The strategic plan of the Copernicus-Vereinigung, a scholarly organisation devoted to the regional history of West Prussia, to edit the four yet unpublished civic registers (Stadtbuch) out of a total of ten surviving from late-medieval Kulm (Chełmno), was motivated to no small degree by the intention of demonstrating that Prussia constituted an integral part of the Hanse. However, the editorial principles employed by the editors of the six volumes which have appeared hitherto were anything but unitary. Hence, it is greatly to be desired that future editors orient themselves according to modern editorial guidelines. Moreover, there is much work to be done on standardizing seemingly minor technical matters: the capitalization of words, the typographical representation of Siamese-twin letters (when to transcribe a scribal mark as ‘sz’ and when as ‘ß’), superimposed letters (ue) and redundant double consonants, on the abbreviations for various currencies and the description of the scribal hands. This article is intended as a contribution towards generating a common set of principles – a standard tool-kit, if you will – for editing Hanseatic civic registers.
{"title":"Edition der Kulmer Stadtbücher","authors":"Dieter Heckmann","doi":"10.21248/hgbll.2019.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.195","url":null,"abstract":"The strategic plan of the Copernicus-Vereinigung, a scholarly organisation devoted to the regional history of West Prussia, to edit the four yet unpublished civic registers (Stadtbuch) out of a total of ten surviving from late-medieval Kulm (Chełmno), was motivated to no small degree by the intention of demonstrating that Prussia constituted an integral part of the Hanse. However, the editorial principles employed by the editors of the six volumes which have appeared hitherto were anything but unitary. Hence, it is greatly to be desired that future editors orient themselves according to modern editorial guidelines. Moreover, there is much work to be done on standardizing seemingly minor technical matters: the capitalization of words, the typographical representation of Siamese-twin letters (when to transcribe a scribal mark as ‘sz’ and when as ‘ß’), superimposed letters (ue) and redundant double consonants, on the abbreviations for various currencies and the description of the scribal hands. This article is intended as a contribution towards generating a common set of principles – a standard tool-kit, if you will – for editing Hanseatic civic registers.","PeriodicalId":53496,"journal":{"name":"Hansische Geschichtsblatter","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47824479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Der mittelalterliche Handel Tallinns (Reval) hatte Waren aus Nordwestrussland und Livland nach Westeuropa weitergeführt. Dabei ist die Handelsbilanz der Stadt im Ost-West-Handel als positiv eingeschätzt worden. Mit dem 1558 ausgebrochenen Russisch-Livländischen Krieg und der Eingliederung der Stadt in das Schwedische Reich lösten sich die Verbindungen zum russischen Markt auf. Tallinn wurde zum Ausfuhrhafen für die landwirtschaftlichen Produkte Estlands, Livlands und Finnlands, v. a. Getreide. Die Handelspartner Revals wechselten: Die Lübecker wurden von den Niederländern verdrängt. Vor diesem Hintergrund nimmt der vorliegende Artikel die Handelsbilanz von Tallinn im 17. Jh. in den Blick, ihre Entwicklung und die Frage, ob und inwiefern das Gleichgewicht der Ein- und Ausfuhr erzielt wurde. Die Datengrundlage stellen die dortigen Pfundzollbücher, die mit nur wenigen Lücken vorhanden sind. Aus diesen Büchern geht hervor, dass die positive Handelsbilanz des Mittelalters auch im 17. Jh. für Tallinn charakteristisch war. Während der Kriege am Anfang des 17. Jh.s war die Handelsbilanz Tallinns noch negativ, ab 1622/23 wurde sie aber positiv. Neue Rückschläge erlitt der Handel der Stadt wegen der Kriege Schwedens mit seinen Nachbarstaaten Russland, Polen und Dänemark in der Mitte des 17. Jh.s. Wegen der Missernten der ersten Hälfte der 1660er Jahre wurde die Getreideausfuhr aus Reval verboten. In der Mitte der 1690er Jahre war das Hinterland Tallinns ebenfalls von großen Miss-ernten betroffen, die Hunger mit sich brachten. In diesen Perioden sowie während des 1700 ausgebrochenen Großen Nordischen Krieges war die Handelsbilanz der Stadt negativ. Einer allgemein positiven Handelsbilanz sind also Kriege, Missernten und daraus folgende Getreideausfuhrverbote als zeitweise Störfaktoren des Handels gegenüberzustellen.
{"title":"Tallinn's Balance of Trade in the 17th Century","authors":"Enn Küng","doi":"10.21248/hgbll.2019.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.194","url":null,"abstract":"Der mittelalterliche Handel Tallinns (Reval) hatte Waren aus Nordwestrussland und Livland nach Westeuropa weitergeführt. Dabei ist die Handelsbilanz der Stadt im Ost-West-Handel als positiv eingeschätzt worden. Mit dem 1558 ausgebrochenen Russisch-Livländischen Krieg und der Eingliederung der Stadt in das Schwedische Reich lösten sich die Verbindungen zum russischen Markt auf. Tallinn wurde zum Ausfuhrhafen für die landwirtschaftlichen Produkte Estlands, Livlands und Finnlands, v. a. Getreide. Die Handelspartner Revals wechselten: Die Lübecker wurden von den Niederländern verdrängt. Vor diesem Hintergrund nimmt der vorliegende Artikel die Handelsbilanz von Tallinn im 17. Jh. in den Blick, ihre Entwicklung und die Frage, ob und inwiefern das Gleichgewicht der Ein- und Ausfuhr erzielt wurde. Die Datengrundlage stellen die dortigen Pfundzollbücher, die mit nur wenigen Lücken vorhanden sind. Aus diesen Büchern geht hervor, dass die positive Handelsbilanz des Mittelalters auch im 17. Jh. für Tallinn charakteristisch war. Während der Kriege am Anfang des 17. Jh.s war die Handelsbilanz Tallinns noch negativ, ab 1622/23 wurde sie aber positiv. Neue Rückschläge erlitt der Handel der Stadt wegen der Kriege Schwedens mit seinen Nachbarstaaten Russland, Polen und Dänemark in der Mitte des 17. Jh.s. Wegen der Missernten der ersten Hälfte der 1660er Jahre wurde die Getreideausfuhr aus Reval verboten. In der Mitte der 1690er Jahre war das Hinterland Tallinns ebenfalls von großen Miss-ernten betroffen, die Hunger mit sich brachten. In diesen Perioden sowie während des 1700 ausgebrochenen Großen Nordischen Krieges war die Handelsbilanz der Stadt negativ. Einer allgemein positiven Handelsbilanz sind also Kriege, Missernten und daraus folgende Getreideausfuhrverbote als zeitweise Störfaktoren des Handels gegenüberzustellen.","PeriodicalId":53496,"journal":{"name":"Hansische Geschichtsblatter","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48324449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medieval urban registers constitute a historical source of great importance, particularly since they have survived comparatively often. This article provides a schedule of the surviving Prussia urban registers, structured according to the categories employed by the Index Librorum Civitatum, a continuing project of the University of Halle. Listing both the urban registers already published and those yet unpublished is intended to illustrate the problems involved in producing a modern edition and to suggest possible solutions. In view of how multifarious the Prussian registers can be, it makes good sense to schedule them separately, while structuring the list to concord with the categories employed by the researchers in Halle. Indeed, it would be sensible to flank the calender with scans or digital photographs. However, decisions on the editorial standards to be employed – indeed, the fundamental decision to publish the entire text or merely calender the entries – must be made on a case-by-case basis. Particularly in those cases in which urban registers comprehend a wide variety of entries, individual solutions will have to be found in order to allow scholars to access the various categories of material readily and directly. Publication in the form of pdf files or simple digital editions makes good sense, even if collecting all materials in one central data bank would be ideal. Editions of the resolutions of quasi-legislative bodies should be structured according to the
{"title":"Mittelalterliche Stadtbücher aus Preußen","authors":"J. Sarnowsky","doi":"10.21248/hgbll.2019.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.192","url":null,"abstract":"Medieval urban registers constitute a historical source of great importance, particularly since they have survived comparatively often. This article provides a schedule of the surviving Prussia urban registers, structured according to the categories employed by the Index Librorum Civitatum, a continuing project of the University of Halle. Listing both the urban registers already published and those yet unpublished is intended to illustrate the problems involved in producing a modern edition and to suggest possible solutions. In view of how multifarious the Prussian registers can be, it makes good sense to schedule them separately, while structuring the list to concord with the categories employed by the researchers in Halle. Indeed, it would be sensible to flank the calender with scans or digital photographs. However, decisions on the editorial standards to be employed – indeed, the fundamental decision to publish the entire text or merely calender the entries – must be made on a case-by-case basis. Particularly in those cases in which urban registers comprehend a wide variety of entries, individual solutions will have to be found in order to allow scholars to access the various categories of material readily and directly. Publication in the form of pdf files or simple digital editions makes good sense, even if collecting all materials in one central data bank would be ideal. Editions of the resolutions of quasi-legislative bodies should be structured according to the","PeriodicalId":53496,"journal":{"name":"Hansische Geschichtsblatter","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68014459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the deeds establishing annuities in late-medieval Reval (Tallinn). In most cases, some clerical institution or the city council itself functioned as the debtor, promising a yearly rente to a creditor in exchange for a capital sum. Among the beneficiaries are numbered one or more natural persons as well as corporations such as churches. The deeds show that granting annuities was found to be useful in a number of different contexts. They could be employed to create a fixed annual income. They could also be used to gain spiritual merit, if a perpetual rent was created in order to benefit a church or hospital. They could be used as a form of payment for the life-time use of real property or to facilitate the distribution of an estate among the heirs. Of course, annuities were a risky proposition, a fact which generated a number of individual stipulations to cover various eventualities. The age and the number of beneficiaries may have influenced the level of the rente, which normally ranged between 6 % and 10 % of the capital invested.
{"title":"Rentengeschäft im spätmittelalterlichen Reval","authors":"Steffen Schlinker","doi":"10.21248/hgbll.2019.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.191","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the deeds establishing annuities in late-medieval Reval (Tallinn). In most cases, some clerical institution or the city council itself functioned as the debtor, promising a yearly rente to a creditor in exchange for a capital sum. Among the beneficiaries are numbered one or more natural persons as well as corporations such as churches. The deeds show that granting annuities was found to be useful in a number of different contexts. They could be employed to create a fixed annual income. They could also be used to gain spiritual merit, if a perpetual rent was created in order to benefit a church or hospital. They could be used as a form of payment for the life-time use of real property or to facilitate the distribution of an estate among the heirs. Of course, annuities were a risky proposition, a fact which generated a number of individual stipulations to cover various eventualities. The age and the number of beneficiaries may have influenced the level of the rente, which normally ranged between 6 % and 10 % of the capital invested.","PeriodicalId":53496,"journal":{"name":"Hansische Geschichtsblatter","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47901148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scholarly research on the history of the Hanse rests on two massive pillars: The Recesse und andere Akten der Hansetage (HR) and the Hansisches Urkundenbuch (HUB), in which the sources for the deliberations of the Hanseatic Diet and for Hanseatic commerce respectively are published. However, these two series are artificial creations, which sprung from the mind of their 19th century editors and their mentors. After all, the Hanse was a loose-jointed organisation which never established a central repository for its own documents or systematically collected disparate materials in one place. How, then, did the 19th century editors come to conceive of these two monumental series without anything in the past to guide them? This article investigates the editors’ approach and methods, their criteria of selection and their editing principles. One can only conclude that both series had massive defects, even by the standards of their time. Their editors were clearly guided by the 19th century’s highly politicized historiography. Far from giving a balanced, representative view of the Hanseatic past, they are disturbingly skewed, clearly intended to mould the published record to fit the political agenda of their times. This fact, little noticed by subsequent historians, has had far-reaching consequences for scholarly endeavors up to the present day.
对汉萨历史的学术研究建立在两个巨大的支柱上：《汉萨经济衰退与重建》（the Recession und andere Akten der Hansetage，HR）和《汉萨商业史》（Hansisches Urkundenbuch，HUB），其中分别公布了汉萨国会和汉萨商业的审议来源。然而，这两个系列都是人工创造的，源于19世纪编辑和导师的思想。毕竟，汉斯是一个松散的联合组织，从未为自己的文件建立中央存储库，也从未在一个地方系统地收集不同的材料。那么，19世纪的编辑们是如何在过去没有任何指导的情况下构思出这两个不朽的系列的呢？本文探讨了编辑的方法和途径、选择标准和编辑原则。人们只能得出结论，即使以当时的标准来看，这两个系列都有巨大的缺陷。他们的编辑显然受到了19世纪高度政治化的史学的指导。他们非但没有对汉萨的过去给出一个平衡的、有代表性的观点，反而令人不安地扭曲了，显然是为了塑造出版的记录，以适应他们时代的政治议程。这一事实很少被后来的历史学家注意到，直到今天，它对学术努力产生了深远的影响。
{"title":"Reliquien jener grossartigen Bewegung","authors":"C. Jahnke","doi":"10.21248/hgbll.2019.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.193","url":null,"abstract":"Scholarly research on the history of the Hanse rests on two massive pillars: The Recesse und andere Akten der Hansetage (HR) and the Hansisches Urkundenbuch (HUB), in which the sources for the deliberations of the Hanseatic Diet and for Hanseatic commerce respectively are published. However, these two series are artificial creations, which sprung from the mind of their 19th century editors and their mentors. After all, the Hanse was a loose-jointed organisation which never established a central repository for its own documents or systematically collected disparate materials in one place. How, then, did the 19th century editors come to conceive of these two monumental series without anything in the past to guide them? This article investigates the editors’ approach and methods, their criteria of selection and their editing principles. One can only conclude that both series had massive defects, even by the standards of their time. Their editors were clearly guided by the 19th century’s highly politicized historiography. Far from giving a balanced, representative view of the Hanseatic past, they are disturbingly skewed, clearly intended to mould the published record to fit the political agenda of their times. This fact, little noticed by subsequent historians, has had far-reaching consequences for scholarly endeavors up to the present day.","PeriodicalId":53496,"journal":{"name":"Hansische Geschichtsblatter","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48132550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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