Cement and concrete are essential for global development. However, cement manufacture is responsible for around 7–8% of global greenhouse gas emissions with significant growth anticipated. Beyond efficiencies in cement manufacturing, other strategies to use less cement in construction through applying the principles of efficient design, circular economy and reuse also have the potential to reduce emissions. A further option is to move towards cements with different compositions and inherently lower embodied carbon. This paper focuses on these materials and the challenges to their widespread adoption; it draws mainly on applied research, trials and standardisation activities conducted in the UK and EU. In addition to modification of standards, basic technical and practical information such as strength development curves, durability, site considerations and a shared broad body of evidence are key for specifiers to consider using any new cement. The paper describes the role of standards and specifications and the underpinning information (applied research, published case studies and experience) essential in getting any new cement adopted. It also shows how a range of evidence from research and application can feed into a simple conceptual model and evidence base.
{"title":"Lower carbon dioxide cements and concretes: bringing new materials into UK industrial use","authors":"Andrew Dunster, Elsabeth Marriott","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00182","url":null,"abstract":"Cement and concrete are essential for global development. However, cement manufacture is responsible for around 7–8% of global greenhouse gas emissions with significant growth anticipated. Beyond efficiencies in cement manufacturing, other strategies to use less cement in construction through applying the principles of efficient design, circular economy and reuse also have the potential to reduce emissions. A further option is to move towards cements with different compositions and inherently lower embodied carbon. This paper focuses on these materials and the challenges to their widespread adoption; it draws mainly on applied research, trials and standardisation activities conducted in the UK and EU. In addition to modification of standards, basic technical and practical information such as strength development curves, durability, site considerations and a shared broad body of evidence are key for specifiers to consider using any new cement. The paper describes the role of standards and specifications and the underpinning information (applied research, published case studies and experience) essential in getting any new cement adopted. It also shows how a range of evidence from research and application can feed into a simple conceptual model and evidence base.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135883561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the paper, an experimental program of twenty-four square columns of 200 mm side length and 1000 mm height were tested under the effect of utilizing the ASWM different number of layers (one, two, three. four, and five) as a substitute for stirrup reinforcement within the middle region of the column height, and the effect of thermal shock (damaged or undamaged). The tested columns were divided into two main sets (damaged or undamaged), each consisting of twelve specimens. Sufficient ties were provided at the column ends to prevent premature failure. Moreover, the ASWM provided the columns with the required lateral confinement based on the number of applied layers and the concrete compressive strength. It has been proved that thermal shock reduces the concrete compressive strength, thus degrading the column's performance in terms of its feasibility, strength, and stiffness. The used ASWM layer numbers significantly affect the ductility, energy absorption, and column axial capacity, but this improvement is limited to ASWM numbers of 4 or 5 while stiffness keeps increasing for all values. Furthermore, the average enhancement in the column's axial capacity is equal to 15% on average for the intact specimen. Moreover, this is reduced by approximately 10% under the thermal shock effect.
{"title":"The behavior of thermally-shocked RC columns confined internally by ASWM","authors":"Rajai Z. Al-Rousan, Bara'a R. Alnemrawi","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00226","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper, an experimental program of twenty-four square columns of 200 mm side length and 1000 mm height were tested under the effect of utilizing the ASWM different number of layers (one, two, three. four, and five) as a substitute for stirrup reinforcement within the middle region of the column height, and the effect of thermal shock (damaged or undamaged). The tested columns were divided into two main sets (damaged or undamaged), each consisting of twelve specimens. Sufficient ties were provided at the column ends to prevent premature failure. Moreover, the ASWM provided the columns with the required lateral confinement based on the number of applied layers and the concrete compressive strength. It has been proved that thermal shock reduces the concrete compressive strength, thus degrading the column's performance in terms of its feasibility, strength, and stiffness. The used ASWM layer numbers significantly affect the ductility, energy absorption, and column axial capacity, but this improvement is limited to ASWM numbers of 4 or 5 while stiffness keeps increasing for all values. Furthermore, the average enhancement in the column's axial capacity is equal to 15% on average for the intact specimen. Moreover, this is reduced by approximately 10% under the thermal shock effect.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136013636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Yang, Wenjun He, Jin Zhang, Rutao Liu, Yucheng Zhou, Xiaobing Song, Ji Zhang
The internal cavity of the foundation of steel-concrete composite wind turbine tower is designed to facilitate the prestressed construction. The load bearing mechanisms of this foundation are different from those of ring type and anchor type foundations commonly used in steel wind turbine towers. Based on a real project, an integrated model of prestressed tower-foundation-ground was built by using the finite element software Abaqus. The internal force and damage of the foundation of steel-concrete wind turbine tower under extreme load conditions were studied by using static loading method. Under extreme load conditions, prestressed reinforcement have little impact on the local pressure at the anchor end of the foundation. Pre-stressing the reinforcement effectively prevents concrete cracking and tower deformation. For areas experiencing extreme loads on both sides, simplified calculations for stress and reinforcement can be performed using the calculation formula of bracket.
{"title":"Internal force and damage analysis of foundation of steel-concrete wind turbine tower","authors":"Chen Yang, Wenjun He, Jin Zhang, Rutao Liu, Yucheng Zhou, Xiaobing Song, Ji Zhang","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00238","url":null,"abstract":"The internal cavity of the foundation of steel-concrete composite wind turbine tower is designed to facilitate the prestressed construction. The load bearing mechanisms of this foundation are different from those of ring type and anchor type foundations commonly used in steel wind turbine towers. Based on a real project, an integrated model of prestressed tower-foundation-ground was built by using the finite element software Abaqus. The internal force and damage of the foundation of steel-concrete wind turbine tower under extreme load conditions were studied by using static loading method. Under extreme load conditions, prestressed reinforcement have little impact on the local pressure at the anchor end of the foundation. Pre-stressing the reinforcement effectively prevents concrete cracking and tower deformation. For areas experiencing extreme loads on both sides, simplified calculations for stress and reinforcement can be performed using the calculation formula of bracket.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135436280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many arch bridges have been built in near-fault regions around the world and may be affected by fling step, which is the permanent ground displacement caused by the long-period pulse within the frequency content of the earthquake. This study investigates the effect of fling step on reinforced concrete deck-type arch bridges with short to medium spans. Three-dimensional nonlinear models of three existing reinforced concrete arch bridges in Iran, with span lengths of 23, 35, and 60 meters were developed. The structures were subjected to seven near-fault earthquakes in longitudinal and transverse directions, once with the fling step pulse included and once with the pulse removed. The results showed that fling step has a noticeable effect on the seismic response indicators investigated but may increase or decrease the seismic demand. The maximum curvature in the presence of fling step to that without fling step ranged between 0.54 and 2.06. Unseating in the longitudinal direction was the most sensitive to the fling step, which showed more than 200-percent increase in some cases. The effects of the fling step were correlated with the ratio of the period of the fundamental mode of vibration of the structure to that of the fling step pulse.
{"title":"Effects of fling step on the seismic response of reinforced concrete arch bridges","authors":"Adham Gholipour, Mohammad-Reza Davoodi, Hossein Yousefpour","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.23.00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.23.00040","url":null,"abstract":"Many arch bridges have been built in near-fault regions around the world and may be affected by fling step, which is the permanent ground displacement caused by the long-period pulse within the frequency content of the earthquake. This study investigates the effect of fling step on reinforced concrete deck-type arch bridges with short to medium spans. Three-dimensional nonlinear models of three existing reinforced concrete arch bridges in Iran, with span lengths of 23, 35, and 60 meters were developed. The structures were subjected to seven near-fault earthquakes in longitudinal and transverse directions, once with the fling step pulse included and once with the pulse removed. The results showed that fling step has a noticeable effect on the seismic response indicators investigated but may increase or decrease the seismic demand. The maximum curvature in the presence of fling step to that without fling step ranged between 0.54 and 2.06. Unseating in the longitudinal direction was the most sensitive to the fling step, which showed more than 200-percent increase in some cases. The effects of the fling step were correlated with the ratio of the period of the fundamental mode of vibration of the structure to that of the fling step pulse.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77776583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The likelihood of any natural or man-made event preceding a fire is comparatively high, such as a fire occurring after a terrorist attack or any natural disaster such as a tornado, lightning strike, or earthquake. Structure is the one element that is consistent throughout all of these different hazard-fire interactions. In the present study, therefore, the response of a three-dimensional monolithic reinforced concrete (RC) dome structure under explosion loading followed by a fire event is analysed using a detailed Finite Element (FE) analysis in LS-DYNA®. The complete analysis is divided into three stages. Since explosion is a dynamic event whereas gravity loads and fire are considered quasi-static events, explicit and implicit solvers are alternately employed. Material data and equations governing the thermal and non-linear behaviour of RC structure from Eurocode 2 (EC2-2004) are used. Blast load is applied to the dome structure through LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED whereas, fire load is applied as per ISO 834-10:2014. It is observed that an explosion followed by a fire significantly increases the structural damage. The major emphasis is to understand the behaviour of dome structure under such situations of combined blast and fire loading and showing the capabilities of FEM in these investigations.
{"title":"Multi-hazard analysis of reinforced concrete structure under blast and post blast fire","authors":"Nishant Choudhary, M. Goel, Sandeep Panchal","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00164","url":null,"abstract":"The likelihood of any natural or man-made event preceding a fire is comparatively high, such as a fire occurring after a terrorist attack or any natural disaster such as a tornado, lightning strike, or earthquake. Structure is the one element that is consistent throughout all of these different hazard-fire interactions. In the present study, therefore, the response of a three-dimensional monolithic reinforced concrete (RC) dome structure under explosion loading followed by a fire event is analysed using a detailed Finite Element (FE) analysis in LS-DYNA®. The complete analysis is divided into three stages. Since explosion is a dynamic event whereas gravity loads and fire are considered quasi-static events, explicit and implicit solvers are alternately employed. Material data and equations governing the thermal and non-linear behaviour of RC structure from Eurocode 2 (EC2-2004) are used. Blast load is applied to the dome structure through LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED whereas, fire load is applied as per ISO 834-10:2014. It is observed that an explosion followed by a fire significantly increases the structural damage. The major emphasis is to understand the behaviour of dome structure under such situations of combined blast and fire loading and showing the capabilities of FEM in these investigations.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88402007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saadat Eshaghi-Milasi, D. Mostofinejad, Alireza Saljoughian, H. Bahmani
The eccentric load behaviour of circular reinforced concrete columns strengthened with a novel engineered cementitious composite jackets reinforced with synthetic macro-fibres and polypropylene was investigated. Furthermore, an innovative method of interface treatment known as longitudinal grooving was used. Twelve test columns were cast, six of which were strengthened with 15 mm thick composite jackets while three were strengthened with ultra-high-performance-fibre-reinforced concrete jackets. Moreover, three of the six columns strengthened with the composite jackets were additionally confined with glass-fibre-reinforced polymer warps. The experimental results showed that both methods enhanced load-carrying capacity and energy dissipation with increasing load eccentricity. For example, the specimens strengthened with the composite jackets exhibited increases of 167% and 194% in load-carrying capacity, and enhancements of 92% and 53% at eccentricities of 30 and 60 mm respectively. Finally, the previously reported model and different codes were used to validate the results, from which interaction diagrams were drawn. This showed a good agreement between experimental and predicted results.
{"title":"Eccentric load behaviour of concrete columns retrofitted with engineered composite jackets","authors":"Saadat Eshaghi-Milasi, D. Mostofinejad, Alireza Saljoughian, H. Bahmani","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00195","url":null,"abstract":"The eccentric load behaviour of circular reinforced concrete columns strengthened with a novel engineered cementitious composite jackets reinforced with synthetic macro-fibres and polypropylene was investigated. Furthermore, an innovative method of interface treatment known as longitudinal grooving was used. Twelve test columns were cast, six of which were strengthened with 15 mm thick composite jackets while three were strengthened with ultra-high-performance-fibre-reinforced concrete jackets. Moreover, three of the six columns strengthened with the composite jackets were additionally confined with glass-fibre-reinforced polymer warps. The experimental results showed that both methods enhanced load-carrying capacity and energy dissipation with increasing load eccentricity. For example, the specimens strengthened with the composite jackets exhibited increases of 167% and 194% in load-carrying capacity, and enhancements of 92% and 53% at eccentricities of 30 and 60 mm respectively. Finally, the previously reported model and different codes were used to validate the results, from which interaction diagrams were drawn. This showed a good agreement between experimental and predicted results.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74839830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Raoof Mehrpour Hosseini, M. Razzaghi, N. Shamskia
Foundation scour has been a reason for several river-bridge earthquake-induced failure cases during recent decades. However, practicing engineers often do not consider its direct effect on the seismic design procedure of such structures. The cavity around a bridge foundation is a random phenomenon depending on several uncertain parameters. This study provides a probabilistic platform to investigate the effect of random scouring on the seismic performance of a particular bridge. The procedure was then implemented on an existing multi-span RC bridge. To this end, the Monte-Carlo simulation technique was utilized to generate the samples of the random variables of the scour model to develop the scour hazard curve. In this study, a common type of reinforced concrete multi-span bridge is considered as a model. The Latin hypercube sampling method was employed to generate random scouring scenarios in the finite-element model, including uniform and non-uniform scour. Then, Fragility curves were developed utilizing cloud dynamic analysis. The results revealed that the scouring pattern is one of the most crucial sources of uncertainty. In most circumstances, uniform scour scenarios are more effective than the average of non-uniform cases. However, in some specific patterns, the effect of non-uniform scouring is dominant.
{"title":"Probabilistic seismic safety assessment of bridges with random pier scouring","authors":"Ali Raoof Mehrpour Hosseini, M. Razzaghi, N. Shamskia","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.23.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.23.00014","url":null,"abstract":"Foundation scour has been a reason for several river-bridge earthquake-induced failure cases during recent decades. However, practicing engineers often do not consider its direct effect on the seismic design procedure of such structures. The cavity around a bridge foundation is a random phenomenon depending on several uncertain parameters. This study provides a probabilistic platform to investigate the effect of random scouring on the seismic performance of a particular bridge. The procedure was then implemented on an existing multi-span RC bridge. To this end, the Monte-Carlo simulation technique was utilized to generate the samples of the random variables of the scour model to develop the scour hazard curve. In this study, a common type of reinforced concrete multi-span bridge is considered as a model. The Latin hypercube sampling method was employed to generate random scouring scenarios in the finite-element model, including uniform and non-uniform scour. Then, Fragility curves were developed utilizing cloud dynamic analysis. The results revealed that the scouring pattern is one of the most crucial sources of uncertainty. In most circumstances, uniform scour scenarios are more effective than the average of non-uniform cases. However, in some specific patterns, the effect of non-uniform scouring is dominant.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89497084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present study, the onset of a landslide induced by an explosion within a shallow-buried mountain transit tunnel was simulated using a coupled FEM-DEM method. Two cases of mountain tunnel were considered for the investigation: continuous tunnel passing through the mountain body and terminal end of the tunnel. The effect of location of explosion inside the tunnel and the angle of slope on the dynamic response of the tunnel and landslide mechanism was investigated. The initiation of landslide and the location of mobilisation of overlaying soil varied as the location of explosion was changed. Time of initiation increased when the explosive was position away from the mouth of the tunnel. Change in the location of explosive also affected the response of the tunnel. Highest displacement and acceleration were observed at the crown in the tunnel section where the explosive was positioned. However, regardless of the location of explosive, substantially high displacement and acceleration were still observed at the mouth of the tunnel. Early triggering of landslide happened when the slope angle was increased for the same location of explosion. However, the effect of slope angle on the response of tunnel was minimal.
{"title":"Coupled FEM-DEM analysis of mountain tunnels subjected to internal explosion and explosion induced landslide","authors":"J. Mandal, M. Goel","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00169","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the onset of a landslide induced by an explosion within a shallow-buried mountain transit tunnel was simulated using a coupled FEM-DEM method. Two cases of mountain tunnel were considered for the investigation: continuous tunnel passing through the mountain body and terminal end of the tunnel. The effect of location of explosion inside the tunnel and the angle of slope on the dynamic response of the tunnel and landslide mechanism was investigated. The initiation of landslide and the location of mobilisation of overlaying soil varied as the location of explosion was changed. Time of initiation increased when the explosive was position away from the mouth of the tunnel. Change in the location of explosive also affected the response of the tunnel. Highest displacement and acceleration were observed at the crown in the tunnel section where the explosive was positioned. However, regardless of the location of explosive, substantially high displacement and acceleration were still observed at the mouth of the tunnel. Early triggering of landslide happened when the slope angle was increased for the same location of explosion. However, the effect of slope angle on the response of tunnel was minimal.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81307481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Design, construction and handing over of the building need to be complaint with the rules set by the local authority. Manual assessment of the drawings and plans against variable and complex set of rules is quite cumbersome, inconsistent, expensive, and prone to human error leading to huge delays in the construction projects. This research therefore develops an automated code compliance checking process using BIM. The drawbacks of the manual code compliance were delivered through the review of the existing system and then confirmed by the interviews (15 numbers) held the officials of Capital Development Authority (CDA) in Pakistan. The feedback from the customers and CDA concerned employees were sought through interviews (30 numbers) on the newly developed automated code compliance system with BIM integration. While the new programme of the code compliance reduced the time involved from one week to six hours, the customers reported that they would require to pay more fee to the architect to develop the complete set of BIM models. The automated code compliance and the BIM integration in local municipality can raise the profile of Pakistan in industry innovations and can pave the road towards several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
{"title":"Automated code compliance checking through building information modelling","authors":"Bilal Aslam, T. Umar","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00214","url":null,"abstract":"Design, construction and handing over of the building need to be complaint with the rules set by the local authority. Manual assessment of the drawings and plans against variable and complex set of rules is quite cumbersome, inconsistent, expensive, and prone to human error leading to huge delays in the construction projects. This research therefore develops an automated code compliance checking process using BIM. The drawbacks of the manual code compliance were delivered through the review of the existing system and then confirmed by the interviews (15 numbers) held the officials of Capital Development Authority (CDA) in Pakistan. The feedback from the customers and CDA concerned employees were sought through interviews (30 numbers) on the newly developed automated code compliance system with BIM integration. While the new programme of the code compliance reduced the time involved from one week to six hours, the customers reported that they would require to pay more fee to the architect to develop the complete set of BIM models. The automated code compliance and the BIM integration in local municipality can raise the profile of Pakistan in industry innovations and can pave the road towards several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85413594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing threat of accidental and malevolent blast loading to building structures has necessitated the consideration of blast-resistant design. Columns are the most vulnerable and critical component of a building, so they must be designed against blast to achieve defined performance goals. The influence of transverse rebar detailing on the ultimate capacity and failure modes of rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns against blast loads was investigated under different detonation scenarios. The performance of the columns was quantified using the failure charge mass and post-blast residual axial capacity. Pressure–impulse diagrams were used to study the failure modes. The analyses showed that special transverse detailing measures were the most effective for columns subjected to near-field surface bursts. The confinement of concrete due to ties and axial restraint played a critical role in improving the blast performance of columns. The provision of diagonal rebar improved the blast resistance by preventing direct shear failure, and was most effective when coupled with closely spaced lateral ties. Finally, the performance of code-compliant columns against blast was studied to determine the blast safety margin and the scenarios under which it would be necessary to undertake blast retrofitting of the columns in existing critical buildings.
{"title":"Blast resistance of RC columns for varied detonation scenarios: Effect of shear detailing","authors":"K. K. Anjani, Manish Kumar","doi":"10.1680/jstbu.22.00205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.22.00205","url":null,"abstract":"The growing threat of accidental and malevolent blast loading to building structures has necessitated the consideration of blast-resistant design. Columns are the most vulnerable and critical component of a building, so they must be designed against blast to achieve defined performance goals. The influence of transverse rebar detailing on the ultimate capacity and failure modes of rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns against blast loads was investigated under different detonation scenarios. The performance of the columns was quantified using the failure charge mass and post-blast residual axial capacity. Pressure–impulse diagrams were used to study the failure modes. The analyses showed that special transverse detailing measures were the most effective for columns subjected to near-field surface bursts. The confinement of concrete due to ties and axial restraint played a critical role in improving the blast performance of columns. The provision of diagonal rebar improved the blast resistance by preventing direct shear failure, and was most effective when coupled with closely spaced lateral ties. Finally, the performance of code-compliant columns against blast was studied to determine the blast safety margin and the scenarios under which it would be necessary to undertake blast retrofitting of the columns in existing critical buildings.","PeriodicalId":54570,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82951244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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