Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0017
Bartosz Korinth
Abstract The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Europe, particularly on tourist spending on transport, accommodation, and restaurants. The data used in the study were sourced from Eurostat statistics for the years 2019 and 2021. As part of the research method, a cartodiagram was used to present the percentage changes in tourist spending in selected European countries. Additionally, an analysis of the percentage change in spending on transport, restaurants, and accommodation in 2021 compared to 2019 was conducted using the ggplot2 package implemented in the R programming language. The study results indicate a varied situation regarding declines in tourist spending in 2021 compared to 2019, with smaller decreases noted in Central European countries, suggesting greater resilience to the pandemic crisis. Despite the declines, Germany and France maintained the highest spending values in 2021, underscoring their key role in the European tourism market. Conclusions from the study suggest that tourism-related spending has a huge impact on the economy. A more thorough understanding of how tourists spend money during their travels, including during a pandemic, can help better tailor tourism offers to their needs. By implementing the recommendations in the article, countries can better prepare for future challenges, build more resilient tourism industries, and ensure sustainable growth in the postpandemic era.
{"title":"From resilience to collapse: a cross-country study of tourist spending in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Bartosz Korinth","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Europe, particularly on tourist spending on transport, accommodation, and restaurants. The data used in the study were sourced from Eurostat statistics for the years 2019 and 2021. As part of the research method, a cartodiagram was used to present the percentage changes in tourist spending in selected European countries. Additionally, an analysis of the percentage change in spending on transport, restaurants, and accommodation in 2021 compared to 2019 was conducted using the ggplot2 package implemented in the R programming language. The study results indicate a varied situation regarding declines in tourist spending in 2021 compared to 2019, with smaller decreases noted in Central European countries, suggesting greater resilience to the pandemic crisis. Despite the declines, Germany and France maintained the highest spending values in 2021, underscoring their key role in the European tourism market. Conclusions from the study suggest that tourism-related spending has a huge impact on the economy. A more thorough understanding of how tourists spend money during their travels, including during a pandemic, can help better tailor tourism offers to their needs. By implementing the recommendations in the article, countries can better prepare for future challenges, build more resilient tourism industries, and ensure sustainable growth in the postpandemic era.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0016
Nguyen Tran Tuan
Abstract The process of urbanisation involves shifts in space and population, and other socio-economic factors, and has far-reaching effects on the use of urban land. Governing affects the process of urbanisation. This study aimed to compare the results of urban land use of two large cities in Vietnam, Hai Phong and Can Tho. To accomplish this, the research used input data from JAXA land cover maps and population data from GSO in order to compute indicators on the effectiveness of urban land use (ULUE) between the years 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that the amount of land used for urban development has increased significantly in both of these locations, whereas the amount of land used for rice cultivation and agricultural purposes has decreased. In particular, the proportions of these two types of land have a greater tendency to decrease in Hai Phong than in Can Tho. In addition, urban land use has not yet achieved efficiency in either of these localities; however, urban land use in Hai Phong demonstrates a significantly higher level of efficiency when compared to that of Can Tho.
{"title":"A comparative study of urban land use efficiency of the cities of Hai Phong and Can Tho, Vietnam","authors":"Nguyen Tran Tuan","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The process of urbanisation involves shifts in space and population, and other socio-economic factors, and has far-reaching effects on the use of urban land. Governing affects the process of urbanisation. This study aimed to compare the results of urban land use of two large cities in Vietnam, Hai Phong and Can Tho. To accomplish this, the research used input data from JAXA land cover maps and population data from GSO in order to compute indicators on the effectiveness of urban land use (ULUE) between the years 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that the amount of land used for urban development has increased significantly in both of these locations, whereas the amount of land used for rice cultivation and agricultural purposes has decreased. In particular, the proportions of these two types of land have a greater tendency to decrease in Hai Phong than in Can Tho. In addition, urban land use has not yet achieved efficiency in either of these localities; however, urban land use in Hai Phong demonstrates a significantly higher level of efficiency when compared to that of Can Tho.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0015
Rita Rakowska, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń
Abstract The Eurasian beaver has a significant impact on biotic and abiotic resources, thus it is known as an “ecosystem engineer”. Currently, the beaver population in Eurasia is estimated at more than 1.4 million individuals due to successful reintroductions in many countries. The recognition of its impact on ecosystems is increasing every year, therefore this article summarizes the current knowledge of how the Eurasian beaver affects the local flora and vegetation in the area where it settles. Beavers initiate a transformation of their closest surroundings with the dams and ponds they create by forming wetlands, and the newly developed vegetation is richer in plant species than previously. Beaver activities lead to a decrease in local woody plant resources and an increase in the species diversity of herbaceous plants. Beavers also cause damage to agricultural crops when they feed on cultivated plants. Observed changes can vary over time and landscape scales due to local conditions and persistence of beaver occurrence. Understanding how beavers affect plants and vegetation may be helpful not only in the protection of the species itself, but also in better management of the areas where they occur.
{"title":"Consequences of the activities of Eurasian beaver on local plants and vegetation cover – an overview","authors":"Rita Rakowska, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Eurasian beaver has a significant impact on biotic and abiotic resources, thus it is known as an “ecosystem engineer”. Currently, the beaver population in Eurasia is estimated at more than 1.4 million individuals due to successful reintroductions in many countries. The recognition of its impact on ecosystems is increasing every year, therefore this article summarizes the current knowledge of how the Eurasian beaver affects the local flora and vegetation in the area where it settles. Beavers initiate a transformation of their closest surroundings with the dams and ponds they create by forming wetlands, and the newly developed vegetation is richer in plant species than previously. Beaver activities lead to a decrease in local woody plant resources and an increase in the species diversity of herbaceous plants. Beavers also cause damage to agricultural crops when they feed on cultivated plants. Observed changes can vary over time and landscape scales due to local conditions and persistence of beaver occurrence. Understanding how beavers affect plants and vegetation may be helpful not only in the protection of the species itself, but also in better management of the areas where they occur.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0018
Juan Carlos Valdelamar-Villegas, Reinaldo Fajardo-Herrera
Abstract CO 2 is the main greenhouse gas due to the large volumes emitted by anthropogenic activities, which is why it is necessary to implement strategies that allow the identification of potential sources of CO 2 emissions in order to design and implement strategies to reduce them. The aim of this research was to estimate the personal carbon footprint in the city of Cartagena. Through the use of a calculator available on the web and the use of social networks, the personal carbon footprint was estimated and its relationship with some sociodemographic and spatial aspects was characterized. The carbon footprint of the inhabitants of Cartagena varies between 0.4 and 17.6 TonEquivCO 2 per year, in addition, there were no differences in terms of sex and age groups. On the other hand, the personal carbon footprint at the spatial level is relatively homogeneous, with a slight distribution of values greater than 9 TonEquivCO 2 in the area where people with a lower socioeconomic status live. The results suggest the need to prioritize strategies to reduce the carbon footprint in these places.
{"title":"An approach to acquiring knowledge of the personal carbon footprint in Cartagena, in the Colombian Caribbean region","authors":"Juan Carlos Valdelamar-Villegas, Reinaldo Fajardo-Herrera","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract CO 2 is the main greenhouse gas due to the large volumes emitted by anthropogenic activities, which is why it is necessary to implement strategies that allow the identification of potential sources of CO 2 emissions in order to design and implement strategies to reduce them. The aim of this research was to estimate the personal carbon footprint in the city of Cartagena. Through the use of a calculator available on the web and the use of social networks, the personal carbon footprint was estimated and its relationship with some sociodemographic and spatial aspects was characterized. The carbon footprint of the inhabitants of Cartagena varies between 0.4 and 17.6 TonEquivCO 2 per year, in addition, there were no differences in terms of sex and age groups. On the other hand, the personal carbon footprint at the spatial level is relatively homogeneous, with a slight distribution of values greater than 9 TonEquivCO 2 in the area where people with a lower socioeconomic status live. The results suggest the need to prioritize strategies to reduce the carbon footprint in these places.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0010
Iman Daoudi, Kamilia Farhi, Abdelkarim Si bachir
Abstract The holm oak is a species that forms interesting stands in the Belezma National Park (PNB). Studying it has allowed us to understand it’s ecological and phytoecological characteristics. Despite the importance of this species, individual trees remain exposed to multiple threats. Surveys were carried out at the level of the massifs of Kassrou and Om rkhaa which enabled us to carry out the floristic groups of the Holm oak. The study area is characterized by high floristic diversity, with 120 plant species belonging to 106 genera and 34 families, 46 of which are not included in the list of flora of the Belezma National Park. The most dominant families are Asteraceae (32 species; i.e., 27%) and Fabaceae (13 species; i.e., 11%), which are also families that are frequently found in Algeria, particularly in the Mediterranean region. The study of the phytogeographical spectrum shows that the field stations studied are dominated by the Mediterranean element (75%, 58%). Analysis of the biological types revealed the predominance of hemicryptophytes (30.33%). Therophytes were present with a high percentage at the two study sites (21%, 32%); the disturbance indices were respectively 46%, and 50%, showing high anthropogenic pressure. It is important to take the necessary measures for the preservation and conservation of this precious heritage.
{"title":"Floristic and phytoecological diversity of Holm Oak Quercus ilex forests in the Belezma Massif Biosphere Reserve, North-East Algeria","authors":"Iman Daoudi, Kamilia Farhi, Abdelkarim Si bachir","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The holm oak is a species that forms interesting stands in the Belezma National Park (PNB). Studying it has allowed us to understand it’s ecological and phytoecological characteristics. Despite the importance of this species, individual trees remain exposed to multiple threats. Surveys were carried out at the level of the massifs of Kassrou and Om rkhaa which enabled us to carry out the floristic groups of the Holm oak. The study area is characterized by high floristic diversity, with 120 plant species belonging to 106 genera and 34 families, 46 of which are not included in the list of flora of the Belezma National Park. The most dominant families are Asteraceae (32 species; i.e., 27%) and Fabaceae (13 species; i.e., 11%), which are also families that are frequently found in Algeria, particularly in the Mediterranean region. The study of the phytogeographical spectrum shows that the field stations studied are dominated by the Mediterranean element (75%, 58%). Analysis of the biological types revealed the predominance of hemicryptophytes (30.33%). Therophytes were present with a high percentage at the two study sites (21%, 32%); the disturbance indices were respectively 46%, and 50%, showing high anthropogenic pressure. It is important to take the necessary measures for the preservation and conservation of this precious heritage.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"42 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48211372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0007
P. Ty
Abstract Millions of people have been displaced and resettled worldwide to build hydroelectric dams. Most of the previous studies show that the livelihoods of the resettled people have been getting worse, but these studies have only been evaluated over a short time frame and only selected two-time periods for assessment, including before and after displacement. Few follow-up and evaluation studies have been conducted for periods longer than 10 years. Therefore, this study conducted a study that was long-term at a resettlement site for hydropower construction in Vietnam to observe the change in livelihoods over more than 12 years of the people that were resettled. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the research to determine livelihood outcomes and to explain the causes of changes in livelihood pathways after resettlement. Our findings indicate that the loss of productive land for upland rice and dry crops was the greatest challenge for displaced households. Households which were headed by women, or those that were handicapped, were more susceptible to land loss. Displaced people also lost their traditional jobs and faced food insecurity because they did not have productive land for cultivating rice and cassava crops. As a result of this significant reduction in economic and food conditions, displaced households could not maintain their culture and religion, and the coherence of Bo Hon, the study village gradually decreased. However, displaced households made a faster recovery in income generation than other communities displaced by hydropower dams in Vietnam after 12 years. They could generate more income because they live near Hue city and receive strong support from local authorities. Through this study, it has been shown that the selection and arrangement of a suitable resettlement site with good access to the job market will be a prerequisite to help displaced households to adapt and develop their livelihoods after resettlement in conditions of limited access to natural resources.
{"title":"Long-term outcomes of the livelihoods of displaced households after hydropower dam construction: A case study in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam","authors":"P. Ty","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Millions of people have been displaced and resettled worldwide to build hydroelectric dams. Most of the previous studies show that the livelihoods of the resettled people have been getting worse, but these studies have only been evaluated over a short time frame and only selected two-time periods for assessment, including before and after displacement. Few follow-up and evaluation studies have been conducted for periods longer than 10 years. Therefore, this study conducted a study that was long-term at a resettlement site for hydropower construction in Vietnam to observe the change in livelihoods over more than 12 years of the people that were resettled. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the research to determine livelihood outcomes and to explain the causes of changes in livelihood pathways after resettlement. Our findings indicate that the loss of productive land for upland rice and dry crops was the greatest challenge for displaced households. Households which were headed by women, or those that were handicapped, were more susceptible to land loss. Displaced people also lost their traditional jobs and faced food insecurity because they did not have productive land for cultivating rice and cassava crops. As a result of this significant reduction in economic and food conditions, displaced households could not maintain their culture and religion, and the coherence of Bo Hon, the study village gradually decreased. However, displaced households made a faster recovery in income generation than other communities displaced by hydropower dams in Vietnam after 12 years. They could generate more income because they live near Hue city and receive strong support from local authorities. Through this study, it has been shown that the selection and arrangement of a suitable resettlement site with good access to the job market will be a prerequisite to help displaced households to adapt and develop their livelihoods after resettlement in conditions of limited access to natural resources.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43231660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0009
J. M. Waga, M. Fajer, Bartłomiej Szypuła
Abstract Wars bring civilisation and environmental disasters. In the forests and wetlands of the Koźle Basin (southern Poland), clusters of bomb craters remain, which are associated with the air campaign conducted by the USAAF to disable the Third Reich’s fuel facilities. They are among the most spectacular in Europe today. There are nearly 6,000 large bomb craters with a diameter of 7-15 meters and smaller ones from the fall of unexploded ordnance. These areas, with their characteristic scarred relief, currently pose difficulties in terms of economic use. The depressions left after the bombs fell, naturally became small sedimentation basins and niches that were taken over by nature. Landscape and nature mapping of the surveyed areas, altered by the bombing, in conjunction with historical data, suggest that they require protection in the form of two landscape-nature protected complexes (a form of landscape protection in Poland). They can serve as environmental and historical education zones, wildlife sanctuaries, as well as areas for the introduction and reintroduction of species. This is important in a region where hundreds of years of agricultural dominance, as well as decades of intensive industrial development and urban settlement, have caused major changes in the natural environment and degradation of its structures. Similar historical sites, trails and cultural parks dedicated to the war campaigns have been introduced in different European countries.
{"title":"Current and potential landscape functions of areas with the remnants of World War II bombing in the Koźle Basin, southern Poland","authors":"J. M. Waga, M. Fajer, Bartłomiej Szypuła","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wars bring civilisation and environmental disasters. In the forests and wetlands of the Koźle Basin (southern Poland), clusters of bomb craters remain, which are associated with the air campaign conducted by the USAAF to disable the Third Reich’s fuel facilities. They are among the most spectacular in Europe today. There are nearly 6,000 large bomb craters with a diameter of 7-15 meters and smaller ones from the fall of unexploded ordnance. These areas, with their characteristic scarred relief, currently pose difficulties in terms of economic use. The depressions left after the bombs fell, naturally became small sedimentation basins and niches that were taken over by nature. Landscape and nature mapping of the surveyed areas, altered by the bombing, in conjunction with historical data, suggest that they require protection in the form of two landscape-nature protected complexes (a form of landscape protection in Poland). They can serve as environmental and historical education zones, wildlife sanctuaries, as well as areas for the introduction and reintroduction of species. This is important in a region where hundreds of years of agricultural dominance, as well as decades of intensive industrial development and urban settlement, have caused major changes in the natural environment and degradation of its structures. Similar historical sites, trails and cultural parks dedicated to the war campaigns have been introduced in different European countries.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"29 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45776329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0008
Saida Bougoffa, Imene Benzina, Salah Telailia, A. Si Bachir
Abstract A socio-economic study were carried out in the wetlands complex of Aurès Sebkhates, in North Eastern Algeria. This study aimed to identify the ecosystem services obtained by local stakeholders, describe the anthropogenic impacts and evaluate the vulnerability and threat levels of three Ramsar wetlands: Garaet Timerganine (freshwater), Garaet Annk Djemel & El Merhsel (brackish water) and Sebkhet Ezzmoul (salt water). A socio-economic survey was conducted of 70 randomly selected households (social group) and 24 people belonging to the local administration (focus group). Vulnerability and threat levels were analyzed. Provisioning and monetary value are the most relevant ecosystem services (water pumping, grazing, agriculture, area for recreation, plant and egg collection, salt mining). Indirect ecosystem services rendered by the studied wetlands (water treatment/flood control) are only known by the focus group. 95% of the surveyed locals believed that the studied wetlands have experienced significant degradation in recent years mainly by human activity. Our results revealed significant threats due to salt mining and the excessive water pumping practiced within the three sites. Natural stressors such as drying out, erosion and siltation also contribute to the disturbance of these wetlands. Analysis of vulnerability (Vt) and threat (T) indices revealed that Garaet Timerganine is highly vulnerable (Vt= 1.48; T = 17.16), Ezzmoul is moderately vulnerable (Vt = 0.23; T = 2.3) and Annk Djemel & El Merhsel are weakly vulnerable (Vt = 0.04; T = 0.28). This study highlighted the most vulnerable wetlands in order to prioritize them and to build a strategy for conservation and their wise use.
{"title":"Ecosystem services, vulnerability and threat levels of Ramsar wetlands in the complex of Aurès Sbkhates, North-Eastern Algeria","authors":"Saida Bougoffa, Imene Benzina, Salah Telailia, A. Si Bachir","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A socio-economic study were carried out in the wetlands complex of Aurès Sebkhates, in North Eastern Algeria. This study aimed to identify the ecosystem services obtained by local stakeholders, describe the anthropogenic impacts and evaluate the vulnerability and threat levels of three Ramsar wetlands: Garaet Timerganine (freshwater), Garaet Annk Djemel & El Merhsel (brackish water) and Sebkhet Ezzmoul (salt water). A socio-economic survey was conducted of 70 randomly selected households (social group) and 24 people belonging to the local administration (focus group). Vulnerability and threat levels were analyzed. Provisioning and monetary value are the most relevant ecosystem services (water pumping, grazing, agriculture, area for recreation, plant and egg collection, salt mining). Indirect ecosystem services rendered by the studied wetlands (water treatment/flood control) are only known by the focus group. 95% of the surveyed locals believed that the studied wetlands have experienced significant degradation in recent years mainly by human activity. Our results revealed significant threats due to salt mining and the excessive water pumping practiced within the three sites. Natural stressors such as drying out, erosion and siltation also contribute to the disturbance of these wetlands. Analysis of vulnerability (Vt) and threat (T) indices revealed that Garaet Timerganine is highly vulnerable (Vt= 1.48; T = 17.16), Ezzmoul is moderately vulnerable (Vt = 0.23; T = 2.3) and Annk Djemel & El Merhsel are weakly vulnerable (Vt = 0.04; T = 0.28). This study highlighted the most vulnerable wetlands in order to prioritize them and to build a strategy for conservation and their wise use.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"16 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48102976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0011
Zena Ayad Jaber Jedi, S. M. Al-Jawari
Abstract The research discusses the formal transformation in urban structure, all the cities around the world have undergone a series of formal transformations, resulting in radical transformations to their functions. And to calculate this transformation the descriptive analytical method was applied to this research. First, local urban management data and Landsat-9 visual data were used after processing by GIS. Then, the data were processed mathematically based on their engineering sequences. The aims of this research were as follows: to explore the formal transformations in cities, their dimensions and their consequences and impacts; to identify the underlying causes of their occurrence by deriving realistic results from trends in such degrees of transformation; and to reduce the adverse effects and to establish a sustainable urban structure by taking Kufa City as a model. The research covered the following two time periods: 2002-2012 and 2012-2022, as they represent the time during which Kufa City experienced remarkable formal transformation in urban structure as a result of urbanisation and random growth. Different forms of land use were identified, and formal transformations were analysed. The results showed that the largest transformation occurred when the agricultural land transformed into construction land; which was used in different ways than the original intent. The land uses were visualised digitally at high resolution. The transformation in land use led to formal transformations in the city structure, both planned and randomly implemented. The other objective of this research is to address misuse of the city’s infrastructure; however, sustainability was not considered for several reasons. The agricultural land represents the nutritional value of the city as it provides Kufa and nearby cities with agricultural products. It also represents the green barrier as the environmental conduit for the city. This research recommends managing population growth by using basic city schemes of planning and predicting formal transformations. This approach is the basis for transforming city structures by identifying future structural features in sustainable ways.
{"title":"Analysing formal transformations in sustainable urban structures in Kufa City, Iraq","authors":"Zena Ayad Jaber Jedi, S. M. Al-Jawari","doi":"10.2478/environ-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The research discusses the formal transformation in urban structure, all the cities around the world have undergone a series of formal transformations, resulting in radical transformations to their functions. And to calculate this transformation the descriptive analytical method was applied to this research. First, local urban management data and Landsat-9 visual data were used after processing by GIS. Then, the data were processed mathematically based on their engineering sequences. The aims of this research were as follows: to explore the formal transformations in cities, their dimensions and their consequences and impacts; to identify the underlying causes of their occurrence by deriving realistic results from trends in such degrees of transformation; and to reduce the adverse effects and to establish a sustainable urban structure by taking Kufa City as a model. The research covered the following two time periods: 2002-2012 and 2012-2022, as they represent the time during which Kufa City experienced remarkable formal transformation in urban structure as a result of urbanisation and random growth. Different forms of land use were identified, and formal transformations were analysed. The results showed that the largest transformation occurred when the agricultural land transformed into construction land; which was used in different ways than the original intent. The land uses were visualised digitally at high resolution. The transformation in land use led to formal transformations in the city structure, both planned and randomly implemented. The other objective of this research is to address misuse of the city’s infrastructure; however, sustainability was not considered for several reasons. The agricultural land represents the nutritional value of the city as it provides Kufa and nearby cities with agricultural products. It also represents the green barrier as the environmental conduit for the city. This research recommends managing population growth by using basic city schemes of planning and predicting formal transformations. This approach is the basis for transforming city structures by identifying future structural features in sustainable ways.","PeriodicalId":54005,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"52 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45100664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2478/environ-2023-0001
Agnieszka Hutniczak, A. Urbisz, A. Watoła
Abstract The Province of Silesia, in Poland, is an area where many railway connections, of mostly local importance, have been closed recently. In some cities, they have been eliminated altogether and passenger rail transport has been replaced by bus transport. For this research, a sociological study was conducted using the diagnostic survey method and the questionnaire technique. A transversal testing strategy was also used. The aims of the study were to illustrate the function of abandoned railway areas in the landscape and to present possible recommendations for their development from the point of view of the needs of society. The research population included 1,685 people who were students at the University of the Third Age and adult residents. The surveys focused on the possibility of exploiting the natural potential of railway areas. The respondents’ answers provided suggestions for the development of unused railway areas, which included creating bicycle lanes, alleys with a high biodiversity of both flora and fauna, and walking tracks. The analysis of the study’s results can be useful to both local authorities and the Management of the Polish State Railways (PKP S.A.) in their decision-making processes concerning the revitalization of unused railway areas. Similar revitalization efforts have already been undertaken by various cities and communities.
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