This study explored the disposal strategies of menstrual sanitary products through in-depth semi-structured interviews with women aged 18–30 years. There have been many educational campaigns to imp...
{"title":"Inappropriate flushing of menstrual sanitary products","authors":"A. Hawkins, R. Sharpe, K. Spence, N. Holmes","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.17.00050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.17.00050","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the disposal strategies of menstrual sanitary products through in-depth semi-structured interviews with women aged 18–30 years. There have been many educational campaigns to imp...","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88450466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowledge of the distribution of contaminants at channel confluences is critical for understanding their transport and dwelling at river networks where flow confluences constitute the key nodes. Flume experiments were conducted to study the distribution of phosphorus adsorption in surface sediment under complex hydrodynamics at channel confluences. The influence of the discharge ratio of the tributary discharge to the main stream discharge was also investigated. The results showed that the horizontal velocity and vertical velocity of flow are the dominant factors affecting the distribution of phosphorus adsorption. Flows with a larger horizontal velocity are not beneficial to phosphorus adsorption on sediment and thus low- and high-adsorption strips of phosphorus occur in the maximum velocity zone and the flow separation zone, respectively. Downwelling flows are beneficial to phosphorus adsorption on sediment as they can enhance phosphorus exchange between overlying water and the bed sediment. A small flo...
{"title":"Distribution of phosphorus in bed sediment at confluences responding to hydrodynamics","authors":"Yang Xiao, Yang Xia, Saiyu Yuan, Hongwu Tang","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.17.00063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.17.00063","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of the distribution of contaminants at channel confluences is critical for understanding their transport and dwelling at river networks where flow confluences constitute the key nodes. Flume experiments were conducted to study the distribution of phosphorus adsorption in surface sediment under complex hydrodynamics at channel confluences. The influence of the discharge ratio of the tributary discharge to the main stream discharge was also investigated. The results showed that the horizontal velocity and vertical velocity of flow are the dominant factors affecting the distribution of phosphorus adsorption. Flows with a larger horizontal velocity are not beneficial to phosphorus adsorption on sediment and thus low- and high-adsorption strips of phosphorus occur in the maximum velocity zone and the flow separation zone, respectively. Downwelling flows are beneficial to phosphorus adsorption on sediment as they can enhance phosphorus exchange between overlying water and the bed sediment. A small flo...","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76486160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rana Muhammad Adnan, Xiaohui Yuan, O. Kisi, Yanbin Yuan, Muhammad Tayyab, Xiaohui Lei
The accuracy of five soft computing techniques was assessed for the prediction of monthly streamflow of the Gilgit river basin by a cross-validation method. The five techniques assessed were the feed-forward neural network (FFNN), the radial basis neural network (RBNN), the generalised regression neural network (GRNN), the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system with grid partition (Anfis-GP) and the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system with subtractive clustering (Anfis-SC). The interaction between temperature and streamflow was considered in the study. Two statistical indexes, mean square error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R2), were used to evaluate the performances of the models. In all applications, RBNN and Anfis-SC were found to give more accurate results than the FFNN, GRNN and Anfis-GP models. The effect of periodicity was also examined by adding a periodicity component into the applied models and the results were compared with a statistical model (seasonal autoregressive integrated movi...
{"title":"Application of soft computing models in streamflow forecasting","authors":"Rana Muhammad Adnan, Xiaohui Yuan, O. Kisi, Yanbin Yuan, Muhammad Tayyab, Xiaohui Lei","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.16.00075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.16.00075","url":null,"abstract":"The accuracy of five soft computing techniques was assessed for the prediction of monthly streamflow of the Gilgit river basin by a cross-validation method. The five techniques assessed were the feed-forward neural network (FFNN), the radial basis neural network (RBNN), the generalised regression neural network (GRNN), the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system with grid partition (Anfis-GP) and the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system with subtractive clustering (Anfis-SC). The interaction between temperature and streamflow was considered in the study. Two statistical indexes, mean square error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R2), were used to evaluate the performances of the models. In all applications, RBNN and Anfis-SC were found to give more accurate results than the FFNN, GRNN and Anfis-GP models. The effect of periodicity was also examined by adding a periodicity component into the applied models and the results were compared with a statistical model (seasonal autoregressive integrated movi...","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78493306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The time of concentration (Tc) is one of the most contributing parameters for assessing the response of a catchment to rainfall events and estimating the peak flood in many hydrological models. The aim of this work was to evaluate 36 time of concentration equations based on Tc values obtained based on the salt dilution tracing approach. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) was applied to identify the degree of similarity between all the Tc formulas and categorise them into several groups. The findings, based on seven sub-watersheds of the Meime river basin in Iran, demonstrate that the Picking, Pickering, DNOS, California and Kirpich-Ten equations provide reliable estimation of Tc; the average bias of these formulas was found to be in the range 2·6–15 min while, for all 36 equations, the bias was 2·6–132·8 min. Furthermore, based on CA, all Tc equations were categorised into four overall groups with the maximum similarity within the members of each group.
{"title":"Comparison of salt experiments and empirical time of concentration equations","authors":"A. Azizian","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.17.00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.17.00048","url":null,"abstract":"The time of concentration (Tc) is one of the most contributing parameters for assessing the response of a catchment to rainfall events and estimating the peak flood in many hydrological models. The aim of this work was to evaluate 36 time of concentration equations based on Tc values obtained based on the salt dilution tracing approach. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) was applied to identify the degree of similarity between all the Tc formulas and categorise them into several groups. The findings, based on seven sub-watersheds of the Meime river basin in Iran, demonstrate that the Picking, Pickering, DNOS, California and Kirpich-Ten equations provide reliable estimation of Tc; the average bias of these formulas was found to be in the range 2·6–15 min while, for all 36 equations, the bias was 2·6–132·8 min. Furthermore, based on CA, all Tc equations were categorised into four overall groups with the maximum similarity within the members of each group.","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"97 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87701265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Runoff water harvesting (RWH) is a potential solution for areas suffering from water scarcity, such as the western desert of Iraq. Site selection based on RWH ranking using a combination of a water...
径流集水(RWH)是伊拉克西部沙漠等缺水地区的潜在解决方案。基于RWH排名的站点选择使用水的组合…
{"title":"Identification of potential sites for runoff water harvesting","authors":"K. Sayl, N. Muhammad, A. El-Shafie","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.16.00109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.16.00109","url":null,"abstract":"Runoff water harvesting (RWH) is a potential solution for areas suffering from water scarcity, such as the western desert of Iraq. Site selection based on RWH ranking using a combination of a water...","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"354 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76474473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To better understand the influence of non-uniform flow in coarse-bed streams with a submerged vegetation strip on flow characteristics, data were collected from experiments in a laboratory flume an...
为了更好地了解含淹没植被带的粗河床中不均匀流动对水流特性的影响，在实验室水槽中收集了实验数据。
{"title":"Non-uniform flow over cobble bed with submerged vegetation strip","authors":"H. Afzalimehr, M. Barahimi, J. Sui","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.17.00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.17.00039","url":null,"abstract":"To better understand the influence of non-uniform flow in coarse-bed streams with a submerged vegetation strip on flow characteristics, data were collected from experiments in a laboratory flume an...","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85354948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on data envelopment analysis, water efficiency and productivity were measured with the aim of reducing water use in metropolises. Alternative measures of efficiency were evaluated and the pro...
{"title":"Analysing water use efficiency and productivity in Iran's metropolises","authors":"M. H. Rad, H. Sarkheil, Roshanak Khojastehpour","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.17.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.17.00025","url":null,"abstract":"Based on data envelopment analysis, water efficiency and productivity were measured with the aim of reducing water use in metropolises. Alternative measures of efficiency were evaluated and the pro...","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84963650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution of dam-break floods in downstream and cascade reservoirs is an extremely complicated process. Based on the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation and smoothed particle hydrodynamics...
{"title":"Numerical simulation of cascaded dam-break flow in downstream reservoir","authors":"Luo Jing, Wei-lin Xu, Tian Zhong, Hua-yong Chen","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.15.00088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.15.00088","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of dam-break floods in downstream and cascade reservoirs is an extremely complicated process. Based on the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation and smoothed particle hydrodynamics...","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76720078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces a ‘collocated discrete subdomain meshless method’ to solve shallow water equations for free-surface flows with conservation of sediment mass. The computational domain in the method is discretised by distributed nodal points. Shape functions are made using the moving least-squares method for efficiency and simplicity. A number of collocation points, independent of nodal points, are used to form the specified residual function. The sum of residuals at the collocation points for each subdomain is zero in the problem domain and boundaries. In addition, boundary conditions are readily enforced. The model was verified by comparing results of simulated and physically modelled dam-break flows. There was good agreement between the analytical solution and experimental measured data, and a high convergence rate and efficiency were achieved. The method appears to have significant potential for investigating a variety of problems concerning coupled flow with sediment transport.
{"title":"Collocated discrete subdomain meshless method for dam-break and dam-breaching modelling","authors":"Babak Fazli Malidareh, S. Hosseini","doi":"10.1680/JWAMA.16.00101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/JWAMA.16.00101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a ‘collocated discrete subdomain meshless method’ to solve shallow water equations for free-surface flows with conservation of sediment mass. The computational domain in the method is discretised by distributed nodal points. Shape functions are made using the moving least-squares method for efficiency and simplicity. A number of collocation points, independent of nodal points, are used to form the specified residual function. The sum of residuals at the collocation points for each subdomain is zero in the problem domain and boundaries. In addition, boundary conditions are readily enforced. The model was verified by comparing results of simulated and physically modelled dam-break flows. There was good agreement between the analytical solution and experimental measured data, and a high convergence rate and efficiency were achieved. The method appears to have significant potential for investigating a variety of problems concerning coupled flow with sediment transport.","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83672204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jwama.2019.172.1.54
{"title":"Water Management: Referees 2018","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jwama.2019.172.1.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jwama.2019.172.1.54","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54569,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84282986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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