Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-06698-2
{"title":"Hidden Hunger and the Transformation of Food Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-06698-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-06698-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45088558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares three psychological mechanisms to make multi-attribute inferences under time pressure in the domains of categorization and similarity judgments. Specifically, we test if people under time pressure attend to fewer object features (attention focus), if they respond less precisely (lower choice sensitivity), or if they simplify a psychological similarity function (simplified similarity). The simpler psychological similarity considers the number of matching features but ignores the actual feature value differences. We conducted three experiments (two of them preregistered) in which we manipulated time pressure: one was a categorization task, which was designed based on optimal experimental design principles, and the other two involved a similarity judgment task. Computational cognitive modeling following an exemplar-similarity framework showed that the behavior of most participants under time pressure is in line with a lower choice sensitivity, this means less precise response selection, especially when people make similarity judgments. We find that the variability of participants’ behavior increases with time pressure, to a point where participants are unlikely to make inferences anymore but instead start choosing readily available response options repeatedly. These findings are consistent with related research in other cognitive domains, such as risky choices, and add to growing evidence that time pressure and other forms of cognitive load do not necessarily alter core cognitive processes themselves but rather affect the precision of response selection.
{"title":"Cognition.","authors":"C. Agostoni, S. Bettocchi","doi":"10.32388/jul0b9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/jul0b9","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares three psychological mechanisms to make multi-attribute inferences under time pressure in the domains of categorization and similarity judgments. Specifically, we test if people under time pressure attend to fewer object features (attention focus), if they respond less precisely (lower choice sensitivity), or if they simplify a psychological similarity function (simplified similarity). The simpler psychological similarity considers the number of matching features but ignores the actual feature value differences. We conducted three experiments (two of them preregistered) in which we manipulated time pressure: one was a categorization task, which was designed based on optimal experimental design principles, and the other two involved a similarity judgment task. Computational cognitive modeling following an exemplar-similarity framework showed that the behavior of most participants under time pressure is in line with a lower choice sensitivity, this means less precise response selection, especially when people make similarity judgments. We find that the variability of participants’ behavior increases with time pressure, to a point where participants are unlikely to make inferences anymore but instead start choosing readily available response options repeatedly. These findings are consistent with related research in other cognitive domains, such as risky choices, and add to growing evidence that time pressure and other forms of cognitive load do not necessarily alter core cognitive processes themselves but rather affect the precision of response selection.","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"125 1","pages":"111-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47844883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-28DOI: 10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-06651-7
R. Martorell, F. Haschke
Written by an international group of noted physicians and scientists, this volume reviews current concepts on the relationship between nutrition and childhood growth and discusses the effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs in preventing growth failure. The contributors present new reference data for the assessment of infant and child growth, examine the causes and functional consequences of inadequate growth, and evaluate various public health approaches to improving childhood nutrition. Full consideration is also given to the impact of the nutrition transition in developing countries and the risk of obesity resulting from altered diet and physical activity patterns.
{"title":"Nutrition and Growth","authors":"R. Martorell, F. Haschke","doi":"10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-06651-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-06651-7","url":null,"abstract":"Written by an international group of noted physicians and scientists, this volume reviews current concepts on the relationship between nutrition and childhood growth and discusses the effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs in preventing growth failure. The contributors present new reference data for the assessment of infant and child growth, examine the causes and functional consequences of inadequate growth, and evaluate various public health approaches to improving childhood nutrition. Full consideration is also given to the impact of the nutrition transition in developing countries and the risk of obesity resulting from altered diet and physical activity patterns.","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45761137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prelims","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000504275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000504275","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000504275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65291291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-01-28DOI: 10.1159/000504328
Moshe Phillip
Stamping is a long-established, widely used industrial process for economical high-volume production. It is used extensively in the automotive industry, as well as for production of white goods and many other products. In this book we present an approach, based on process control, to improve stamped part quality at reduced cost by eliminating tearing, wrinkling and springback. The concept is straightforward: measure punch forces and then adjust the blank holder (i.e., binder) forces (i.e., how tightly we hold the blank material in place) at various locations around its periphery and at various times during the stamping process to properly control the draw-in of blank material into the die. Of course, how to do this is the challenge! This book describes in detail how this simple goal can be achieved through real-time control technology. A reconfigurable set of hydraulic actuators (e.g., 12–24) is placed under the die to enable the control of the blank holder forces at various locations around the die periphery. These blank holder forces at each actuator are varied during the short duration (e.g., 1 sec) of the press stroke. The careful design of a controller, termed the machine controller, is needed to ensure that the desired blank holder forces are achieved at each hydraulic actuator and at each instant in time during the press stroke. Furthermore, we also measure the punch force during stamping, and design another controller, termed the process controller, to ensure that the desired punch force values are achieved during stamping despite the presence of disturbances (e.g., lubrication or material thickness variations). Maintaining the desired punch force leads to consistent draw-in of blank material and improves stamped part quality by eliminating wrinkling, tearing and springback. In this book we describe the methods for designing these controllers, and present experimental validation results from die try-out tests. The proposed system has also been evaluated in pilot tests in production and has also been shown to improve the formability of hard-to-form materials, such as lightweight alloys. This book is the result of a multi-year research collaboration among the authors. We would like to thank the State of Michigan’s Twenty-first Century Fund for their financial support of this research project, and also thank our industrial collaborators Troy Design And Manufacturing (TDM) Company, Ogihara America Corporation and OPAL-RT Technologies. The real-time computer control equipment used was provided by OPAL-RT. The die try-out tests, and the experimental results presented in the book, were
{"title":"Preface.","authors":"Moshe Phillip","doi":"10.1159/000504328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000504328","url":null,"abstract":"Stamping is a long-established, widely used industrial process for economical high-volume production. It is used extensively in the automotive industry, as well as for production of white goods and many other products. In this book we present an approach, based on process control, to improve stamped part quality at reduced cost by eliminating tearing, wrinkling and springback. The concept is straightforward: measure punch forces and then adjust the blank holder (i.e., binder) forces (i.e., how tightly we hold the blank material in place) at various locations around its periphery and at various times during the stamping process to properly control the draw-in of blank material into the die. Of course, how to do this is the challenge! This book describes in detail how this simple goal can be achieved through real-time control technology. A reconfigurable set of hydraulic actuators (e.g., 12–24) is placed under the die to enable the control of the blank holder forces at various locations around the die periphery. These blank holder forces at each actuator are varied during the short duration (e.g., 1 sec) of the press stroke. The careful design of a controller, termed the machine controller, is needed to ensure that the desired blank holder forces are achieved at each hydraulic actuator and at each instant in time during the press stroke. Furthermore, we also measure the punch force during stamping, and design another controller, termed the process controller, to ensure that the desired punch force values are achieved during stamping despite the presence of disturbances (e.g., lubrication or material thickness variations). Maintaining the desired punch force leads to consistent draw-in of blank material and improves stamped part quality by eliminating wrinkling, tearing and springback. In this book we describe the methods for designing these controllers, and present experimental validation results from die try-out tests. The proposed system has also been evaluated in pilot tests in production and has also been shown to improve the formability of hard-to-form materials, such as lightweight alloys. This book is the result of a multi-year research collaboration among the authors. We would like to thank the State of Michigan’s Twenty-first Century Fund for their financial support of this research project, and also thank our industrial collaborators Troy Design And Manufacturing (TDM) Company, Ogihara America Corporation and OPAL-RT Technologies. The real-time computer control equipment used was provided by OPAL-RT. The die try-out tests, and the experimental results presented in the book, were","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"120 ","pages":"IX-X"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000504328","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37587888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-25DOI: 10.1002/9781119519348.part4
C. Agostoni, S. Bettocchi
Humans have the remarkable ability to rapidly estimate the number of objects in a visual scene without relying on counting, something referred to as the number sense. It has been well documented that the more clustered the elements are, the lower their perceived numerosity is. A recent account of this observation is the crowding hypothesis , which posits that the perceived underestimation is driven by visual crowding: the inability to recognise objects in clutter. Crowding can impair individuation of the elements, which would explain the underestimation. Here, we tested the crowding hypothesis by assessing numerosity estimation and crowding for the same stimulus configurations in the same participants. Experiment 1 compared the two tasks when numerosity can be considered to be estimated directly by the visual system (reference patch density=0.12 items/deg 2 ), while Experiment 2 used high density stimuli (density=0.88 items/deg 2 ), where numerosity may be estimated indirectly. In both cases, we found that spacing and similarity between elements affected estimation and crowding tasks in markedly different ways. These results are incompatible with a crowding account of numerosity underestimation and point to separate mechanisms for object identification and number estimation, although grouping may play a moderating role in both cases.
{"title":"Cognition.","authors":"C. Agostoni, S. Bettocchi","doi":"10.1002/9781119519348.part4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119519348.part4","url":null,"abstract":"Humans have the remarkable ability to rapidly estimate the number of objects in a visual scene without relying on counting, something referred to as the number sense. It has been well documented that the more clustered the elements are, the lower their perceived numerosity is. A recent account of this observation is the crowding hypothesis , which posits that the perceived underestimation is driven by visual crowding: the inability to recognise objects in clutter. Crowding can impair individuation of the elements, which would explain the underestimation. Here, we tested the crowding hypothesis by assessing numerosity estimation and crowding for the same stimulus configurations in the same participants. Experiment 1 compared the two tasks when numerosity can be considered to be estimated directly by the visual system (reference patch density=0.12 items/deg 2 ), while Experiment 2 used high density stimuli (density=0.88 items/deg 2 ), where numerosity may be estimated indirectly. In both cases, we found that spacing and similarity between elements affected estimation and crowding tasks in markedly different ways. These results are incompatible with a crowding account of numerosity underestimation and point to separate mechanisms for object identification and number estimation, although grouping may play a moderating role in both cases.","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"120 1","pages":"94-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/9781119519348.part4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45546462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Physiology and Mechanism of Growth.","authors":"A. Grimberg, M. Phillip, J. Wong, S. Ahmed","doi":"10.1159/000452184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65160672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. V. Lind, A. Larnkjær, C. Mølgaard, K. Michaelsen
{"title":"Early Nutrition and Its Effect on Growth, Body Composition, and Later Obesity.","authors":"M. V. Lind, A. Larnkjær, C. Mølgaard, K. Michaelsen","doi":"10.1159/000452193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"118-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65161085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pregnancy: Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Intrauterine Fetal Growth.","authors":"L. Hiersch, Y. Yogev","doi":"10.1159/000452191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"152-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65161275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stunting in Developing Countries.","authors":"A. Prentice","doi":"10.1159/000452190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"165-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65160738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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