produced by die casting process. In order to study the effect the process parameters such as injection pressure of the molten metal, hydraulic pressure, temperature of the molten metal and the cooling time, RSM (response surface methodology) with face center design was used. The experiments were carried out randomly according to design matrix. Three responses (shutter width, shutter thickness and shutter hinge length) were used for study. The RSM model was developed for each response. Analysis of variance for each response was also carried out to find out the significant factors and their interactions. Finally, optimization was carried out and the optimized input parameters were validated by conducting experiments at the optimum input parameters. The modeled and experimental results were compared and an error of 2-8% was observed.
{"title":"Modeling and Optimization of Die Casting Process for ZAMAK Alloy","authors":"Satpal Sharma","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.141176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.141176","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the following study was to evaluate the effect of injection pressure of the molten metal, hydraulic pressure, temperature of the molten metal and the cooling time on the dimensional stability of the lock assembly of two wheelers. The material of the lock assembly was ZAMAK 3 (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper) alloy. The lock assembly was produced by die casting process. In order to study the effect the process parameters such as injection pressure of the molten metal, hydraulic pressure, temperature of the molten metal and the cooling time, RSM (response surface methodology) with face center design was used. The experiments were carried out randomly according to design matrix. Three responses (shutter width, shutter thickness and shutter hinge length) were used for study. The RSM model was developed for each response. Analysis of variance for each response was also carried out to find out the significant factors and their interactions. Finally, optimization was carried out and the optimized input parameters were validated by conducting experiments at the optimum input parameters. The modeled and experimental results were compared and an error of 2-8% was observed.","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88157696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.141214
Satpal Sharma
MEC 1240A Ni base alloys are being widely used to improve the wear resistance of various industrial components in high temperature and in corrosive environment. Addition of rare earth elements like CeO 2 further improves the wear, corrosion, and oxidation resistance of these alloys. In the present work, commercially available Ni base powder (MEC 1240 A) was modified with the optimum addition of rare earth element CeO 2 . Rare earth addition refines microstructure and increases hardness of the coatings. Abrasive wear of rare earth modified flame sprayed coating, and the effect of load, abrasive size, and sliding speed on abrasive wear of these coatings was investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). For this purpose, three factors load (L), abrasive size (A) (size in ΅m), and sliding speed (S) (m/ min) with three levels of each factor were used for investigation. Analysis of variance was carried out to determine the significant factors and interactions. Investigation showed that the load, abrasive size, and sliding speed were the main significant factors, while load and abrasive size, load and sliding speed, abrasive size, and sliding speed were the main significant interactions. The interaction effects are one order less than the main factor effects. Thus, an abrasive wear model was developed in terms of main factors and their significant interactions. The validity of the model was evaluated by conducting experiments under different wear conditions. A comparison of modeled and experimental results showed 2-7% error.
{"title":"Effect of CeO 2 Addition on Wear Behavior of Flame Sprayed Coatings","authors":"Satpal Sharma","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.141214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.141214","url":null,"abstract":"MEC 1240A Ni base alloys are being widely used to improve the wear resistance of various industrial components in high temperature and in corrosive environment. Addition of rare earth elements like CeO 2 further improves the wear, corrosion, and oxidation resistance of these alloys. In the present work, commercially available Ni base powder (MEC 1240 A) was modified with the optimum addition of rare earth element CeO 2 . Rare earth addition refines microstructure and increases hardness of the coatings. Abrasive wear of rare earth modified flame sprayed coating, and the effect of load, abrasive size, and sliding speed on abrasive wear of these coatings was investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). For this purpose, three factors load (L), abrasive size (A) (size in ΅m), and sliding speed (S) (m/ min) with three levels of each factor were used for investigation. Analysis of variance was carried out to determine the significant factors and interactions. Investigation showed that the load, abrasive size, and sliding speed were the main significant factors, while load and abrasive size, load and sliding speed, abrasive size, and sliding speed were the main significant interactions. The interaction effects are one order less than the main factor effects. Thus, an abrasive wear model was developed in terms of main factors and their significant interactions. The validity of the model was evaluated by conducting experiments under different wear conditions. A comparison of modeled and experimental results showed 2-7% error.","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80981238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.123806
J. Ramachandran, P. Prasad
{"title":"Facility layout selection guideline under dynamic demand and part variety","authors":"J. Ramachandran, P. Prasad","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.123806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.123806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80989591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.123801
V. Saraswathy, S. Karthick, S. Muralidharan
The effect of copper slag leaching was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) immersed in three aqueous media such as tap water, sea water, and synthetic/artificial rain water. The mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of copper slag admixed concrete was evaluated using compression test and various electrochemical tests, respectively. Sand was totally replaced with copper slag in making the concrete specimens. From the investigations it is observed that the copper slag leaching was found to be very less even after 180 days of exposure in aqueous media. Compressive strength revealed that the addition of copper slag increased the compressive strength of the concrete. Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) and other electrochemical tests indicated that copper slag admixed mortar performed equal to the sand mortar in sea water environments.
{"title":"Corrosion and Leaching Studies in Blended Copper Slag Mortar","authors":"V. Saraswathy, S. Karthick, S. Muralidharan","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.123801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.123801","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of copper slag leaching was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) immersed in three aqueous media such as tap water, sea water, and synthetic/artificial rain water. The mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of copper slag admixed concrete was evaluated using compression test and various electrochemical tests, respectively. Sand was totally replaced with copper slag in making the concrete specimens. From the investigations it is observed that the copper slag leaching was found to be very less even after 180 days of exposure in aqueous media. Compressive strength revealed that the addition of copper slag increased the compressive strength of the concrete. Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) and other electrochemical tests indicated that copper slag admixed mortar performed equal to the sand mortar in sea water environments.","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"163 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80298910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.123804
R. Rajkamal, P. Ranjan
{"title":"Classification of power quality disturbances using minimum entropy and feed forward back propagation neural network approach","authors":"R. Rajkamal, P. Ranjan","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.123804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.123804","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74694146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.123803
G. Prabhu, M. C. Sundarraja
{"title":"Finite element analysis of CFST members externally strengthened by CFRP composites under flexure","authors":"G. Prabhu, M. C. Sundarraja","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.123803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.123803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"70 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89353890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.123799
V. Bhanumathi, R. Dhanasekaran
{"title":"Residual energy based rebroadcast and overhearing reduction for energy efficient communication in mobile ad-hoc network","authors":"V. Bhanumathi, R. Dhanasekaran","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.123799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.123799","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"329 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76569064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.123800
M. Sundaram, P. Navaneethan, T. kumar
Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) has recently been gaining attention as a contender in the drives industry. With increased requirements for higher energy efficiency of electrical drive systems and an increased use of electrical drives in pump applications a more accurate prediction of the behavior of electrical (efficient and economical) machines is necessary. Switched Reluctance (SR) Machines, Owing to a rigid structure, fault resilient performance, robustness to harsh operational conditions and the absence of magnetic source on the rotor or squirrel cage; a SR machine is inherently robust and cost-effective over a wide range of speed. SRM provides remarkably constant and flat efficiency under varying load maintained for torque values down to low levels with simple control circuit than vector controlled induction motor (IM) and variable frequency drive. In this paper, 4-phase 3-HP, 220 V submersible SRM is designed using rotational machine expert and fabricated for submersible pump application. A comparison study with existing 3-HP IM coupled with same pump under various discharge is implemented.
开关磁阻电机(SRM)作为驱动行业的有力竞争者，近年来越来越受到关注。随着对电气驱动系统能效要求的提高，以及泵应用中电气驱动的使用增加，有必要更准确地预测电气(高效和经济)机器的行为。开关磁阻(SR)电机，由于刚性结构，故障弹性性能，对恶劣操作条件的鲁棒性以及转子或鼠笼上没有磁源;SR机器在很大的速度范围内具有固有的坚固性和成本效益。与矢量控制感应电机(IM)和变频驱动相比，SRM通过简单的控制电路，在不同负载下提供了显著的恒定和平坦的效率，将转矩值保持在较低的水平。本文利用旋转机械专家设计并制造了适用于潜水泵的4相3马力、220v潜水SRM。在不同流量条件下，与现有3 hp IM与同一泵耦合进行了对比研究。
{"title":"Design and development of energy efficient submersible switched reluctance motor","authors":"M. Sundaram, P. Navaneethan, T. kumar","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.123800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.123800","url":null,"abstract":"Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) has recently been gaining attention as a contender in the drives industry. With increased requirements for higher energy efficiency of electrical drive systems and an increased use of electrical drives in pump applications a more accurate prediction of the behavior of electrical (efficient and economical) machines is necessary. Switched Reluctance (SR) Machines, Owing to a rigid structure, fault resilient performance, robustness to harsh operational conditions and the absence of magnetic source on the rotor or squirrel cage; a SR machine is inherently robust and cost-effective over a wide range of speed. SRM provides remarkably constant and flat efficiency under varying load maintained for torque values down to low levels with simple control circuit than vector controlled induction motor (IM) and variable frequency drive. In this paper, 4-phase 3-HP, 220 V submersible SRM is designed using rotational machine expert and fabricated for submersible pump application. A comparison study with existing 3-HP IM coupled with same pump under various discharge is implemented.","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83552572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4103/0976-8580.123796
Esmaeil Salahshour, A. R. Noei, M. Malekzadeh
{"title":"A computerized and on-line super twisting speed control of alternating current asynchronous machine using omron V1000® Drive","authors":"Esmaeil Salahshour, A. R. Noei, M. Malekzadeh","doi":"10.4103/0976-8580.123796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-8580.123796","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53400,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Engineering Technology","volume":"41 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/0976-8580.123796","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72527027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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