Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene最新文献

Background: Individuals with mental disorders have a significant risk of experiencing a deterioration in their oral health due to several factors. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic and behavioral factors on the caries experience of adults with mental disorders in a large Brazilian metropolis.

Methods: A total of 753 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia or depression participated in the study. They were users of 10 public mental health outpatient clinics located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. These adults provided data on socioeconomic characteristics, medication use, and behaviours related to general and oral health. Oral heath examinations were conducted to evaluate dental plaque and caries experience.

Results: It was observed that the chance of presenting decayed, missing due to caries, and filled teeth (DMFT) above the sample median was significantly higher among older individuals (OR = 11.62; 95% CI: 8.11-16.66), those with lower education levels (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.23-2.53), those who used tobacco 3 or more times per week (OR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.18-2.56) and those with a higher biofilm index (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.01-2.09), p< 0.05. The DMFT index (mean ± SD) was 15.3 ± 8.4 for individuals with schizophrenia and 15.8 ± 8.3 for individuals with depression. Mean plaque index was 2.81 for participants with schizophrenia and 2 for participants with depression.

Conclusion: The sample of Brazilian adults with mental disorders had poor oral health, which was associated with socioeconomic, behavioural, and oral factors.

Background: Combining visual thinking and storytelling makes whiteboard animation an effective educational tool. However, the impact of whiteboard animation is understudied in health science education. This literature review explored the use and impact of whiteboard animation on teaching in health science education.

Method: A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted in 5 databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Education Research Complete to identify full-text research articles published in English between 2013 and 2024. Articles were screened to match inclusion criteria, and data were extracted from the eligible studies.

Results: After 2 rounds of screening, 6 articles were included in the review, all focussing on evaluating the impact of whiteboard animations in dental, medical, and other health science education. All studies reported positive impacts on student satisfaction and knowledge acquisition. A correlation between the number of video views and students' longitudinal exam performance was also reported.

Discussion and conclusion: The concise and engaging animations explaining concepts in a storytelling manner offer an alternative mode of presenting teaching material, reducing extrinsic cognitive loads on the learners. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of this powerful tool on health science education.

Background: The influence of prebiotics and probiotics on oral microbiome composition, addressing dysbiosis, and aiding in the regulation of the immune-inflammatory response has recently been discussed. The objective of this scoping review is to explore current literature that examines the use of prebiotics and probiotics as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of periodontal disease with the intent to identify gaps in the literature to inform future research and dental hygiene practice.

Methods: This review was conducted from December 2022 to August 2023 using the Arksey and O'Malley approach and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Three databases were searched using combinations of keywords. Only peer-reviewed human/in vitro studies published in the last 10 years were included.

Results: The search retrieved 204 articles. Duplicates were removed, titles and abstracts screened, and the full text of 80 articles examined, resulting in the inclusion of 19 articles.

Discussion and conclusion: Most of the included literature indicated that probiotics have a positive impact on periodontal health as evidenced by changes in periodontal disease parameters. Future research should further examine various modes of administration and dosages. The effects of specific prebiotic and probiotic strains on specific pathogenic bacteria in conjunction with non-surgical periodontal therapy should also be further explored.

Background: Recently, an increasing number of immigrants and asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs) have settled in both Canada and the United States. The poor oral health status prevalent among this population is a significant issue. Oral health professionals in both countries should understand newcomers' experiences with oral health care services to become more culturally competent. This narrative review aims to explore the experiences of immigrants and ASRs with oral health care in Canada and the United States and identify research gaps for future qualitative studies.

Methods: This review was conducted from January to April 2024 using Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the PRISMA-ScR guideline. Four electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, DOSS, and EMBASE) were searched using keywords grouped under 2 themes: "immigrants" and "oral health service." Only peer-reviewed qualitative articles published in English within the last 10 years were selected.

Results: Of 1349 original studies identified, 8 articles were included and reviewed. Three main themes emerged from newcomers' perspectives on their experience with oral health care in Canada and the United States: quality of care and professional behaviours, concerns about pediatric oral health care, and challenges in accessing care.

Discussion and conclusion: There is a need to improve cultural sensitivity and cross-cultural communication skills curricula in professional oral health education. Furthermore, making dental insurance more affordable, clarifying coverage for newcomers, and promoting collaboration between stakeholders and policymakers are essential to addressing the oral health concerns of immigrants and ASRs. Future research should prioritize primary interviews to gain more insights into newcomers' experiences when accessing oral health care.

Background: Oncostatin M (OSM), a 28 kDa glycoprotein 130 pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family, is mainly produced by neutrophils, activated T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. In response to tissue injury, it may stimulate the production of IL-6 alone or act synergistically with IL-6 or TNF-α contributing to the inflammatory cycle. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease resulting from a dysbiotic bacterial community, which has a strong association with increased OSM production.

Objectives: To investigate and compare the levels of salivary and serum OSM in healthy subjects and subjects with periodontitis.

Materials and methods: Eighty-eight (88) individuals between the ages of 25 and 60 years were divided into 2 groups of 44: a periodontally healthy group (Group A) and a periodontitis group (Group B) based on clinical examination and radiographic analysis. Evaluation of salivary and serum OSM by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed in both groups.

Results: There was a significant difference in OSM levels between Groups A and B ( p< 0.01), with higher values in Group B. There was a positive correlation between the clinical parameters and OSM levels, indicating that OSM plays a significant role in modulating the inflammatory response of periodontal tissues.

Conclusion: The expression of cytokine OSM may play a potential role in the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis, suggesting a role as an inflammatory diagnostic marker.

Introduction: Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) centres in Malaysia were established to enhance the quality of life of persons with disabilities (PWDs), including their health care. It is unknown to what extent PWDs have been taught about oral health care at CBR centres.

Objective: This qualitative study investigated the perceptions of CBR managers regarding the level of training in oral health care received by CBR workers, the current oral health care program for PWDs, and the barriers and enablers in providing oral health education, care, and services for PWDs in CBR centres.

Methods: A semi-structured interview questionnaire and face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with CBR managers (n = 9) from 9 districts in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia, to seek their views on the focus topics. Audiorecorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were analysed in MAXQDA software. Qualitative data were analysed via thematic analysis.

Results: Interview content analysis revealed 4 themes, 11 subthemes, and 13 codes. The 4 identified themes were oral health care education and training for CBR workers, oral health care programs and protocol for CBR trainees (PWDs), barriers and enablers to care.

Conclusion: In all CBR centres, CBR workers and PWDs receive an oral health presentation, training in oral health care, and are provided with treatment by a dentist assigned by the Ministry of Health. No specific programs, training or special courses were provided by the Department of Social Welfare. Several personal, professional, and social factors were identified as affecting the provision of oral health care to the PWDs.

Objective: Detecting oral lesions at high risk of becoming cancer may enable early interventions to prevent oral cancer. The diagnosis of dysplasia in an oral lesion is used to predict this risk but is subject to interobserver and intraobserver variability. Studying biomarkers or molecular markers that reflect underlying molecular alterations can serve as an additional and objective method of risk assessment. E-cadherin and beta-catenin, molecular markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), potentially contribute to early malignant progression in oral tissue. This narrative review provides an overview of EMT, its relation to oral cancer, and the interaction among E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and the Wnt pathway in malignant progression of oral tissue.

Methods: Full-text literature on EMT, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, oral epithelial dysplasia, and oral cancer was retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results: Sixty original research articles, reviews, and consensus statements were selected for review.

Discussion: EMT, a biological mechanism characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal changes, can contribute to cancer development. Molecular markers of EMT including TWIST, vimentin, and N-cadherin may serve as prognostic markers of oral cancer. Dependent on Wnt pathway activity and the loss of membranous E-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin can play various roles along the spectrum of malignant progression, including tumour inhibition, early tumour progression, and late-stage tumour progression. Cross-sectional immunohistochemical research has found changes in expression patterns of E-cadherin and beta-catenin from normal oral tissue, oral epithelial dysplasia, to oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion: Future research should explore the longitudinal role of EMT markers in predicting malignant progression in oral tissue.

Background: Dental plaque is a common issue that can be effectively managed with proper oral hygiene practices and regular oral health care. The aim of this crossover study was to assess dental plaque using different methods (digital and clinical plaque scores) and evaluate the effectiveness of toothbrushing with a triple-headed manual toothbrush compared to a single-headed manual toothbrush in removing dental plaque.

Methods: Plaque staining was performed to assess dental plaque amounts before and after brushing with the triple-headed (test) and single-headed (control) manual toothbrush in 21 study participants after plaque was allowed to accumulate for 48 hours. Dental plaque was scored both clinically as well as digitally.

Results: Toothbrushing with a manual single-headed toothbrush and a triple-headed toothbrush was found to be equally effective when comparing plaque removal ability. Brushing time was shorter when using a triple-headed toothbrush, compared to a single-headed toothbrush.

Conclusion: The triple-headed manual toothbrush may be a good alternative to the single-headed manual toothbrush for certain patient groups.