{"title":"Malnutrition and Catch-Up Growth during Childhood and Puberty.","authors":"M. Yackobovitch-Gavan, Z. Bhutta","doi":"10.1159/000452192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452192","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"134-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65161074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Growth failure (wasting and stunting) is common in many children with chronic disorders. These include, but are not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially those with Crohn’s disease (CD), cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Poor growth may lead to short stature and a reduction in adult height as seen in a subset of these patients. Suboptimal nutrition, prolonged use of glucocorticoids (GC), metabolic derangements, and chronic inflammation contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of growth failure. All these factors lead to a continuum of abnormalities in the systemic growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, including relative GH insufficiency, GH/IGF-1 resistance due to impairment of IGF-binding proteins, downregulation of GH/IGF receptors, and/or impairment of local GH and IGF-1 signaling pathways. Targeting the inflammatory process aggressively using immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine and methotrexate) and biologic therapy (e.g., anti-TNF drugs), minimizing the use of systemic GC, and optimizing nutrition may be associated with improvement in markers of the GH-IGF axis and are essential for ensuring normal growth and pubertal development. However, in spite of the advances in contemporary care of these diseases, many children with these conditions continue to grow slowly, and improvement in disease activity does not seem to normalize linear growth completely. Nutrition and Growth in Chronic Disease Corina Hartman 1 Raanan Shamir 2, 3 1 Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa , Israel; 2 Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Clalit Health Services, Petach Tikva , Israel; 3 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv , Israel
{"title":"Nutrition and Growth in Chronic Disease.","authors":"C. Hartman, R. Shamir","doi":"10.1159/000452189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452189","url":null,"abstract":"Growth failure (wasting and stunting) is common in many children with chronic disorders. These include, but are not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially those with Crohn’s disease (CD), cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Poor growth may lead to short stature and a reduction in adult height as seen in a subset of these patients. Suboptimal nutrition, prolonged use of glucocorticoids (GC), metabolic derangements, and chronic inflammation contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of growth failure. All these factors lead to a continuum of abnormalities in the systemic growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, including relative GH insufficiency, GH/IGF-1 resistance due to impairment of IGF-binding proteins, downregulation of GH/IGF receptors, and/or impairment of local GH and IGF-1 signaling pathways. Targeting the inflammatory process aggressively using immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine and methotrexate) and biologic therapy (e.g., anti-TNF drugs), minimizing the use of systemic GC, and optimizing nutrition may be associated with improvement in markers of the GH-IGF axis and are essential for ensuring normal growth and pubertal development. However, in spite of the advances in contemporary care of these diseases, many children with these conditions continue to grow slowly, and improvement in disease activity does not seem to normalize linear growth completely. Nutrition and Growth in Chronic Disease Corina Hartman 1 Raanan Shamir 2, 3 1 Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa , Israel; 2 Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Clalit Health Services, Petach Tikva , Israel; 3 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv , Israel","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"95-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65160640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Nutrition.","authors":"S. Shalitin, T. Battelino, L. Moreno","doi":"10.1159/000452185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452185","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"16-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65160776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health professionals involved in child care are convinced nowadays that nutrition in early life (the general concept of the so-called 1,000 days) is of paramount importance not only on growth patterns and development in infancy, but also on many health outcomes later in life. In the present chapter we focus on 19 articles related to nutrition in preterm and term infants. Premature babies are at high risk of inadequate nutritional intake, and emphasis is placed on amino acid and lipid regimen in parenteral nutrition, the relationship between energy intake and risk for retinopathy, vitamin D intake and metabolism, donor breast milk and severe infections and mortality, lipid absorption and use of recombinant bile salt-stimulated lipase, DHA supplementation, and visual function and eating difficulties in early childhood. Term infants, i.e., approximately 90% of the population of newborns in industrialized countries, were not left out. During the last year, very interesting data were published on highly controversial topics, such as the use of hypoallergenic formulae in non-breastfed infants at risk for allergy (25-30% of all newborns), the long-term safety of soy-based infant formulae, protein intake and risk for overweight and obesity, and gluten introduction and the risk of celiac disease. There have also been comments on the use of fermented milks without live bacteria and the influence of antibiotic exposure on weight gain. In contrast to the large literature on breast and formula feeding, relatively little attention has been paid to the complementary feeding period, the nature of the foods given, or whether this period of significant dietary change influences later health and development. We selected 2 papers on the nutritional consequences of an increasingly popular feeding technique amongst parents, i.e., baby-led weaning, and on follow-up data up to the age of 6 years on vegetable acceptance during early introduction of complementary foods. As usual, more research is needed. Setting up clinical studies in the field of pediatric nutrition is difficult but indispensable. We cannot use any more observational studies and clinical experience to build up evidence-based guidelines. More randomized clinical studies and prospective population-based cohort studies are obviously needed. We hope that our comments will give the readers more "appetite'' to look for more manuscripts in the field of infant nutrition and more information to prescribe the best nutritional support available for infants during the first months of life
{"title":"Term and Preterm Infants.","authors":"D. Turck, J. V. van Goudoever","doi":"10.1159/000452186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452186","url":null,"abstract":"Health professionals involved in child care are convinced nowadays that nutrition in early life (the general concept of the so-called 1,000 days) is of paramount importance not only on growth patterns and development in infancy, but also on many health outcomes later in life. In the present chapter we focus on 19 articles related to nutrition in preterm and term infants. Premature babies are at high risk of inadequate nutritional intake, and emphasis is placed on amino acid and lipid regimen in parenteral nutrition, the relationship between energy intake and risk for retinopathy, vitamin D intake and metabolism, donor breast milk and severe infections and mortality, lipid absorption and use of recombinant bile salt-stimulated lipase, DHA supplementation, and visual function and eating difficulties in early childhood. Term infants, i.e., approximately 90% of the population of newborns in industrialized countries, were not left out. During the last year, very interesting data were published on highly controversial topics, such as the use of hypoallergenic formulae in non-breastfed infants at risk for allergy (25-30% of all newborns), the long-term safety of soy-based infant formulae, protein intake and risk for overweight and obesity, and gluten introduction and the risk of celiac disease. There have also been comments on the use of fermented milks without live bacteria and the influence of antibiotic exposure on weight gain. In contrast to the large literature on breast and formula feeding, relatively little attention has been paid to the complementary feeding period, the nature of the foods given, or whether this period of significant dietary change influences later health and development. We selected 2 papers on the nutritional consequences of an increasingly popular feeding technique amongst parents, i.e., baby-led weaning, and on follow-up data up to the age of 6 years on vegetable acceptance during early introduction of complementary foods. As usual, more research is needed. Setting up clinical studies in the field of pediatric nutrition is difficult but indispensable. We cannot use any more observational studies and clinical experience to build up evidence-based guidelines. More randomized clinical studies and prospective population-based cohort studies are obviously needed. We hope that our comments will give the readers more \"appetite'' to look for more manuscripts in the field of infant nutrition and more information to prescribe the best nutritional support available for infants during the first months of life","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"116 1","pages":"52-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65160990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infant formulas have historically been developed based on providing macronutrients at intake concentrations approximately matching the composition of human milk. In most countries, targets of 1.4–1.5 g of protein/dL and 20 kcal/oz (67–68 kcal/dL) have been set as the protein and energy concentrations for formulas during the first year of life, although this may be an overestimation of these contents. Recent introduction of lower-protein and -energy formulas in full-term infants led us to systematically review the literature for its effects on growth. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, our inclusion criteria were studies that enrolled healthy full-term infants and evaluated lower-protein or lower-energy formula, reported anthropometric outcomes including weight and length, and followed infants for at least 6 mo. Six studies were eligible for inclusion. These studies varied in the content of nutrients provided in the intervention and control groups, by additional dietary components in the study groups, and the timing and length of the intervention, which limit their usefulness for interpreting newly introduced lower-protein and -energy formulas in the United States. These studies suggest adequate growth during infancy and early childhood with infant formulas with concentrations of protein and energy slightly below historical standards in the United States. Further long-term research is needed to assess the impact of the use of lower-protein and/or lower-energy products, especially for nutritionally at-risk populations such as preterm infants and infants who are born small for gestational age.
{"title":"Term and Preterm Infants.","authors":"J. V. van Goudoever, D. Turck","doi":"10.1159/000441922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000441922","url":null,"abstract":"Infant formulas have historically been developed based on providing macronutrients at intake concentrations approximately matching the composition of human milk. In most countries, targets of 1.4–1.5 g of protein/dL and 20 kcal/oz (67–68 kcal/dL) have been set as the protein and energy concentrations for formulas during the first year of life, although this may be an overestimation of these contents. Recent introduction of lower-protein and -energy formulas in full-term infants led us to systematically review the literature for its effects on growth. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, our inclusion criteria were studies that enrolled healthy full-term infants and evaluated lower-protein or lower-energy formula, reported anthropometric outcomes including weight and length, and followed infants for at least 6 mo. Six studies were eligible for inclusion. These studies varied in the content of nutrients provided in the intervention and control groups, by additional dietary components in the study groups, and the timing and length of the intervention, which limit their usefulness for interpreting newly introduced lower-protein and -energy formulas in the United States. These studies suggest adequate growth during infancy and early childhood with infant formulas with concentrations of protein and energy slightly below historical standards in the United States. Further long-term research is needed to assess the impact of the use of lower-protein and/or lower-energy products, especially for nutritionally at-risk populations such as preterm infants and infants who are born small for gestational age.","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"114 1","pages":"50-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000441922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64958457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Nutrition.","authors":"S. Shalitin, Tadej Battelino, L. Moreno","doi":"10.1159/000441810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000441810","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"114 1","pages":"21-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000441810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64953204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutrition and Growth in Chronic Disease.","authors":"C. Hartman, R. Shamir","doi":"10.1159/000441813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000441813","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"114 1","pages":"84-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000441813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64954135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pregnancy: Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Intrauterine Fetal Growth.","authors":"L. Hiersch, Y. Yogev","doi":"10.1159/000441824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000441824","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"114 1","pages":"128-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000441824","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64954567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Physiology and Mechanism of Growth.","authors":"Sayed F Ahmed, Moshe Phillip, A. Grimberg","doi":"10.1159/000441808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000441808","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000441808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64953343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Malnutrition and Catch-Up Growth during Childhood and Puberty.","authors":"Z. Bhutta, M. Yackobovitch-Gavan","doi":"10.1159/000441823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000441823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54311,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","volume":"134 1","pages":"120-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000441823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64954168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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