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Seasonal adjustment of hybrid time series: An application to U.S. regional jobs data 混合时间序列的季节调整:在美国地区就业数据中的应用
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160428
K. Phillips, Jianguo Wang
Hybrid time series data often require special care in estimating seasonal factors. Series such as the state and metro area Current Employment Statistics produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) are composed of two different source series that often have two different seasonal patterns. In this paper we address the process to test for differing seasonal patterns within the hybrid series. We also discuss how to apply differing seasonal factors to the separate parts of the hybrid series. Currently, for state employment data, the BLS simply juxtaposes the two different sets of seasonal factors at the transition point between the benchmark part of the data and the survey part. We argue that the seasonal factors should be extrapolated at the transition point or that an adjustment should be made to the level of the unadjusted data to correct for a bias in the survey part of the data caused by differing seasonal factors at the transition month.
混合时间序列数据在估计季节因素时往往需要特别注意。诸如美国劳工统计局(BLS)发布的州和都市区当前就业统计数据系列由两个不同的来源系列组成,通常有两种不同的季节模式。在本文中,我们讨论了在混合系列中测试不同季节模式的过程。我们还讨论了如何将不同的季节因素应用于混合系列的各个部分。目前,对于州就业数据,劳工统计局只是在数据的基准部分和调查部分之间的过渡点并置两组不同的季节性因素。我们认为,季节因素应该在过渡点外推,或者应该对未调整数据的水平进行调整,以纠正由过渡月份不同季节因素引起的调查部分数据的偏差。
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引用次数: 1
New insights on the impact of coefficient instability on ratio-correlation population estimates 系数不稳定性对比率相关人口估计影响的新见解
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160422
J. Tayman, David A. Swanson
In this study we examine the regression-based ratio-correlation method and suggest some new tools for assessing the magnitude and impact of coefficient instability on population estimation errors. We use a robust sample of 904 counties from 11 states and find that: (1) coefficient instability is not a universal source of error in regression models for population estimation and its impact is less than commonly assumed; (2) coefficient instability is not related to bias, but it does decrease precision and increase the allocation error of population estimates; and (3) unstable coefficients have the greatest impact on counties under 20,000 in population size. Our findings suggest that information about the conditions that affect coefficient instability and its impact on estimation error might lead to more targeted and efficient approaches for improving population estimates developed from regression models.
在这项研究中,我们检验了基于回归的比率相关方法,并提出了一些新的工具来评估系数不稳定性对总体估计误差的大小和影响。我们使用来自11个州的904个县的稳健样本,发现:(1)系数不稳定性不是人口估计回归模型的普遍误差来源,其影响小于通常的假设;(2)系数不稳定性与偏差无关,但会降低总体估计的精度,增加总体估计的分配误差;(3)不稳定系数对人口规模在2万人以下的县域影响最大。我们的研究结果表明,有关影响系数不稳定性的条件及其对估计误差的影响的信息可能会导致更有针对性和更有效的方法来改进从回归模型中开发的人口估计。
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引用次数: 1
Alternatives to GDP - Measuring the impact of natural disasters using panel data GDP的替代品——使用面板数据衡量自然灾害的影响
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160429
Jörg Döpke, Philip Maschke
A frequent criticism of GDP states that events that obviously reduce welfare of people can nevertheless increase GDP per capita. We use data of natural disasters as quasi experiments to examine whether alternatives to GDP (Human Development Index, Progress Index, Index of Economic Well-Being and a Happiness Index) lead to more plausible responses to disasters. Applying a Differences-in-Differences approach and estimates from various panels of countries we find no noteworthy differences between the response of real GDP per capita and the responses of suggested alternative welfare measures to a natural disaster except for the Human Development Index.
对GDP的频繁批评指出,明显减少人民福利的事件却能增加人均GDP。我们使用自然灾害的数据作为准实验来检验GDP的替代方案(人类发展指数、进步指数、经济福祉指数和幸福指数)是否会导致对灾害的更合理的反应。应用差异中的差异方法和来自不同国家面板的估计,我们发现除了人类发展指数之外,实际人均国内生产总值的反应与建议的替代福利措施对自然灾害的反应之间没有显着差异。
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引用次数: 3
The concentration of health care expenditures in the U.S. and predictions of future spending 美国医疗保健支出的集中和对未来支出的预测
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160427
S. Cohen
Estimates of health care expenses for the U.S. population are critical to policymakers and others concerned with access to medical care and the cost and sources of payment for that care. Medical care expenses, however, are highly concentrated among a relatively small proportion of individuals in the community population. Using information from the Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC), this study provides detailed estimates of the concentration and persistence in the level of health care expenditures in the United States. Attention is given to identifying the characteristics of individuals with the highest levels of medical expenditures, in addition to those factors that are associated with low medical expense profiles. Analyses are included to discern the most salient factors that serve to predict the likelihood of experiencing high levels of medical expenditures in a subsequent year, in addition to the factors operational in predictions of experiencing low levels of medical expenditures in a subsequent year.
美国人口的医疗保健费用估计对决策者和其他关心医疗保健的获取、费用和支付来源的人来说至关重要。然而,医疗费用高度集中在社区人口中相对较小比例的个人身上。利用医疗支出小组调查(MEPS-HC)的家庭组成部分的信息,本研究提供了美国医疗保健支出水平集中和持续时间的详细估计。除了那些与医疗费用较低有关的因素外,还注意确定医疗费用最高的个人的特征。除了用于预测下一年医疗支出水平较低的因素外,还包括对预测下一年医疗支出水平较高可能性的最显著因素的分析。
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引用次数: 13
New indicators to assess price-competitiveness developments in the four largest euro-area countries and in their main trading partners 评估欧元区四个最大国家及其主要贸易伙伴价格竞争力发展的新指标
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160432
Alberto Felettigh, Claire Giordano, G. Oddo, Valentina Romano
This paper provides a new set of monthly price-competitiveness indicators for 62 countries, which are to be adopted by the Bank of Italy as its new official indicators. We employ updated trade weights that take into account the highly relevant competitive pressures of local producers in all outlet markets while guaranteeing a vast geographical coverage in international standards. We also assess price competitiveness with respective to different sub-groups of trading partners, namely euro-area vs. non euro-area countries. Focusing on the four largest economies in the euro area, in the period 1999-2014 Germany and France's price competitiveness is found to have improved; it was roughly stable in Italy whereas it deteriorated in Spain.
本文为62个国家提供了一套新的月度价格竞争力指标,意大利银行将采用这些指标作为其新的官方指标。我们采用最新的贸易权重,考虑到所有出口市场中当地生产商的高度相关竞争压力,同时保证国际标准的广泛地理覆盖。我们还评估了与不同分组的贸易伙伴的价格竞争力,即欧元区与非欧元区国家。以欧元区四大经济体为研究对象,发现1999-2014年期间,德国和法国的价格竞争力有所提高;意大利的情况大致稳定,而西班牙则有所恶化。
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引用次数: 8
Measuring visible underemployment 衡量可见就业不足
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160426
S. S. Roy, Sourav Chakrabortty
In this paper we have looked into the problems of measuring visible underemployment. Some measures to gauge the intensity of visible underemployment have been suggested and their properties studied. Measures based on given time-norms for work are also suggested. The results are illustrated through examples.
在本文中,我们研究了衡量可见就业不足的问题。已经提出了一些衡量可见就业不足强度的措施,并对其性质进行了研究。还建议根据既定的工作时间标准采取措施。通过算例对结果进行了说明。
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引用次数: 0
Model specification tests and the estimation of treatment effects: An application with random and non-random administrative records 模型规格检验和处理效果的估计:随机和非随机管理记录的应用
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160423
Tao Chen, K. Couch
In addition to existing model specification tests based on over identifying information from pre-program periods, this paper conducts a new nonparametric test based on the concept of unconditional bounding. This test has the advantage that it does not require pre-program information on participants. The nonparametric bounding test yields similar information about model misspecification to the standard test based on over identifying information. As an illustration, we apply the test to administrative records from the Jobs First experiment in Connecticut. Records on other welfare recipients are used to provide quasi-experimental panel regression estimates of the impact of time limiting benefits on labor market earnings.
除了现有的基于预编程期超识别信息的模型规格检验外,本文还基于无条件边界的概念进行了一种新的非参数检验。这个测试的优点是它不需要参与者事先的信息。非参数边界检验与基于过度识别信息的标准检验产生相似的模型不规范信息。作为说明,我们将该测试应用于康涅狄格州“工作第一”实验中的行政记录。其他福利接受者的记录被用来提供准实验面板回归估计时间限制福利对劳动力市场收入的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Examining risk classification strategies for the development of a measure of medical care economic risk in the United States 检查风险分类策略的发展措施的医疗保健经济风险在美国
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-160430
S. Meier
In a 1995 the National Research Council released a report that critically examined poverty measurement in the United States and recommended the development of a measure of medical expenditure related economic risk; a 2012 report continued support for such a measure. This study uses the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to examine two alternative strategies for classifying individual-level risk for purposes of developing a loss modeling-based measure of medical care economic risk (MCER). Examining the use of self-perceived health and a DxCG risk score to classify individuals into five levels of risk, the study finds substantial differences in cell-level classification and attributed expenditure risk based on these two strategies. It is suggested that future work in this field move forward with the use of a risk score classification strategy to operationalize the MCER measure.
1995年,国家研究委员会发布了一份报告,严格审查了美国的贫困衡量标准,并建议制定一项与医疗支出相关的经济风险衡量标准;2012年的一份报告继续支持这一措施。本研究使用医疗支出小组调查来检查两种可供选择的策略,用于对个人层面的风险进行分类,以开发基于损失模型的医疗保健经济风险(MCER)测量。通过检查使用自我感知健康和DxCG风险评分将个体分为五个风险级别,该研究发现基于这两种策略的细胞水平分类和归因支出风险存在实质性差异。建议在这一领域的未来工作向前推进,使用风险评分分类策略来实施MCER措施。
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引用次数: 2
Computing regression statistics from grouped data 从分组数据计算回归统计
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-06-30 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-150416
Jörg Schwiebert
This paper considers regression techniques for grouped data. In particular, it is shown how regression statistics obtained from individual level data can be replicated by means of grouped data. Three common regression approaches are considered: ordinary least squares, instrumental variables and nonlinear least squares regression. Also provided is code to implement the grouped-data techniques in the econometric software package Stata. An empirical example illustrates that the grouped-data formulas indeed replicate the statistics obtained from the individual level data. It is also argued why grouped data are important for empirical research.
本文研究分组数据的回归技术。特别是,它显示了如何从个人水平数据中获得的回归统计数据可以通过分组数据来复制。考虑了三种常见的回归方法:普通最小二乘、工具变量和非线性最小二乘回归。还提供了在计量经济学软件包Stata中实现分组数据技术的代码。一个经验例子表明,分组数据公式确实复制了从个人水平数据中获得的统计数据。本文还讨论了分组数据对实证研究的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Formulary Measures for the U.S. Current Account: Accounting for Transactions Attributable to Special Purpose Entities of Multinational Enterprises * 美国经常项目的规定办法:对归属于跨国企业特殊目的实体的交易的会计处理*
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-06-30 DOI: 10.3233/JEM-150400
Dylan G. Rassier
Consistent with the residence concept of BPM6 and the SNA2008, the U.S. current account reflects international transactions within multinational enterprises (MNEs), including international transactions conducted with special purpose entities (SPEs). To better understand the role of SPEs in economic accounting statistics, international guidelines on foreign direct investment (FDI) positions and transactions recommend that compilers distinguish resident SPEs for inbound FDI and encourage compilers to offer supplemental measures on non-resident SPEs for outbound FDI. While U.S. economic accounting statistics are not significantly affected by resident SPEs, recent empirical evidence calls into question the extent to which U.S. statistics may be affected by non-resident SPEs (Lipsey 2009, 2010). In this paper, I explore formulary apportionment as an accounting treatment for transactions related to outbound FDI in the U.S. current account in order to better understand the effects of non-resident SPEs on U.S. economic accounting statistics. The empirical results reveal that formulary apportionment significantly reduces total U.S. exports of services and total U.S. imports of services but the combined effect on U.S. net exports is negligible with no noticeable effect on U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). Likewise, formulary apportionment significantly reduces total U.S. income receipts, which reduces U.S. gross national product by 1.1 percent. The results imply that transactions attributable to non-resident SPEs do not affect U.S. net exports or U.S. GDP. Likewise, nonresident SPEs appear to play a larger role in income-based measures of production than in expenditure-based measures of production.
与BPM6和SNA2008的居住概念一致,美国经常账户反映了跨国企业(MNEs)内部的国际交易,包括与特殊目的实体(spe)进行的国际交易。为了更好地理解spe在经济会计统计中的作用,关于外国直接投资(FDI)头寸和交易的国际准则建议编纂者区分入境外国直接投资的居民spe,并鼓励编纂者对出境外国直接投资的非居民spe提供补充措施。虽然美国经济核算统计数据不受居民spe的显著影响,但最近的经验证据对美国统计数据可能受到非居民spe影响的程度提出了质疑(Lipsey 2009, 2010)。在本文中,我探讨了公式分摊作为美国经常账户中与对外直接投资相关的交易的会计处理,以便更好地理解非居民spe对美国经济会计统计的影响。实证结果表明,公式分摊显著降低了美国服务出口总额和美国服务进口总额,但对美国净出口的综合影响可以忽略不计,对美国国内生产总值(GDP)没有显著影响。同样,公式分配也大大减少了美国的总收入,这使美国的国民生产总值减少了1.1%。结果表明,归属于非居民spe的交易不会影响美国净出口或美国GDP。同样,非居民特殊消费企业在以收入为基础的生产指标中似乎比在以支出为基础的生产指标中发挥更大的作用。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Journal of Economic and Social Measurement
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