Trends in Immunology最新文献

Chronic antigen exposure is frequently associated with T cell exhaustion. In a recent study, Aljobaily et al. show that pancreatic islet-infiltrating CD4⁺ T cells in mouse autoimmune diabetes may circumvent exhaustion by preserving TCF1 expression. Continuous recruitment of epigenetically pre-programmed CD62L⁺ CD4⁺ T cells seems to sustain the local autoimmune response.

A recent study by Ascic et al. demonstrates that in situ reprogramming of tumor cells into conventional dendritic cell (cDC)-like cells using viral-PIB transcription factors creates an immunogenic tumor microenvironment with T cell recruitment and activation. The study highlights the potential of tumor-specific cancer immunotherapy using in vivo reprogrammed cDCs.

The recent discovery by Lu and colleagues of Tomasiella immunophila, a bacterium that degrades IgA, offers insights into microbial influences on mucosal immunity and evolutionary immune trade-offs. By modulating IgA titers, T. immunophila influences the dynamic interactions and balance between the host and pathogen. This has implications for immune health, microbiome research, and therapeutics.

In the battle against cancer, researchers are exploring the use of engineered bacteria as living medicines. Redenti and colleagues demonstrate that Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) can be engineered to deliver cancer neoantigen payloads, stimulating antigen-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and mediating antitumor immunity in preclinical models of colorectal cancer and melanoma.

The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an established therapeutic target in cancer. PRC2 catalyzes methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and is known for maintaining eukaryote cell identity. Recent discoveries show that modulation of PRC2 not only impacts cell differentiation and tumor growth but also has immunomodulatory properties. Here, we integrate multiple immunological fields to understand PRC2 and its subunits in epigenetic canonical regulation and non-canonical mechanisms within innate immunity. We discuss how PRC2 regulates hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, myeloid cell differentiation, and shapes innate immune responses. The PRC2 catalytic domain EZH2 is upregulated in various human inflammatory diseases and its deletion or inhibition in experimental mouse models can reduce disease severity, emphasizing its importance in regulating inflammation.

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) enables hosts to react to pathogens by monitoring few key cellular processes. ETI responses are assumed to be similar toward related pathogen effectors. However, recent evidence from the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans and pore-forming toxins indicates a much more complex and specific ETI than previously anticipated.

Men are at higher risk for developing severe COVID-19 than women, while women are at higher risk for developing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This highlights the impact of sex differences on immune responses and clinical outcomes of acute COVID-19 or PASC. A dynamic immune-endocrine interface plays an important role in the development of effective immune responses impacting the control of viral infections. In this opinion article we discuss mechanisms underlying the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of immune responses by sex hormones during viral infections. We propose that disruption of this delicate immune-endocrine interplay can result in worsened outcomes of viral disease. We also posit that insights into these immune mechanisms can propel the development of novel immunomodulatory interventions that leverage immune-endocrine pathways to treat viral infections.

While primarily a sensory organ, the mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) also plays a critical role as an immune barrier. Mechanisms governing interactions between the immune system and this specialized chemosensory tissue are gaining interest, in part sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Regulated inflammation is intrinsic to normal mucosal healing and homeostasis, but prolonged OE inflammation is associated with persistent loss of smell, belying the intertwining of local mucosal immunology and olfactory function. Evidence supports bidirectional communication between OE cells and the immune system in health and disease. Recent investigations suggest that neuro-immune cross-talk modulates olfactory stem cell behavior and neuronal regeneration dynamics, prioritizing the epithelial-like non-neuronal framework with immune barrier function at the expense of the neurosensory organ in chronic inflammation.

Innate immune cells that are epigenetically reprogrammed by infection can modify host responses to subsequent infections. Lercher et al. have identified epigenetic reprogramming of murine airway-resident macrophages following recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection, conferring protection from pathology and lethality following secondary influenza A virus (IAV) challenge without reducing viral titers.

Solute carrier proteins (SLCs) are pivotal for maintaining cellular homeostasis by transporting small molecules across cellular membranes. Recent discoveries have uncovered their involvement in modulating innate immunity, particularly within the cytosol. We review emerging evidence that links SLC transporters to cytosolic innate immune recognition and highlight their role in regulating inflammation. We explore how SLC transporters influence the activation of endosomal Toll-like receptors, cytosolic NODs, and STING sensors. Understanding the contribution of SLCs to innate immune recognition provides insight into their fundamental biological functions and opens new avenues to develop possible therapeutic interventions for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This review aims to discuss current knowledge and identify key gaps in this rapidly evolving field.