Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.45.02.049
H. Kulchytska, D. Chernysh
It is shown that the concept of "rare elements" is rather conditional. The list of rare elements, as well as their selection criteria, constantly changed over time. Geochemical and mineralogical criteria gradually became closely connected with technological and economic criteria. Such criteria as insignificant distribution in the earth's crust, weak mineral formation, and the lack of large deposits were joined by technological difficulties of extraction, minimal use in technology, unprofitable extraction, or artificial shortages due to monopolization of reserves by supplying companies. The list of critical mineral raw materials, which is based on rare chemical elements, is growing every year, with almost all the elements with a clarke of less than 100 ppm being in short supply. This encourages mineralogists to look out for a wider range of carrier minerals of rare elements than it was before, thus expanding the list of rare elements. It is reasonable to group carrier minerals of rare elements not by geochemical, but by chemical properties of the elements, since similar properties are crucial for their use in the same industries. The mineral database of Ukraine includes about 900 mineral species, and in six hundred of them rare elements are species- and speciation-forming. It is suggested to divide them into the following groups: minerals of alkaline (Li, Rb, Cs), alkaline earth (Be, Sr, Ra), transition (Sc, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Cd, and Hg), amphoteric (Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Bi), noble (Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Au, Ag), rare earth (Y, La, Ce and other lanthanides) and radioactive (Th, U) metals, semi-metals (B, Ge, As, Sb, Te), non-metals and halides (Se, Br, I). The database should be supplemented with minerals of such low-clarke transition elements as Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb, which are predicted to be the elements of the future. Mineral resources of Ukraine contain significant potential for expanding the database of rare element minerals and increasing the reserves of critical raw materials.
{"title":"Database of Rare Element Minerals of Ukraine","authors":"H. Kulchytska, D. Chernysh","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.45.02.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.45.02.049","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that the concept of \"rare elements\" is rather conditional. The list of rare elements, as well as their selection criteria, constantly changed over time. Geochemical and mineralogical criteria gradually became closely connected with technological and economic criteria. Such criteria as insignificant distribution in the earth's crust, weak mineral formation, and the lack of large deposits were joined by technological difficulties of extraction, minimal use in technology, unprofitable extraction, or artificial shortages due to monopolization of reserves by supplying companies. The list of critical mineral raw materials, which is based on rare chemical elements, is growing every year, with almost all the elements with a clarke of less than 100 ppm being in short supply. This encourages mineralogists to look out for a wider range of carrier minerals of rare elements than it was before, thus expanding the list of rare elements. It is reasonable to group carrier minerals of rare elements not by geochemical, but by chemical properties of the elements, since similar properties are crucial for their use in the same industries. The mineral database of Ukraine includes about 900 mineral species, and in six hundred of them rare elements are species- and speciation-forming. It is suggested to divide them into the following groups: minerals of alkaline (Li, Rb, Cs), alkaline earth (Be, Sr, Ra), transition (Sc, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Cd, and Hg), amphoteric (Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Bi), noble (Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Au, Ag), rare earth (Y, La, Ce and other lanthanides) and radioactive (Th, U) metals, semi-metals (B, Ge, As, Sb, Te), non-metals and halides (Se, Br, I). The database should be supplemented with minerals of such low-clarke transition elements as Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb, which are predicted to be the elements of the future. Mineral resources of Ukraine contain significant potential for expanding the database of rare element minerals and increasing the reserves of critical raw materials.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67127029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.45.02.083
L. Stepanyuk, T. Dovbush
The causes of isotopic age distortion that may occur during the dating of endogenous geological processes (rocks) by the uranium-lead isotopic method are considered. Three groups of reasons are distinguished: mineralogical, geochemical and analytical. The main mineralogical reason for the distortion of the U-Pb isotopic age is the multistage crystallization of geochronometer minerals, which is manifested, for example, in zircon, in the anatomy of their crystals. It was concluded that in order to obtain reliable information about the time course of geological processes for complex crystals (primarily zircon), local uranium-lead isotope dating methods ("SHRIMP", LA-ICP-MS, etc.) should be used. The geochemical reasons include the discrepancy between the isotopic composition of impurity lead and the isotopic composition of corrective lead (abnormal isotopic composition of ordinary lead) and the polystage history of the development of the uranium-lead isotope system. It is noted that the most probable reason for the violation of the uranium-lead isotope system by zircons in the hypergenesis zone is the entrapment of uranium by defects in the crystal structure and cracks, and the predominant loss of uranium in monazite. At the same time, the loss of uranium by monazites depends on the composition of the acids. It is indicated that washing monazites in a weak solution of nitric acid leads to the appearance of a significant reverse discordance, while no loss of lead is observed. The same operation in a weak solution of hydrochloric acid leads to the preferential leaching of ordinary lead. For analytical reasons, the lowest accuracy of determining the prevalence of the 204Pb isotope (204Pb/206Pb ratio) is indicated. The impact of contamination of samples dated (method TIMS) by lead and uranium from reagents is considered. It is clear that the contamination of multi-grain samples (1-2 mlg) of minerals with uranium and lead from reagents with a modern isotopic composition, in a blank test of lead 10–9 g (the ratio of the mass of Pb of the sample to the mass of Pb from the reagents of 40 to 1) is not significant affects dating results (isotopic ratios of 207Pb/206Pb, 207Pb/235U and 206Pb/238U). A blank sample of uranium is usually 2 orders of magnitude smaller (10–11-10–12 g). A strong inverse relationship between the degree (proportion) of radiogenic lead contamination of radiogenic lead aliquots on the isotopic composition of lead and the calculated values of the lead content in the sample was revealed. When an aliquot for determining the content of uranium and lead is contaminated with ordinary lead from the reagents, the smallest distortion of the calculated value of the lead content occurs when the ratio of sample lead to tracer lead is 1:1, while a slightly smaller relative distortion of the lead content is noted with increasing age of the radiogenic lead of the samples.
{"title":"Major Causes of Age Distortion in Uranium-Lead Isotopic Radiogeochronology","authors":"L. Stepanyuk, T. Dovbush","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.45.02.083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.45.02.083","url":null,"abstract":"The causes of isotopic age distortion that may occur during the dating of endogenous geological processes (rocks) by the uranium-lead isotopic method are considered. Three groups of reasons are distinguished: mineralogical, geochemical and analytical. The main mineralogical reason for the distortion of the U-Pb isotopic age is the multistage crystallization of geochronometer minerals, which is manifested, for example, in zircon, in the anatomy of their crystals. It was concluded that in order to obtain reliable information about the time course of geological processes for complex crystals (primarily zircon), local uranium-lead isotope dating methods (\"SHRIMP\", LA-ICP-MS, etc.) should be used. The geochemical reasons include the discrepancy between the isotopic composition of impurity lead and the isotopic composition of corrective lead (abnormal isotopic composition of ordinary lead) and the polystage history of the development of the uranium-lead isotope system. It is noted that the most probable reason for the violation of the uranium-lead isotope system by zircons in the hypergenesis zone is the entrapment of uranium by defects in the crystal structure and cracks, and the predominant loss of uranium in monazite. At the same time, the loss of uranium by monazites depends on the composition of the acids. It is indicated that washing monazites in a weak solution of nitric acid leads to the appearance of a significant reverse discordance, while no loss of lead is observed. The same operation in a weak solution of hydrochloric acid leads to the preferential leaching of ordinary lead. For analytical reasons, the lowest accuracy of determining the prevalence of the 204Pb isotope (204Pb/206Pb ratio) is indicated. The impact of contamination of samples dated (method TIMS) by lead and uranium from reagents is considered. It is clear that the contamination of multi-grain samples (1-2 mlg) of minerals with uranium and lead from reagents with a modern isotopic composition, in a blank test of lead 10–9 g (the ratio of the mass of Pb of the sample to the mass of Pb from the reagents of 40 to 1) is not significant affects dating results (isotopic ratios of 207Pb/206Pb, 207Pb/235U and 206Pb/238U). A blank sample of uranium is usually 2 orders of magnitude smaller (10–11-10–12 g). A strong inverse relationship between the degree (proportion) of radiogenic lead contamination of radiogenic lead aliquots on the isotopic composition of lead and the calculated values of the lead content in the sample was revealed. When an aliquot for determining the content of uranium and lead is contaminated with ordinary lead from the reagents, the smallest distortion of the calculated value of the lead content occurs when the ratio of sample lead to tracer lead is 1:1, while a slightly smaller relative distortion of the lead content is noted with increasing age of the radiogenic lead of the samples.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67127087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.45.03.003
V. Pavlyshyn, N. M. Cherniyenko
Traditionally, feldspars are characterized in the following order: Volyn chamber pegmatites — Perzhansky ore node — kamyano-mohyla (stone grave) complex of Azov region — Kruta Balka rare-metal deposit — Shevchenkivske rare-metal deposit — rare-metal pegmatites of Inhulsky megablock. Feldspars in the chamber pegmatites of the Volyn are represented by maximum microcline-perthite, rarely by intermediate orthoclase and albite. Widely developed feldspars with close regularity, but different symmetry. The form of discharge is granular aggregates and polyhedral crystals. The outline of potassium feldspar crystals is varied. Crystals of only two morphological types have a clear arrangement: I — early high-temperature bar-like individuals, concentrated in the cavities of the graphic zone; II — columnar pseudohexagonal crystals in sinkholes. Among albite crystals, three morphological types are distinguished, depending on acidity-alkalinity and crystallization temperature. Feldspars of chamber pegmatites are well studied by radio spectroscopic, luminescent and genetic methods. Within the boundaries of the Perzhansky ore complex, multi-grained polygenic microcline-perthite dominates, the structural state of its potassium phase corresponds to a high degree of ordered distribution of Si and Al (maximum microcline). The evolution of the twin structure of potassium feldspars is briefly covered and illustrated. Pure microcline and amazonite (probably the purest on the Ukrainian Shield) were found in the perzhansky metasomatites. Feldspars are the leading minerals of the stone-burial complex of the Azov region, represented by microcline and microcline-perthite. A characteristic feature of the microcline rocks of the complex is the unique giant dendritic crystals of pink microcline. Feldspars in the Kruta Balka rare metal deposit are represented by albite, albite-oligoclase and microcline. Two feldspars — microcline and albite (in the form of perthites in microcline and independent aggregates) were diagnosed in the Shevchenkivske deposit. Microcline makes up 15-20% of the volume of pegmatites and represented by three generations. The mineralogy of feldspars in the pegmatites of the Inhulsky megablock is different. They are represented by monoclinic orthoclase, microcline and plagioclase (mostly albite, occasionally oligoclase). Their content in rocks is mostly >50%, but albite >potassium feldspar. In general, these feldspars have features uncharacteristic of rare-metal pegmatites: 1) high symmetry (monoclinic) and low order (t1 >0,7); 2) microperthite decay structure; 3) the initial and middle stages of monodomainization are manifested. These and other features of minerals are a consequence of the specific origin of pegmatites, which represent a new genetic type of deposits of rare elements — metapegmatites.
{"title":"LITHIUM IN THE SUBSOIL OF UKRAINE Part 3. Mineralogy of lithium-bearing objects: feldspars","authors":"V. Pavlyshyn, N. M. Cherniyenko","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.45.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.45.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, feldspars are characterized in the following order: Volyn chamber pegmatites — Perzhansky ore node — kamyano-mohyla (stone grave) complex of Azov region — Kruta Balka rare-metal deposit — Shevchenkivske rare-metal deposit — rare-metal pegmatites of Inhulsky megablock. Feldspars in the chamber pegmatites of the Volyn are represented by maximum microcline-perthite, rarely by intermediate orthoclase and albite. Widely developed feldspars with close regularity, but different symmetry. The form of discharge is granular aggregates and polyhedral crystals. The outline of potassium feldspar crystals is varied. Crystals of only two morphological types have a clear arrangement: I — early high-temperature bar-like individuals, concentrated in the cavities of the graphic zone; II — columnar pseudohexagonal crystals in sinkholes. Among albite crystals, three morphological types are distinguished, depending on acidity-alkalinity and crystallization temperature. Feldspars of chamber pegmatites are well studied by radio spectroscopic, luminescent and genetic methods. Within the boundaries of the Perzhansky ore complex, multi-grained polygenic microcline-perthite dominates, the structural state of its potassium phase corresponds to a high degree of ordered distribution of Si and Al (maximum microcline). The evolution of the twin structure of potassium feldspars is briefly covered and illustrated. Pure microcline and amazonite (probably the purest on the Ukrainian Shield) were found in the perzhansky metasomatites. Feldspars are the leading minerals of the stone-burial complex of the Azov region, represented by microcline and microcline-perthite. A characteristic feature of the microcline rocks of the complex is the unique giant dendritic crystals of pink microcline. Feldspars in the Kruta Balka rare metal deposit are represented by albite, albite-oligoclase and microcline. Two feldspars — microcline and albite (in the form of perthites in microcline and independent aggregates) were diagnosed in the Shevchenkivske deposit. Microcline makes up 15-20% of the volume of pegmatites and represented by three generations. The mineralogy of feldspars in the pegmatites of the Inhulsky megablock is different. They are represented by monoclinic orthoclase, microcline and plagioclase (mostly albite, occasionally oligoclase). Their content in rocks is mostly >50%, but albite >potassium feldspar. In general, these feldspars have features uncharacteristic of rare-metal pegmatites: 1) high symmetry (monoclinic) and low order (t1 >0,7); 2) microperthite decay structure; 3) the initial and middle stages of monodomainization are manifested. These and other features of minerals are a consequence of the specific origin of pegmatites, which represent a new genetic type of deposits of rare elements — metapegmatites.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67127238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.45.03.019
D. Chernysh, V. Pavlyshyn, H. Kulchytska
The spatial distribution of minerals in nature is closely related to their genesis. Mineralogenetic reconstruction, including the reproduction of ontogenesis and the conditions for its implementation, is the highest form of reproduction of the genesis of minerals. A general methodical scheme of mineralogenetic research is proposed. The evolutionary views in modern mineralogy and the developments of scientists in two directions — ontogenesis and phylogenesis — are analyzed. On specific examples, it is shown that in nature the phenomenon of a regularly directed evolution of the shape of crystals is realized both during mineral formation and in the space where this process occurs. It can be traced in the change in the habits of individuals, the special zonality of crystals, the existence of spatio-temporal crystal genetic series of minerals and the crystal-morphological zonality of mineral bodies, ore regions, fields, provinces. The data of symmetrical statistics show the leading role of monoclinic minerals in the earth's crust and bowels of Ukraine. Analysis of changes in the characteristics of minerals in time and space makes it possible to reveal some regularities in the distribution of minerals in nature. This is the basis for the development of methods and criteria for the search and evaluation of mineral deposits.
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN NATURE IN THE CONTEXT OF EVOLUTIONARY VIEWS IN MODERN MINERALOGY","authors":"D. Chernysh, V. Pavlyshyn, H. Kulchytska","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.45.03.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.45.03.019","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial distribution of minerals in nature is closely related to their genesis. Mineralogenetic reconstruction, including the reproduction of ontogenesis and the conditions for its implementation, is the highest form of reproduction of the genesis of minerals. A general methodical scheme of mineralogenetic research is proposed. The evolutionary views in modern mineralogy and the developments of scientists in two directions — ontogenesis and phylogenesis — are analyzed. On specific examples, it is shown that in nature the phenomenon of a regularly directed evolution of the shape of crystals is realized both during mineral formation and in the space where this process occurs. It can be traced in the change in the habits of individuals, the special zonality of crystals, the existence of spatio-temporal crystal genetic series of minerals and the crystal-morphological zonality of mineral bodies, ore regions, fields, provinces. The data of symmetrical statistics show the leading role of monoclinic minerals in the earth's crust and bowels of Ukraine. Analysis of changes in the characteristics of minerals in time and space makes it possible to reveal some regularities in the distribution of minerals in nature. This is the basis for the development of methods and criteria for the search and evaluation of mineral deposits.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67127271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.44.04.043
S. Kryvdik, O. Dubyna, V. Belsky
Two species types of basic rocks contrasting in chemical and mineral composition were investigated within the Korsun-Novomyrhorod anorthosite-rapakivigranite pluton (KNP) of the Proterozoic age. In comparison to more typical basic rocks of KNP, the investigated rocks are presented by the extremely Fe-rich fayalite gabbroids and the most MgO enriched biotite gabbronorite. The first of them occupy a deeper level of the Horodishche massif in the central part of KNP. According to a high-Fe association of minerals and reduced or low An content in plagioclase they may represent the crystallization of a highly evolved basic melt (after anorthosite and gabbronorites separation), which were crystallized under abyssal conditions and low oxygen fugacity. Preliminary geochemical data indicate that trace elements concentration and negligible negative Eu-anomalies (0.72-0.95) are similar to most distributed basic rocks but unlike the last it is slightly differed by decreasing La/Yb and enriched in Sc (up to 118 ppm). Thus, we suppose those rocks might be crystallized as a result of mixing highly differentiated (iron and alkali enriched) melt with the early generation of anorthitic plagioclase, with subsequent dissolution of the last. Enrichment in iron of the mafic minerals and increasing of alkalinity of plagioclase in the basic rocks is consistent with the appearance of ferrodioritic melts as a product of prolonged crystalline differentiation of the initial melt. In contrast to fayalitic gabbroids, the pyroxene-biotite gabbronorites from the border zone in according to increased Mg# of the mafic minerals and rocks are obviously the least differentiated varieties of the anorthosite-gabbronorite series. The regularities in chemical composition in such type of rocks are consistent with the liquid line of dissent for basic rocks in KNP, which implies their crystallization at an earlier stage of magma ascending. By composition, such melt can be formed at an intermediate stage from slightly differentiated melt. This is indicated by enrichment in Sr (453-881 ppm) and Ba (910-930 ppm), Eu/Eu* (0.85-1.10), increased content MgO (up to 8 wt. %), Cr and V (59-193 and 169-350 ppm respectively). At the same time these rocks are enriched in Zr and Hf (378-478 and 10.3-12.02 ppm respectively), highly enriched in Rb (169-192 ppm), with moderate Nb and Ta content (14.6-18.1 and 0.91-2.84 ppm respectively) that point out to interaction and partial assimilation by crust material. Summarizing geological data of the deep drill-holes, it is possible to reveal a general direction of the mafic minerals evolution in the basic rocks and the evidences of cryptic layering. The last are quite clearly manifested both in the large gabbro-anorthosite massifs and individual intrusive bodies. We suppose that the evolution trend of mafic mineral composition are consistent with the tholeiitic trend differentiation of the primary melt with gradual increasing of iron content (under low oxygen fu
{"title":"NEW TYPES OF BASIC ROCKS IN THE KORSUN-NOVOMYRHOROD ANORTHOSITE-RAPAKIVI GRANITE PLUTON AS AN INDICATOR OF ITS PETROGENESIS","authors":"S. Kryvdik, O. Dubyna, V. Belsky","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.44.04.043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.04.043","url":null,"abstract":"Two species types of basic rocks contrasting in chemical and mineral composition were investigated within the Korsun-Novomyrhorod anorthosite-rapakivigranite pluton (KNP) of the Proterozoic age. In comparison to more typical basic rocks of KNP, the investigated rocks are presented by the extremely Fe-rich fayalite gabbroids and the most MgO enriched biotite gabbronorite. The first of them occupy a deeper level of the Horodishche massif in the central part of KNP. According to a high-Fe association of minerals and reduced or low An content in plagioclase they may represent the crystallization of a highly evolved basic melt (after anorthosite and gabbronorites separation), which were crystallized under abyssal conditions and low oxygen fugacity. Preliminary geochemical data indicate that trace elements concentration and negligible negative Eu-anomalies (0.72-0.95) are similar to most distributed basic rocks but unlike the last it is slightly differed by decreasing La/Yb and enriched in Sc (up to 118 ppm). Thus, we suppose those rocks might be crystallized as a result of mixing highly differentiated (iron and alkali enriched) melt with the early generation of anorthitic plagioclase, with subsequent dissolution of the last. Enrichment in iron of the mafic minerals and increasing of alkalinity of plagioclase in the basic rocks is consistent with the appearance of ferrodioritic melts as a product of prolonged crystalline differentiation of the initial melt. In contrast to fayalitic gabbroids, the pyroxene-biotite gabbronorites from the border zone in according to increased Mg# of the mafic minerals and rocks are obviously the least differentiated varieties of the anorthosite-gabbronorite series. The regularities in chemical composition in such type of rocks are consistent with the liquid line of dissent for basic rocks in KNP, which implies their crystallization at an earlier stage of magma ascending. By composition, such melt can be formed at an intermediate stage from slightly differentiated melt. This is indicated by enrichment in Sr (453-881 ppm) and Ba (910-930 ppm), Eu/Eu* (0.85-1.10), increased content MgO (up to 8 wt. %), Cr and V (59-193 and 169-350 ppm respectively). At the same time these rocks are enriched in Zr and Hf (378-478 and 10.3-12.02 ppm respectively), highly enriched in Rb (169-192 ppm), with moderate Nb and Ta content (14.6-18.1 and 0.91-2.84 ppm respectively) that point out to interaction and partial assimilation by crust material. Summarizing geological data of the deep drill-holes, it is possible to reveal a general direction of the mafic minerals evolution in the basic rocks and the evidences of cryptic layering. The last are quite clearly manifested both in the large gabbro-anorthosite massifs and individual intrusive bodies. We suppose that the evolution trend of mafic mineral composition are consistent with the tholeiitic trend differentiation of the primary melt with gradual increasing of iron content (under low oxygen fu","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67126771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.44.02.003
V. Kvasnytsya
The crystal morphology, photoluminescence behavior, nitrogen impurity concentrations and Raman spectra of diamonds from Quaternary alluvial deposits of the Eastern Azov region were studied. Macrodiamond from the Mius-Krynka river basin shown ideal rhombic dodecahedron habitus, and their geometric parameters are similar to those of rounded diamonds found in kimberlites and lamproites. The mantle temperature regime for the formation of Azovian diamonds was determined using infrared spectroscopy, the content and state of nitrogen impurities, and other defects in the crystals. Diamonds can be divided into different spectral types namely IaA, IaAB and IIa. They have low nitrogen contents from 19 to 491 ppm, with an average nitrogen content of 148 ppm and they have a relatively high degree of nitrogen aggregation (average value of % B = 33). Thermometric data for the Eastern Azov diamonds are in the range of 1097-1175 ºC for 2 billion years and 1120-1165 ºС for 3 billion years of crystals to stay in the mantle. N3, S1 and 575 nm centers are revealed in the photoluminescence spectroscopic measurements. The Raman shift for diamonds is in the range of 1331.0-1332.1 cm–1. The diamonds are probably associated with mantle eclogites, and they have been brought to Earth’s surface by kimberlites.
{"title":"PLACER DIAMONDS OF THE EASTERN AZOV REGION","authors":"V. Kvasnytsya","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.44.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"The crystal morphology, photoluminescence behavior, nitrogen impurity concentrations and Raman spectra of diamonds from Quaternary alluvial deposits of the Eastern Azov region were studied. Macrodiamond from the Mius-Krynka river basin shown ideal rhombic dodecahedron habitus, and their geometric parameters are similar to those of rounded diamonds found in kimberlites and lamproites. The mantle temperature regime for the formation of Azovian diamonds was determined using infrared spectroscopy, the content and state of nitrogen impurities, and other defects in the crystals. Diamonds can be divided into different spectral types namely IaA, IaAB and IIa. They have low nitrogen contents from 19 to 491 ppm, with an average nitrogen content of 148 ppm and they have a relatively high degree of nitrogen aggregation (average value of % B = 33). Thermometric data for the Eastern Azov diamonds are in the range of 1097-1175 ºC for 2 billion years and 1120-1165 ºС for 3 billion years of crystals to stay in the mantle. N3, S1 and 575 nm centers are revealed in the photoluminescence spectroscopic measurements. The Raman shift for diamonds is in the range of 1331.0-1332.1 cm–1. The diamonds are probably associated with mantle eclogites, and they have been brought to Earth’s surface by kimberlites.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67126795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.44.04.094
L. Stepanyuk, O. Bobrov, T.B. Yaskevich, V.O. Shpylchak
The Dobropil granitoid massif is confined to the junction of the Gulyaipil and Remiv blocks of the Azov region. The granitoids of the massif intrude the Kosivtsiv greenstone structure. The massif is represented by a fairly wide range of rocks connected by gradual transitions (quartz diorites, granodiorites, quartz monzonites, monzo-diorites, tonalites, plagiogranites and granites). A characteristic feature of the granitoids of the massif is the presence in them of various amounts of small xenoliths of rocks of different composition (amphibololites/metapyroxenites, amphibolites, quartz diorites and granitoids of the normal series). According to geological data, the formation of the massif took place in two stages, which correspond to the formation of two corresponding phases of granitoids. The article presents the results of uranium-lead dating of various generations of accessory zircon from tonalites of the second phase of the massif intrusion using the SHRIMP-II ion-ion microprobe. It is shown that zircon crystals are composed of three generations. Zircon of the first generation is represented by heterogeneous cores on which magmatogenic zircon actually grows — the second generation. Zircon of the third forms rather thin shells on the first two, its crystallization is due to the processes of post-magmatic kalishpatization, which took place, most likely, at the pneumatolite stage of the evolution of the silicate melt. According to the results of uranium-lead ion-ion dating, it was found that among the zircon of the first generation, a fairly wide range of numerical age values (according to the 207Pb/206Pb ratio) is noted, from 3.6 to 2.8 billion years. The age of 2078 ± 20 million years ago was obtained for the upper intersection of the concordia with the discordia, constructed on the basis of analytical data obtained for thin-zoned shells (zircon of the 2nd generation) and zircon shells of the third generation, which corresponds to the time of rooting of the tonalites of the second phase of the intrusion.
{"title":"GEOCHRONOLOGY OF GRANITOIDS OF THE DOBROPIL MASSIF OF THE AZOV REGION (UKRAINIAN SHIELD)","authors":"L. Stepanyuk, O. Bobrov, T.B. Yaskevich, V.O. Shpylchak","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.44.04.094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.04.094","url":null,"abstract":"The Dobropil granitoid massif is confined to the junction of the Gulyaipil and Remiv blocks of the Azov region. The granitoids of the massif intrude the Kosivtsiv greenstone structure. The massif is represented by a fairly wide range of rocks connected by gradual transitions (quartz diorites, granodiorites, quartz monzonites, monzo-diorites, tonalites, plagiogranites and granites). A characteristic feature of the granitoids of the massif is the presence in them of various amounts of small xenoliths of rocks of different composition (amphibololites/metapyroxenites, amphibolites, quartz diorites and granitoids of the normal series). According to geological data, the formation of the massif took place in two stages, which correspond to the formation of two corresponding phases of granitoids. The article presents the results of uranium-lead dating of various generations of accessory zircon from tonalites of the second phase of the massif intrusion using the SHRIMP-II ion-ion microprobe. It is shown that zircon crystals are composed of three generations. Zircon of the first generation is represented by heterogeneous cores on which magmatogenic zircon actually grows — the second generation. Zircon of the third forms rather thin shells on the first two, its crystallization is due to the processes of post-magmatic kalishpatization, which took place, most likely, at the pneumatolite stage of the evolution of the silicate melt. According to the results of uranium-lead ion-ion dating, it was found that among the zircon of the first generation, a fairly wide range of numerical age values (according to the 207Pb/206Pb ratio) is noted, from 3.6 to 2.8 billion years. The age of 2078 ± 20 million years ago was obtained for the upper intersection of the concordia with the discordia, constructed on the basis of analytical data obtained for thin-zoned shells (zircon of the 2nd generation) and zircon shells of the third generation, which corresponds to the time of rooting of the tonalites of the second phase of the intrusion.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67126905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.44.03.019
V. Semenenko, K. O. Shkurenko, Yu.O. Litvinenko
A study of the structural, mineralogical and chemical properties of another carbonaceous xenolith (K4) occurring in the Krymka chondrite (LL3.1) was made. The xenolith does not correspond to any known chemical sub-group of carbonaceous chondrites in terms of chemical composition and certain mineralogical characteristics, although its fine-grained component is similar to that of CI chondrites. Presence of graphite microcrystals makes the xenolith K4 similar to the Krymka xenoliths K1, K3, and Gr1-Gr7. Xenolith K4 has large amounts of iron sulfide. This may possibly be due to a nonuniform distribution of mineral fractions in a dusty component of the protoplanetary nebula, which could have both a local and more widespread character. During a pre-agglomeration period, K4 accumulated on its surface partially oxidized mineral dust in the same region of the gas-dust protoplanetary nebula as other xenoliths and chondrules of the Krymka meteorite. The evolution of xenolith K4 is generally similar to that of other Krymka graphite-bearing xenoliths, but differs in the relationship among minerals in the primary dusty aggregates. These features determined its distinct chemical and mineralogical characteristics and indicate mineralogical heterogeneity in the dusty component at the micro-level during the pre-accretional period of a mineral material development of the Solar system.
{"title":"THE NEW CARBONACEOUS XENOLITH K4 AND ITS NATURE IN THE ORDINARY KRYMKA METEORITE (LL3.1)","authors":"V. Semenenko, K. O. Shkurenko, Yu.O. Litvinenko","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.44.03.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.03.019","url":null,"abstract":"A study of the structural, mineralogical and chemical properties of another carbonaceous xenolith (K4) occurring in the Krymka chondrite (LL3.1) was made. The xenolith does not correspond to any known chemical sub-group of carbonaceous chondrites in terms of chemical composition and certain mineralogical characteristics, although its fine-grained component is similar to that of CI chondrites. Presence of graphite microcrystals makes the xenolith K4 similar to the Krymka xenoliths K1, K3, and Gr1-Gr7. Xenolith K4 has large amounts of iron sulfide. This may possibly be due to a nonuniform distribution of mineral fractions in a dusty component of the protoplanetary nebula, which could have both a local and more widespread character. During a pre-agglomeration period, K4 accumulated on its surface partially oxidized mineral dust in the same region of the gas-dust protoplanetary nebula as other xenoliths and chondrules of the Krymka meteorite. The evolution of xenolith K4 is generally similar to that of other Krymka graphite-bearing xenoliths, but differs in the relationship among minerals in the primary dusty aggregates. These features determined its distinct chemical and mineralogical characteristics and indicate mineralogical heterogeneity in the dusty component at the micro-level during the pre-accretional period of a mineral material development of the Solar system.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67126449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.44.03.030
H. Kulchytska, O. Ponomarenko, D. Chernysh
Mineral nomenclature, which has often trivial in nature, is gradually being improved in a rational. Terminology is proposed under the auspices of the International Mineralogical Association through nomenclature changes relating to large groups and supergroups of minerals, for example, amphiboles, tourmalines, and pyrochlore. To create a name of a new species, a historically trivial name of a mineral in a group is used and a suffix with a symbol or a prefix of a chemical element is added to it. As a consequence of these changes, the nomenclature of minerals has become rational-trivial. The Commission on Terminology of the Ukrainian Mineralogical Society was formed in 2017 to consider mineral nomenclature. One of the key challenges is to preserve the historical Ukrainian mineral name and its spelling. The Commission decided to consider the names of minerals given in the 1975 "Mineralogical Dictionary" as historical, and to keep the spelling of mineral names discovered before 1991. Minerals names approved after the changes in Ukrainian orthography should be written with the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet according to the rules of transcription from the original language and in accordance with 2019 Ukrainian orthography. The changes also affected two-word terms and the use of a hyphen. The name of a mineral should be taken as a symbol corresponding to a natural compound of a certain chemical composition and a defined crystal structure. To promote mutual understanding between scientists, a mineral name and its spelling should be the same. The recommendations of the Commission on Terminology are taken into account in preparation of the "Ukrainian Nomenclature of Minerals" (2022).
{"title":"MINERAL NOMENCLATURE AND THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL NAMES","authors":"H. Kulchytska, O. Ponomarenko, D. Chernysh","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.44.03.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.03.030","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral nomenclature, which has often trivial in nature, is gradually being improved in a rational. Terminology is proposed under the auspices of the International Mineralogical Association through nomenclature changes relating to large groups and supergroups of minerals, for example, amphiboles, tourmalines, and pyrochlore. To create a name of a new species, a historically trivial name of a mineral in a group is used and a suffix with a symbol or a prefix of a chemical element is added to it. As a consequence of these changes, the nomenclature of minerals has become rational-trivial. The Commission on Terminology of the Ukrainian Mineralogical Society was formed in 2017 to consider mineral nomenclature. One of the key challenges is to preserve the historical Ukrainian mineral name and its spelling. The Commission decided to consider the names of minerals given in the 1975 \"Mineralogical Dictionary\" as historical, and to keep the spelling of mineral names discovered before 1991. Minerals names approved after the changes in Ukrainian orthography should be written with the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet according to the rules of transcription from the original language and in accordance with 2019 Ukrainian orthography. The changes also affected two-word terms and the use of a hyphen. The name of a mineral should be taken as a symbol corresponding to a natural compound of a certain chemical composition and a defined crystal structure. To promote mutual understanding between scientists, a mineral name and its spelling should be the same. The recommendations of the Commission on Terminology are taken into account in preparation of the \"Ukrainian Nomenclature of Minerals\" (2022).","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67126461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15407/mineraljournal.44.01.016
O. Pavliuk, V. Pavliuk
Rutile of the Neogene-aged Zelenyi Yar titanium-zirconium placer was studied. The average size of the rutile grains is 0.25 mm that are elliptical, rounded, short-prismatic, isometric, and elongated-prismatic crystals in shape. On the surface of the crystals, elements of physical abrasion of varying degrees, as well as chemical dissolution, are observed. The color of the rutile crystals ranges from black to yellow with black and brown being the most common. A relationship between the concentration of various impurity elements and their variations with the color of the crystals is present. The highest average content of impurity elements is recorded in green rutiles and the lowest in light brown crystals. About 61% of the rutiles contain V2O5 (30% of all crystals; average content 1.28%), Nb2O5 (25%; 1.38%), FeO (24%; 1.10%), WO3 (9%; 0.91%), ZrO2 (9%; 0.85%), Al2O3 (2%; 0.70%), Cr2O3 (5%; 0.60%), SiO2 (7%; 0.57%). The temperature of primary rutile crystallization was calculated using Zr-in-rutile thermometry and corresponds to granulite and eclogite metamorphic conditions. Cluster analysis of 284 microprobe analyses of rutile allows at least five groups of crystals to be identified. According to the chemical composition of various rutiles, it can be concluded that they originated from metapelitic rocks, enderbites, and eclogite-like rocks located in the Dniester-Bug megablock of the Ukrainian Shield.
{"title":"Rutile From the Zelenyi Yar Titanium-Zirconium Placer and Its Possible Primary Sources","authors":"O. Pavliuk, V. Pavliuk","doi":"10.15407/mineraljournal.44.01.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.01.016","url":null,"abstract":"Rutile of the Neogene-aged Zelenyi Yar titanium-zirconium placer was studied. The average size of the rutile grains is 0.25 mm that are elliptical, rounded, short-prismatic, isometric, and elongated-prismatic crystals in shape. On the surface of the crystals, elements of physical abrasion of varying degrees, as well as chemical dissolution, are observed. The color of the rutile crystals ranges from black to yellow with black and brown being the most common. A relationship between the concentration of various impurity elements and their variations with the color of the crystals is present. The highest average content of impurity elements is recorded in green rutiles and the lowest in light brown crystals. About 61% of the rutiles contain V2O5 (30% of all crystals; average content 1.28%), Nb2O5 (25%; 1.38%), FeO (24%; 1.10%), WO3 (9%; 0.91%), ZrO2 (9%; 0.85%), Al2O3 (2%; 0.70%), Cr2O3 (5%; 0.60%), SiO2 (7%; 0.57%). The temperature of primary rutile crystallization was calculated using Zr-in-rutile thermometry and corresponds to granulite and eclogite metamorphic conditions. Cluster analysis of 284 microprobe analyses of rutile allows at least five groups of crystals to be identified. According to the chemical composition of various rutiles, it can be concluded that they originated from metapelitic rocks, enderbites, and eclogite-like rocks located in the Dniester-Bug megablock of the Ukrainian Shield.","PeriodicalId":53834,"journal":{"name":"Mineralogical Journal-Ukraine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67126487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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