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Phylogeny and phylogeography of the genus Alburnoides (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) in Turkey based on mitochondrial DNA sequences 基于线粒体DNA序列的土耳其Alburnoides属(Teleostei, Cyprinidae)的系统发育和系统地理学
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2019-09-11 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2019.1664493
Yusuf Bektaş, I. Aksu, C. Kaya, Esra Bayçelebi, Ş. Atasaral, F. G. Ekmekçi, D. Turan
Abstract Turkey has a rich freshwater biodiversity in terms of Cyprinid genus in respect to its geographical location. To elucidate the phylogeny of the Alburnoides genus, one of these genera, genetic data for the cytochrome b gene (1141 bp) was generated for 445 samples collected at 42 sampling sites across their geographical distribution. A total of 54 mitochondrial haplotypes identified were distrubuted among distinct twelve species that did not share haplotypes with each other. Pairwise sequence divergence among these species range from 1.37% (A. emineae and A. velioglui) and 10.99% (A. manyasensis and A. smyrnae). A new potential species in the River Dirgine that run into the Black Sea Basin was separated from the most closed known species with mean 6.3%. Network analysis and phylogenetic analysis indicated that all haplotypes were clustered into two major clades, which corresponded to twenty-three Alburnoides lineages, with moderate-high bootstrap supports and mutational steps, respectively. Application of a molecular clock to a Bayesian phylogeny indicates that Alburnoides diversified under the paleogeographic conditions such as tectonic uplift and faulting Miocene aged as well as climatic oscillation and sea-level fluctuations during late Miocene-middle Pleistocene. The genetic results of the present study indicated the inter-specific distance of cyt b gene sequences followed the ideal results for species identification and phylogeny of Turkish spirlins.
土耳其就其地理位置而言,塞浦路斯属具有丰富的淡水生物多样性。为了阐明其中一个属Alburnoides属的系统发育,对分布在其地理分布的42个采样点的445个样本进行了细胞色素b基因(1141 bp)的遗传分析。共鉴定出54个线粒体单倍型,分布在12个不同的物种中,这些物种之间不具有相同的单倍型。两种间序列差异分别为1.37% (A. emineae和A. velioglui)和10.99% (A. manyasensis和A. smyrnae)。在汇入黑海盆地的Dirgine河中,一个新的潜在物种与最封闭的已知物种分开,平均为6.3%。网络分析和系统发育分析表明,所有单倍型聚为2大支系,分别对应23个桤木系,具有中高的引导支持和突变步长。分子钟对贝叶斯系统发育的应用表明,在中新世构造隆升和断裂等古地理条件下,以及中新世晚期-中更新世气候振荡和海平面波动等古地理条件下,Alburnoides具有多样性。本研究的遗传结果表明,cyt b基因序列的种间距离符合土耳其螺旋藻物种鉴定和系统发育的理想结果。
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引用次数: 7
Genetic characterization and DNA barcoding of coffee shot-hole borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) 咖啡针孔虫Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff)遗传特征及DNA条形码分析(鞘翅目:锥虫科:锥虫科)
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2019-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2019.1659249
V. S. Kiran, R. Asokan, Revanna Revannavar, Mahadeva Swamy Hanchipura Mallesh, Ellango Ramasamy
Abstract Beetles of the subfamily Scolytinae are the most damaging insects in the world. Among which the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is one of the serious pests in coffee plantations. Their cryptic life cycle inside the host plant makes these insects difficult to control. For its effective management accurate, timely and rapid identification of species is critical. By cloning and sequencing the 5' mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI) gene, the beetle’s molecular identification confirmed its identity as X. compactus. No pseudogenes and indels were found in analyzed nucleotide sequences; they match with high similarity in nucleotide NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool search. The X. compactus COI genes sequences were deposited at NCBI GenBank with accession numbers of KY172634, KY172635 and the Barcode of Life (BOLD) with BIN ID: ACB4177. Furthermore, based on multiple sequence alignment of the X. compactus MtCOI gene, a phylogenetic tree with maximum probability was drawn. X. compactus species clustered together which agree with the species data collected from NCBI GenBank database from the different geographic regions. There were no morphological and molecular differences between space and time—collected coffee shot—hole borers, thus all the specimens described were X. compactus infesting both robusta and arabica coffee.
摘要虫科甲虫是世界上危害最大的昆虫。其中黑枝螟Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff)(鞘翅目:曲蝇科:鞘翅科)是咖啡种植园的严重害虫之一。它们在寄主植物内的隐秘生命周期使这些昆虫难以控制。对其进行有效管理,准确、及时、快速的物种鉴定至关重要。通过对该甲虫5'线粒体细胞色素氧化酶c亚基1 (COI)基因的克隆和测序,证实了其分子鉴定为X. compactus。分析的核苷酸序列中未发现假基因和假序列;它们在核苷酸NCBI基本局部比对搜索工具中具有较高的匹配度。该基因序列保存在NCBI GenBank, accession number为KY172634、KY172635, Barcode of Life (BOLD), BIN ID为ACB4177。在此基础上,基于多序列比对,绘制了具有最大概率的系统发育树。在NCBI GenBank数据库中收集到的不同地理区域的物种数据与紧实X. compactus物种聚类一致。空间和时间采集的咖啡孔螟在形态和分子上没有差异,因此所描述的所有标本都是既侵染罗布斯塔咖啡又侵染阿拉比卡咖啡的紧凑X. compactus。
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引用次数: 3
Novel diversity in mitochondrial genomes of deep-sea Pennatulacea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) 深海盘藻目线粒体基因组的新多样性(刺胞目:珊瑚虫目:章鱼目)
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2019-07-18 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2019.1634699
R. I. Hogan, K. Hopkins, A. Wheeler, A. Allcock, Chris, Yesson
Abstract We present the first documented complete mitogenomes of deep-sea Pennatulacea, representing nine genera and eight families. These include one species each of the deep-sea genera Funiculina, Halipteris, Protoptilum and Distichoptilum, four species each of Umbellula and Pennatula, three species of Kophobelemnon and two species of Anthoptilum, as well as one species of the epi- and mesobenthic genus Virgularia. Seventeen circular genomes ranged from 18,513 bp (Halipteris cf. finmarchica) to 19,171 bp (Distichoptilum gracile) and contained all genes standard to octocoral mitochondrial genomes (14 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and one transfer RNA). We found at least three different gene orders in Pennatulacea: the ancestral gene order, the gene order found in bamboo corals (Family Isididae), and a novel gene order. The mitogenome of one species of Umbellula has a bipartite genome (∼13 kbp and ∼5 kbp), with good evidence that both parts are circular.
摘要本文报道了深海盘藻属(Pennatulacea) 8科9属的完整有丝分裂基因组。这些物种包括深海的Funiculina、Halipteris、Protoptilum和Distichoptilum各一种,umellula和Pennatula各四种,Kophobelemnon三种,Anthoptilum两种,以及外生和中底生的Virgularia一种。17个圆形基因组的长度从18513 bp (haalipteris cf. finmarchica)到19171 bp (Distichoptilum gracile)不等,包含了八珊瑚线粒体基因组的所有标准基因(14个蛋白质编码基因、2个核糖体RNA基因和1个转移RNA)。我们在盘藻中发现了至少三个不同的基因序列:祖先基因序列、竹珊瑚(竹珊瑚科)基因序列和一个新的基因序列。一种伞形植物的有丝分裂基因组具有两部分基因组(~ 13 kbp和~ 5 kbp),有充分证据表明这两部分都是圆形的。
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引用次数: 19
MeDIP-seq reveals the features of mitochondrial genomic methylation in immature testis of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis MeDIP-seq揭示中华绒螯蟹未成熟睾丸线粒体基因组甲基化特征
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1278537
Gen-Liang Li, Yi-Jiao Xu, Xiaomin Huang, Juan Xiao, Song Nong, Chao-gan Li
Abstract In this study, the methylation of mitochondrial genome in the immature testis of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis of the Yangtze River system was determined for the first time using MeDIP-seq. Our methylated DNA fragments covered more than 99% of the mitochondrial genome in E. sinensis loaded from GenBank. There were 8 mutated bases and 42 SNPs in the crab mitochondrial genome. The methylation presented in all genes as well as in an A + T region, but less in intergenic regions in the mitochondrial genome. However, the level of methylation of most genes coding proteins and the A + T region were high. But, the majority of genes encoding tRNAs were hypomethylated, and both the rRNA genes also showed methylation of low or median frequency. Especially, the level of methylation of the intergenic regions is the lowest. Those features indicated that the methylation of DNA may play an important role in gene expressing regulation in the mitochondrial genome of immature testis in E. sinensis.
摘要本研究首次利用MeDIP-seq技术对长江水系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)未成熟睾丸线粒体基因组的甲基化进行了研究。我们的甲基化DNA片段覆盖了从GenBank加载的中华鄂蚊线粒体基因组的99%以上。螃蟹线粒体基因组有8个突变碱基和42个snp。甲基化出现在所有基因以及A + T区域,但在线粒体基因组的基因间区域较少。然而,大多数编码蛋白质的基因和A + T区甲基化水平较高。但是,大多数编码trna的基因是低甲基化的,两种rRNA基因也显示出低甲基化或中甲基化的频率。尤其是基因间区甲基化水平最低。这些特征表明,DNA甲基化可能在中华绒螯蟹未成熟睾丸线粒体基因组基因表达调控中起重要作用。
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引用次数: 3
Mitogenomic analysis in European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) proposes genetic and functional differentiation between the distinct lineages 欧洲褐兔(Lepus europaeus)的有丝分裂基因组分析提出了不同谱系之间的遗传和功能分化
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1278540
T. Giannoulis, C. Stamatis, Andreas Tsipourlianos, Z. Mamuris
Abstract European brown hare is a small game species spreading across Europe to Asia Minor, with important economic traits. Population genetics studies using mitochondrial DNA markers have revealed the existence of two major phylogeographic lineages, the European and the Anatolian. European lineage is further divided in the European type halpogroup and south-eastern European type halpogroup, while Anatolian consists only by the Anatolian/Middle Eastern type halpogroup. All three haplogroups show a discrete geographical distribution, with an overlapping zone forming in North-East Greece and Bulgaria, forming a contact zone. Despite the existence of a contact zone, European haplotype was never detected in Anatolia and vice versa, proposing the presence of genetic barriers responsible for this phenomenon. In this study, we analyzed the whole mitochondrial genomes of specimens originating from both lineages, aiming to detect the genetic and functional differentiation of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes that are encoded by mtDNA that could lead gradually to the reproductive isolation of the lineages.
摘要欧洲褐兔是一种分布于欧洲至小亚细亚的小型狩猎物种,具有重要的经济特征。使用线粒体DNA标记的群体遗传学研究揭示了两个主要的系统地理谱系的存在,欧洲人和安纳托利亚人。欧洲谱系进一步划分为欧洲型哈尔泊群和东南欧型哈尔泊群,而安纳托利亚仅由安纳托利亚/中东型哈尔泊群组成。这三个单倍群的地理分布都是离散的,在希腊东北部和保加利亚形成了一个重叠的区域,形成了一个接触区。尽管存在接触区,但在安纳托利亚从未检测到欧洲单倍型,反之亦然,这表明存在遗传障碍,导致了这种现象。在这项研究中,我们分析了来自两个谱系的标本的整个线粒体基因组,旨在检测mtDNA编码的氧化磷酸化复合物的遗传和功能分化,这些氧化磷酸化复合物可能逐渐导致谱系的生殖隔离。
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引用次数: 14
Back from the dead! Resurrection and revalidation of the Indian endemic snake genus Wallophis Werner, 1929 (Squamata: Colubridae) insights from molecular data 死而复生!印度特有蛇属Wallophis Werner的复活和重新验证,1929(鳞目:蛇科)从分子数据的见解
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1278536
Z. Mirza, Harshil Patel
Abstract The monotypic colubrid snake genus Wallophis is revalidated and rediagnosed. Partial sequence for nuclear gene Oocyte maturation factor Mos (c-mos), mitochondrial Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome b (cyt b) were used to assess phylogenetic relationship. Wallophis brachyura type species for the genus was found to be a member of the Western Palearctic clade of Colubrinae and is recovered as a sister taxa to Wallaceophis gujaratensis. Wallophis differs from Wallaceophis in an uncorrected pairwise p-distance of 17% for mitochondrial ND4 gene. Wallaceophis gujaratensis was described in three different spellings in the literature hence we here propose Wallaceophis gujaratensis as the correct spelling for the species based on provisions in the article 24.2.3. of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.
摘要对单型杂交蛇属Wallophis进行了重新验证和诊断。利用核基因卵母细胞成熟因子Mos (c-mos)、线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶亚基4 (ND4)和细胞色素b (cyt b)的部分序列来评估系统发育关系。该属的Wallophis brachyura模式种被发现是Colubrinae西北缘分支的一个成员,并被恢复为gujaratensis Wallaceophis的姐妹分类群。Wallophis与Wallaceophis在线粒体ND4基因的未校正成对p-distance为17%。Wallaceophis gujaratensis在文献中有三种不同的拼写,因此我们在此根据第24.2.3条的规定提出Wallaceophis gujaratensis作为该物种的正确拼写。《国际动物命名规则》
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引用次数: 11
Identification of traditional Chinese medicinal pipefish and exclusion of common adulterants by multiplex PCR based on 12S sequences of specific alleles 基于特异等位基因12S序列的多重PCR鉴定中药管鱼及常见掺假物的排除
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1278538
Linhui Gao, Yan Yin, Jia Li, Yuan Yuan, Chao Jiang, Wei Gao, Xia-nan Zhang, Luqi Huang
Abstract We aimed to establish a rapid and accurate allele-specific diagnostic Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method for medicinal pipefish. To achieve this, pipefish genomic DNA was extracted, sequenced bi-directionally, and the data were analyzed. On this basis, specific identification primers were designed and a facile multiplex PCR system was established and optimized. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the six species of pipefish were strictly clustered in separate single branches. The reaction was optimized for ease of application, to be used in a reaction volume of 20 μL with template DNA amounts in the range of 5–100 ng, and an annealing temperature from 43 to 55 °C. The reactions conducted using authentic samples of Syngnathoides biaculeatus, Solenognathus hardwickii, and Syngnathus acus produced clear single DNA bands of 240 bp, 318 bp, and 139 bp, respectively. The observed amplicons correspond very well to the specific identification primers HLN, HLD, HLJ, as designed. Thus, it can be concluded that our identification system is specific and stable, and can be used to quickly and accurately identify complex multi-source pipefish samples. We hope that the system will not only ensure the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal ingredients, but also help conservation efforts by offering a quick and easy identification method for pipefish.
摘要目的建立一种快速、准确的药用管鱼等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应(PCR)诊断方法。为此,提取了管鱼基因组DNA,进行了双向测序,并对数据进行了分析。在此基础上,设计了特异性鉴定引物,建立并优化了简便的多重PCR体系。系统进化树分析表明,6种管鱼严格聚集在独立的单枝上。对反应进行了优化,反应体积为20 μL,模板DNA量为5-100 ng,退火温度为43 ~ 55℃。利用双针叶合颌虫、硬叉螺线管虫和尖颌合颌虫的真实样品进行反应,分别产生了240 bp、318 bp和139 bp的清晰单DNA条带。所观察到的扩增子与设计的特异性鉴定引物HLN、HLD、HLJ对应良好。由此可见,我们的识别系统具有特异性和稳定性,可用于快速准确地识别复杂的多源管鱼样品。我们希望该系统不仅能保证中药成分的质量,还能提供一种快速简便的管道鱼鉴定方法,为保护工作提供帮助。
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引用次数: 7
Genetic diversity and relationship of Indian Muscovy duck populations 印度番鸭种群的遗传多样性及亲缘关系
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2018-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1261851
Paramasivam Kameshpandian, Subhash Thomas, M. Nagarajan
Abstract Assessment of genetic diversity within and between populations is a prerequisite for sustainable utilization of domestic species. The domestic Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is an economically important species around the world for its unique meat taste and low-caloric content. It is one of the important domestic species in India as it ensures food security to the rural sectors. In this study, we have analyzed the genetic diversity and relationship of four Muscovy duck populations collected from different states (Assam, Mizoram, Odisha and Kerala) of India using mtDNA cytochrome b and nuclear DNA CYP2U1 genes. The results showed low genetic diversity among populations for both the genes. Kerala population showed significant genetic differences from the other three populations. The median joining network of cytochrome b gene suggested that the domestic Muscovy ducks present in India are the product of a single domestication event and probably introduced to India several years ago, as reported elsewhere. This study has also showed the suitability of nuclear DNA CYP2U1 gene in genetic diversity analysis.
种群内和种群间遗传多样性的评估是国内物种可持续利用的先决条件。国内番鸭(Cairina moschata)因其独特的肉味和低热量含量而成为世界上重要的经济物种。它是印度重要的国内物种之一,因为它确保了农村部门的粮食安全。本研究利用mtDNA细胞色素b和核DNA CYP2U1基因分析了来自印度不同邦(阿萨姆邦、米佐拉姆邦、奥里萨邦和喀拉拉邦)的4个麝鸭种群的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。结果表明,这两个基因在群体间的遗传多样性较低。喀拉拉邦群体与其他三个群体存在显著的遗传差异。细胞色素b基因的中间连接网络表明,印度的家番鸭是单一驯化事件的产物,可能在几年前被引入印度,正如其他地方报道的那样。本研究还证实了核DNA CYP2U1基因在遗传多样性分析中的适用性。
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引用次数: 6
Functional, structural, and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) in insects 昆虫线粒体细胞色素b (cytb)的功能、结构和系统发育分析
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2018-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1275596
S. Seddigh, M. Darabi
Abstract Cytochrome b (Cytb, EC 1.10. 2.2) is the only cytochrome coded by mitochondrial DNA and involved in electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In this study, characterization of cytb protein was identified on fifty-four insect protein sequences, from different orders. According to the conserved motifs obtained with MEME and MAST tools, eight motifs were common to all insects. The structural and functional analyses of 16 selected insects from different orders were performed with ProtParam, Compute PI, SOPMA, SignalP 4.1, TMHMM 2.0, ProtScale and ProDom tools in the ExPASy database and DNASTAR 12.1 software. The tertiary structure of Drosophila melanogaster as a sample of insects was predicted by the Phyre2 and TM-score servers and their similarities were verified by SuperPose servers. The tertiary structures were predicted using the ‘d1ppjc2’ model (PDB accession code: 1ppj C). A phylogenetic tree was constructed with MEGA 6.06 software using the neighbour-joining method. According to the results, there is a high identity of cytb in different insects so that they should be derived from a common ancestor. In protein–protein interaction analysis with STRING 10.0, twenty-three enriched pathways of KEGG were identified in D. melanogaster and other species. The obtained data provided a background for bioinformatic studies of the function and evolution of other insects and organisms.
细胞色素b (Cytb, EC 1.10);2.2)是唯一由线粒体DNA编码并参与线粒体呼吸链电子传递的细胞色素。本研究从54个昆虫不同目的蛋白序列中鉴定了cytb蛋白的特征。根据使用MEME和MAST工具获得的保守基序,所有昆虫共有8个基序。采用ExPASy数据库中的ProtParam、Compute PI、SOPMA、SignalP 4.1、TMHMM 2.0、ProtScale和ProDom等工具和DNASTAR 12.1软件对16种不同目昆虫进行结构和功能分析。利用Phyre2和TM-score服务器预测了黑胃果蝇作为昆虫样本的三级结构,并利用SuperPose服务器验证了它们的相似性。利用“d1ppjc2”模型(PDB加入代码:1ppj C)预测其三级结构,利用MEGA 6.06软件采用邻域连接法构建系统发育树。结果表明,不同昆虫的cytb具有较高的同一性,因此它们应该来自一个共同的祖先。在与STRING 10.0的蛋白互作分析中,发现了23条KEGG富集通路。获得的数据为其他昆虫和生物的功能和进化的生物信息学研究提供了背景。
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引用次数: 12
Phylogeography of freshwater fish Puntius sophore in India 印度淡水鱼的系统地理学
4区 生物学 Q3 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2018-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1275598
R. K. Negi, B. Joshi, J. Johnson, Rahul De, S. Goyal
Abstract Phylogeography and evolutionary history of the freshwater species are poorly known. We document the phylogeography of widely distributed Puntius sophore using cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of 650 bp. In the present study, we used 61 individual sequences from known geographic locations across India whereas data are lacking from other parts of its distribution range. Total 20 haplotypes with the intra-species sequence divergence ranging from 0.004 to 0.025 were observed and they were split into two major clades (North and Northeastern to Central India). Two distant geographic (North and Northeastern to Central India) regions shared haplotype suggesting ancient river connectivity or introduction of species from Northeast and Central India. Overall nucleotide and haplotype diversities were 0.00971 and 0.915. The Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs values were found negative but non-significant thus rejecting the population expansion model followed by the multimodal mode of mismatch distribution. Bayesian skyline plots from both the clade showed steady population history over time; and start of decline in recent years in the clade B (∼1000–1500 years). The present finding is in support to the ‘Satpura hypothesis’ proposed to explain species movement patterns from Southeast Asian countries to Indian subcontinent, seconded by P. sophore showing high genetic diversity within Northern India clade (high genetic splits) because of presence of high river network in comparison to other parts of the country.
摘要淡水物种的系统地理学和进化历史尚不清楚。利用650 bp的细胞色素氧化酶I亚基(COI)基因,对分布广泛的狐尾藻进行了系统地理分析。在目前的研究中,我们使用了来自印度各地已知地理位置的61个单独序列,而缺乏其分布范围其他部分的数据。共观察到20个单倍型,种内序列差异范围为0.004 ~ 0.025,可分为两大支系(印度北部和东北至中部)。两个遥远的地理区域(印度北部和东北部至中部)共享单倍型,表明古代河流连接或从印度东北部和中部引入物种。总核苷酸和单倍型多样性分别为0.00971和0.915。Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs值均为负但不显著,从而拒绝了种群扩张模型和多模态失配分布模型。这两个分支的贝叶斯天际线图都显示出稳定的种群历史;B支在最近几年开始下降(~ 1000-1500年)。目前的发现支持了“Satpura假说”,该假说用于解释从东南亚国家到印度次大陆的物种迁移模式,其次是在印度北部进化枝中表现出高遗传多样性(高遗传分裂)的p.s hoore,因为与该国其他地区相比,印度北部进化枝中存在高河流网络。
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引用次数: 8
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Mitochondrial Dna Part a
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