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Teachers’ Agency in Shaping the Educational Success of Schoolchildren: Roles and Beliefs 教师在塑造学童教育成功中的作用:角色与信念
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-1-75-97
Mikhail V. Gasinets, A. Kapuza, M. Dobryakova
Гасинец Михаил Васильевич — аналитик Лаборатории проектирования содержания образования Института образования Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики». E-mail: mgasinec@hse.ru (контактное лицо для переписки) Капуза Анастасия Васильевна — научный сотрудник Международной лаборатории оценки практик и инноваций в образовании Института образования Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики». E-mail: akapuza@hse.ru Добрякова Мария Сергеевна — главный эксперт Лаборатории проектирования содержания образования Института образования Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики». E-mail: mdobryakova@hse.ru
gasinek mikhail vasilevich是国立经济研究院教育研究所设计实验室的分析师。电子邮件:mgasinec@hse.ru(笔友)是国际研究大学高等教育研究所实践和创新评估实验室的研究员。电子邮件:akapuza@ hsei .ru dorikov maria sergeevna是国家研究大学经济学院教育设计院设计实验室的首席专家。E - mail: mdobryakova@hse.ru
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引用次数: 4
Research Career after Thesis Defence: The Case of Four Fields of Study in Russia 论文答辩后的研究生涯:以俄罗斯的四个研究领域为例
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-4-260-297
V. Slepykh, Andrey Lovakov, M. Yudkevich
A PhD degree is a necessary qualification for becoming a full-fledged member of the academic community and is often considered as a first step in one’s academic career. However, little is known about how the further careers of those who receive a PhD degree in Russia develop. In this article, we explore the diversity of academic careers of Russian researchers. The main focus of the study is on researchers' productivity and mobility. Also, attention is paid to the differences between researchers who graduated from academic organisations in different sectors. We analysed data on 2,102 researchers who defended PhD theses at Russian dissertation councils in biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics in 2012. We found that more than half of PhD holders continue their careers in academia, and the vast majority of them publish their works in globally visible journals. The proportion of researchers with low productivity is smaller than the proportion of those highly productive. Both the academic and geographic mobility of Russian researchers is low. The sector of the academic organisation in which the PhD thesis was written matters: researchers from leading universities and the research sector are more productive and less mobile than researchers from universities without special status. Thus, it can be concluded that the PhD degree is primarily a stepping stone to an academic profession, and those who have chosen this path are quite competitive at the global level.
博士学位是成为学术界正式成员的必要资格,通常被认为是学术生涯的第一步。然而,那些在俄罗斯获得博士学位的人的职业发展情况却鲜为人知。在这篇文章中,我们探讨了俄罗斯研究人员学术生涯的多样性。研究的重点是研究人员的生产力和流动性。此外,还注意了从不同部门的学术组织毕业的研究人员之间的差异。我们分析了2012年在俄罗斯生物、化学、数学和物理论文委员会为博士论文辩护的2102名研究人员的数据。我们发现,超过一半的博士学位持有者在学术界继续他们的职业生涯,其中绝大多数人在全球知名期刊上发表了他们的作品。低生产力科研人员的比例小于高生产力科研人员的比例。俄罗斯研究人员的学术和地域流动性都很低。撰写博士论文的学术组织部门很重要:来自一流大学和研究部门的研究人员比来自没有特殊地位的大学的研究人员更有生产力,流动性更低。因此,可以得出结论,博士学位主要是学术职业的垫脚石,而那些选择这条道路的人在全球范围内具有相当的竞争力。
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引用次数: 3
Grade Inflation in Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Unexpected Effect or Anti-Crisis Strategy? COVID-19大流行期间学校的成绩膨胀:意外影响还是应对危机的策略?
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-4-33-57
T. Alishev, F. Gafarov, P. Ustin, Alisa Khalfieva
The closure of educational institutions and the transfer of the learning process to a distance format during the COVID-19 pandemic came as a shock to everyone involved in the educational process. There was, in fact, a rupture of the educational everyday — the normal and unproblematic order of things. A “new normal”, as it came to be called, could not emerge immediately — it had to be reconstructed within the unaccustomed contexts of distance interaction for many. Collective practices of this construction were and are captured today in the narratives of their participants — teachers, students and sometimes their parents. This study attempts, through quantitative analysis, to describe the transformation of assessment in schools during the pandemic and to formulate a hypothesis as to the possible reason for the change in marking practices as one of the most significant ways of managing the learning process as well as the social and psychological context of its implementation. The data source used was a database of students’ grades from schools in one of the regions of the Russian Federation, accumulated from 2015 to 2021. Using big data methods and the Cohen effect coefficient, the main changes in assessment are described. Particular attention is paid to the few months of 2020, when all schools in the region were closed to face-to-face attendance. It is during this period that a significant inflationary spike in marking is recorded. It is suggested that teachers deliberately use the strategy of inflating marks in order to maintain a favorable social and psychological climate in school classes and to reduce the general tension in connection with the transition to the distance learning format. An attempt has been made to theorize a strategy for the grade inflation behavior during a period of cataclysm.
在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,教育机构关闭,学习过程转向远程形式,这让参与教育过程的每个人都感到震惊。事实上,教育的日常生活——正常的、没有问题的事物秩序——出现了断裂。一种“新常态”(后来被称为“新常态”)不可能立即出现——它必须在许多人不习惯的远距离互动环境中重建。这种建构的集体实践在他们的参与者——老师、学生,有时还有他们的父母——的叙述中被捕捉到。本研究试图通过定量分析,描述大流行期间学校评估的转变,并就作为管理学习过程及其实施的社会和心理背景的最重要方式之一的评分做法发生变化的可能原因提出假设。使用的数据来源是俄罗斯联邦一个地区的学校的学生成绩数据库,从2015年到2021年积累。利用大数据方法和科恩效应系数,描述了评估的主要变化。特别值得关注的是2020年的几个月,当时该地区的所有学校都禁止面对面上课。正是在这一时期,马克币出现了显著的通胀飙升。建议教师故意使用膨胀分数的策略,以便在学校课堂中保持良好的社会和心理氛围,并减少与向远程学习形式过渡有关的普遍紧张。本文试图对大灾难时期成绩膨胀行为的策略进行理论化。
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引用次数: 1
Neuromyths in Education: An Analysis of the Prevalence Among Faculties of Higher Educational Institutions 教育中的神经神话:对高等院校教师普遍存在的分析
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-2-190-215
M. Maximova, O. Frolova, T. Chekalina
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引用次数: 0
Artificial Intelligence for Learning Analytics and Instructional Design Steps: An Overview of Solutions 人工智能学习分析和教学设计步骤:解决方案概述
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-4-107-153
E. Drugova, I. Zhuravleva, Ulyana Zakharova, Valeriya Sotnikova, K. Yakovleva
Artificial intelligence methods are getting frequently used in research and development in learning analytics, which is aimed at analyzing data collected during learning to enhance its results. The same aim is relevant for instructional design models, the most widely applied is ADDIE model, which cuts course design into steps. The first two research fields are criticized for a weak connection to teaching practice, while the third lacks evidence-based and measurable nature. This literature review aims to show the prospects of bringing the three fields together. The theoretical analysis of the paper covers AI definition, its techniques and methods, areas of application in educational setting, the definition of learning analytics, its borders with other fields, spheres of application, definition and the essence of instructional design, as well as the concept of ADDIE model which frames the practical analysis of the review. Forty-three articles were included in the final sample. The solutions described there correlate with the tasks of the instructional design steps and are systematized according to them. It was found that the least number of solutions described in the literature were assigned to the analysis, design and evaluation steps, more articles were assigned to the development step, and the largest number of papers considered the application step. It can be due to the difference in the availability of data at different ADDIE steps. The weak focus of teachers on methodological reflection at the assessment step also may play a role. These deficiencies open up the opportunities for future research and developments. To push these solutions forward it is crucial to elaborate on the models, to move from anecdotal experiments to a wide-scale practice, and to enhance required competencies among the faculty. The questions and conclusions presented in the article help to set a new pedagogically-oriented framework for discussions of AI and learning data analytics.
人工智能方法越来越多地应用于学习分析的研究和开发中,其目的是分析学习过程中收集的数据以增强其结果。教学设计模型也有同样的目的,其中应用最广泛的是ADDIE模型,它将课程设计分成多个步骤。前两个研究领域因与教学实践联系薄弱而受到批评,而第三个研究领域缺乏循证性和可测量性。这篇文献综述旨在展示将这三个领域结合在一起的前景。本文的理论分析包括人工智能的定义、技术和方法、在教育环境中的应用领域、学习分析的定义、与其他领域的边界、应用领域、教学设计的定义和本质,以及ADDIE模型的概念,它构成了本文的实际分析。43篇文章被纳入最终样本。其中描述的解决方案与教学设计步骤的任务相关,并根据它们进行系统化。研究发现,文献中描述的解决方案分配给分析、设计和评估步骤的数量最少,分配给开发步骤的文章较多,考虑应用步骤的论文最多。这可能是由于在不同的ADDIE步骤中数据的可用性不同。教师在评估阶段对方法反思的关注不足也可能起到一定作用。这些缺陷为未来的研究和发展提供了机会。为了推进这些解决方案,关键是要详细阐述模型,从轶事实验转向大规模实践,并提高教师所需的能力。文章中提出的问题和结论有助于为人工智能和学习数据分析的讨论建立一个新的教学导向框架。
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引用次数: 2
The Perceptions of Russian Society in the 60s of the 18th Century on Education under the Decrees of the Legislative Commission 从立法委员会法令看18世纪60年代俄罗斯社会对教育的看法
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-4-58-79
S. Volkov, A. Lyubzhin
This paper analyses, for the first time, the views of Russian society in the reign of Catherine II, the earliest epoch in which this question may be put, on the basis of a sufficient number of sources, on the state education policy, programmes, and sources of financing of the colleges intended for various classes of the empire. Society, for whom education was of secondary importance, considered education from a purely utilitarian point of view and hoped to establish schools where subjects useful for public service and trades would be taught. The upper class regarded peasant education as teaching moral and religious truths aimed at softening coarse morals.
本文首次分析了叶卡捷琳娜二世统治时期俄罗斯社会的观点,这是在足够多的资料来源的基础上,对国家教育政策、计划和为帝国各阶层提供的学院的资金来源提出这个问题的最早时期。对社会来说,教育是次要的,从纯粹功利的角度考虑教育,并希望建立学校,教授对公共服务和贸易有用的科目。上层阶级将农民教育视为旨在软化粗鄙道德的道德和宗教真理的教育。
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引用次数: 0
Publish or Perish in Russian Social Sciences: Co-Authorship Patterns in Non-Problematic and Predatory Journals 俄罗斯社会科学的出版或消亡:无问题和掠夺性期刊的合著模式
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-4-80-106
K. Guba, Nikita Slovogorodsky
Publication-based metrics have caused a number of strategic responses regarding scientists’ publication practices, including involvement in questionable research practices. One of such practices is the fictitious co-authorship that allows authors easily to increase the number of publications. This study examines the changes in publishing behavior in the Russian social sciences from 2014 to 2017 by comparing co-authorship patterns in non-predatory and predatory journals. We examined the proportion of solo articles and co-authorship articles, the types of co-authorships (institutional and national), and the number of authors per article. The results show that in the social sciences the two sets of articles are significantly different. The papers in predatory journals are more often published in co-authorship, and if in the early years of publication pressure such articles were written by authors from the same university, then papers with authors from different universities and regions began to appear more often. Predatory papers also demonstrate the prevalence of the certain number of authors per article — in non-predatory journals, articles written by five or more authors appear very rarely, while in predatory journals such publications dominate. This transition signals that paper mills have started to dominate in predatory business serving as broker between authors willing to have indexed publications.
基于出版的指标已经引起了一些关于科学家出版实践的战略反应,包括参与有问题的研究实践。其中一种做法是虚构的共同作者身份,这使得作者可以轻松地增加出版物的数量。本研究通过比较非掠夺性和掠夺性期刊的共同作者模式,考察了2014年至2017年俄罗斯社会科学领域发表行为的变化。我们检查了独立论文和合作论文的比例,合作作者的类型(机构和国家),以及每篇文章的作者数量。结果表明,在社会科学领域,两组文章存在显著差异。掠夺性期刊上的论文通常以合著的形式发表,如果在出版压力的早期,这些文章是由同一所大学的作者撰写的,那么来自不同大学和地区的作者的论文开始出现得更多。掠夺性论文还表明,每篇文章都有一定数量的作者——在非掠夺性期刊上,由五个或更多作者撰写的文章很少出现,而在掠夺性期刊上,这类出版物占主导地位。这一转变标志着造纸厂已经开始在掠夺性商业中占据主导地位,在愿意将出版物编入索引的作者之间充当中间人。
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引用次数: 0
Educational and Career Trajectories of the Russian Youth in a Longitudinal Perspective: A Case of University Graduates 纵向视角下的俄罗斯青年教育与职业轨迹:以大学毕业生为例
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-3-99-148
V. Maltseva, Natalia Rozenfeld
Education and labor market outcomes of the Russian graduates are vastly studied, including their employment status, salaries, types of universities and majors they study. However, there is a lack of research of the graduates’ typical paths in education and labor market, whether they fit the conventional trajectory high school–university–permanent employment. Another question is how social background and human capital differentiate trajectories and predict a path, which graduate opts to. In this article, we address both questions. Employing the longitudinal panel study “Trajectories in Education and Careers” we examine the nine-year trajectories of those who earned a university diploma by the age of 25. In our research, we use sequence analysis to identify trajectories and regression analysis to estimate the probability to follow each trajectory depending on individual characteristics–socio-economic status and human capital–while controlling for demographic variables. We identify nine typical trajectories, including several types of a linear path, various career-oriented trajectories, a reverse and a delayed path, unstable and nontraditional trajectories. This set of education-career paths largely corresponds to foreign studies, but the Russian graduates’ trajectories turn out to be smoother. At the same time, individual factors of human capital and socio-economic status moderate education-career paths. The probability of following trajectories with prolonged education (with a post-bachelor’s degree) is significantly higher for high achieving students. Entering early career trajectories is associated with a non–cognitive skill–openness to experience. Socio-economic status differentiates two early career trajectories: "accelerated adulthood" for those with low SES and "encouraged professionalization", which is associated with high SES. Following an unstable trajectory is not associated with either socio-economic status or academic performance (cognitive skills) but is associated with low awareness about the field of study when entering a university (ill-informed choice).
俄罗斯毕业生的教育和劳动力市场结果得到了广泛的研究,包括他们的就业状况、工资、大学类型和所学专业。然而,对于毕业生在教育和劳动力市场上的典型路径,是否符合传统的高中-大学-永久就业的轨迹,缺乏研究。另一个问题是,社会背景和人力资本如何区分轨迹,并预测毕业生选择的道路。在本文中,我们将解决这两个问题。采用纵向面板研究“教育和职业轨迹”,我们研究了那些在25岁之前获得大学文凭的人的9年轨迹。在我们的研究中,我们使用序列分析来识别轨迹,并使用回归分析来估计根据个体特征(社会经济地位和人力资本)遵循每条轨迹的概率,同时控制人口变量。我们确定了九种典型的轨迹,包括几种类型的线性轨迹、各种职业导向轨迹、反向和延迟路径、不稳定和非传统轨迹。这一套教育-职业道路在很大程度上与国外学习相对应,但俄罗斯毕业生的轨迹却更为顺畅。同时,人力资本和社会经济地位的个体因素对教育-职业路径具有调节作用。对于成绩优异的学生来说,遵循长期教育轨迹(获得学士学位后)的可能性要高得多。进入早期的职业轨迹与一种非认知技能有关——对经验的开放。社会经济地位区分了两种早期职业轨迹:低社会经济地位者的“加速成年”和高社会经济地位者的“鼓励专业化”。遵循不稳定的轨迹与社会经济地位或学业成绩(认知技能)无关,但与进入大学时对研究领域的认识不足(不知情的选择)有关。
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引用次数: 0
Teacher in an Inclusive Classroom: Relationship between Attitudes towards Inclusive Education and Job Satisfaction 全纳课堂中的教师:全纳教育态度与工作满意度的关系
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-2-60-87
Ludmila Volosnikova, S. Ignatjeva, Ludmila Fedina, Z. Bruk
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引用次数: 1
Do Poisonings in Schools Affect the Targeting of Rospotrebnadzor Inspections? 学校中毒事件是否会影响国家安全监察的目标?
IF 0.7 Q4 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.17323/1814-9545-2022-2-12-32
Emiliya Bobovnikova, K. Vorobev, D. Zhikharev, Ruslan Kuchakov, G. Porosenkov
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引用次数: 0
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Voprosy Obrazovaniya-Educational Studies Moscow
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