Pub Date : 1972-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/003
P. Raychaudhuri
Following the idea of Wu and Yang (1965) that the electromagnetic and nuclear distributions behave similarly at large momentum transfer, the author has studied the differential cross section for pi +or-p elastic scattering at high energy within the framework of the parton model. By using the idea of Drell and Yan (1970) he has calculated the electromagnetic form factors of the pion and proton and they are shown to decrease as t-1 and t/2-2 respectively at large t.
根据Wu and Yang(1965)关于大动量传递时电磁分布和核分布相似的观点，作者在parton模型框架内研究了高能时pi +or-p弹性散射的微分截面。利用Drell和Yan(1970)的思想，他计算了介子和质子的电磁形状因子，它们在t大时分别随着t-1和t/2-2而减小。
{"title":"The parton model, electromagnetic form factors of hadrons and high energy elastic π±p scattering","authors":"P. Raychaudhuri","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/003","url":null,"abstract":"Following the idea of Wu and Yang (1965) that the electromagnetic and nuclear distributions behave similarly at large momentum transfer, the author has studied the differential cross section for pi +or-p elastic scattering at high energy within the framework of the parton model. By using the idea of Drell and Yan (1970) he has calculated the electromagnetic form factors of the pion and proton and they are shown to decrease as t-1 and t/2-2 respectively at large t.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73737444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/011
J. Jenkins
The minimal electromagnetic interaction is introduced into various free, quantum mechanical spin one formalisms, and it is found that the resulting theories are essentially equivalent. The situation does not prevail when, in addition, magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole interactions are considered. For simple such interactions in one formalism are found, in general, to be equivalent to structurally more complicated interactions in the other formalisms considered. Some known results on the acausal propagation of solutions of wave equations for a classical spin one particle in an external electromagnetic field are, with the aid of the above equivalence theorems, which are easily seen to apply to the classical case also, extended to include all the spin one formalisms considered herein.
{"title":"The electromagnetic interaction of a massive spin one particle: some equivalence theorems and remarks","authors":"J. Jenkins","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/011","url":null,"abstract":"The minimal electromagnetic interaction is introduced into various free, quantum mechanical spin one formalisms, and it is found that the resulting theories are essentially equivalent. The situation does not prevail when, in addition, magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole interactions are considered. For simple such interactions in one formalism are found, in general, to be equivalent to structurally more complicated interactions in the other formalisms considered. Some known results on the acausal propagation of solutions of wave equations for a classical spin one particle in an external electromagnetic field are, with the aid of the above equivalence theorems, which are easily seen to apply to the classical case also, extended to include all the spin one formalisms considered herein.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"38 1","pages":"1461-1472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84927594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/007
P. Landsberg, K. A. Johns
The authors consider a standard Carnot cycle, except that the reservoirs (of proper temperatures TH and TC) are in uniform motion. Two efficiencies for such cycles exist in the literature. Each has the property that it can exceed the usual Carnot efficiency eta C=1-TC/TH for a class of inertial observers. It is shown that a reasonable definition of efficiency leads to the usual Carnot efficiency eta C for all inertial observers.
{"title":"Carnot efficiencies for moving reservoirs","authors":"P. Landsberg, K. A. Johns","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/007","url":null,"abstract":"The authors consider a standard Carnot cycle, except that the reservoirs (of proper temperatures TH and TC) are in uniform motion. Two efficiencies for such cycles exist in the literature. Each has the property that it can exceed the usual Carnot efficiency eta C=1-TC/TH for a class of inertial observers. It is shown that a reasonable definition of efficiency leads to the usual Carnot efficiency eta C for all inertial observers.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"101 1","pages":"1433-1437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82410659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/019
M. E. Cage, P. Kunz, R. Johnson, D. Lind
The proton particle-hole states of 114Sn have been studied by the 113In(3He,d)114Sn reaction at 37.7 MeV. A 113In(3He, 3He)113In elastic scattering experiment provided 3He optical model parameters for the DWBA analysis. The ground state and seven excited states of 114Sn yielded deuteron groups which could be analysed in terms of angular momentum transfers of l=2 or l=4. These transferred protons are believed to occupy 2d5/2 or 1g7/2 orbitals and to couple with a 1g9/2 proton hole. Partial strengths extracted from the angular distributions are consistent with the results obtained on 115In(3He,d)116Sn by Biggerstaff et al. (1967) but not with those of Shoup et al. (1969).
{"title":"A study of the 113In(3He, d)114Sn reaction at 37.7 MeV","authors":"M. E. Cage, P. Kunz, R. Johnson, D. Lind","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/019","url":null,"abstract":"The proton particle-hole states of 114Sn have been studied by the 113In(3He,d)114Sn reaction at 37.7 MeV. A 113In(3He, 3He)113In elastic scattering experiment provided 3He optical model parameters for the DWBA analysis. The ground state and seven excited states of 114Sn yielded deuteron groups which could be analysed in terms of angular momentum transfers of l=2 or l=4. These transferred protons are believed to occupy 2d5/2 or 1g7/2 orbitals and to couple with a 1g9/2 proton hole. Partial strengths extracted from the angular distributions are consistent with the results obtained on 115In(3He,d)116Sn by Biggerstaff et al. (1967) but not with those of Shoup et al. (1969).","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"7 1","pages":"1529-1536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80843003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/020
S. Simons
Employing a single well defined approximation, a derivation is given of the nonlinear BGK model. The model is applied to the formulation of equations governing the temporal and spatial variation of macroscopic parameters in the regime where changes in these parameters within a mean free path cannot be neglected. Using the model, an extension is given of earlier results concerning the sign of successive time derivatives of the entropy.
{"title":"The nonlinear BGK model-a derivation and two applications","authors":"S. Simons","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/020","url":null,"abstract":"Employing a single well defined approximation, a derivation is given of the nonlinear BGK model. The model is applied to the formulation of equations governing the temporal and spatial variation of macroscopic parameters in the regime where changes in these parameters within a mean free path cannot be neglected. Using the model, an extension is given of earlier results concerning the sign of successive time derivatives of the entropy.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"70 1","pages":"1537-1544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89004640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/016
Y. Saxena
Results of an investigation on muons of energy greater than or equal to 150 GeV associated with extensive air showers are presented. The total number of muons is found to vary with shower size according to the relation nmu (>or=150, N)=27+or-7)(N/105)0.47+or-0.05 for 105
{"title":"High energy muons (⩾150 GeV) in extensive air showers","authors":"Y. Saxena","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/016","url":null,"abstract":"Results of an investigation on muons of energy greater than or equal to 150 GeV associated with extensive air showers are presented. The total number of muons is found to vary with shower size according to the relation nmu (>or=150, N)=27+or-7)(N/105)0.47+or-0.05 for 105<or=N<or=5*106. An increase in the power index alpha = delta lnnmu / delta lnN is indicated for N<105. The energy spectrum of the muons is found to be a power law of the type E-1.30+or-0.16mu for 150GeV<or=Emu <or=640GeV. The observed variation of nmu with N is found to be flatter than the one predicted by known EAS models for constant primary composition.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":"1502-1513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88594985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/005
A. Durnford
A recent evaluation of atomic masses confirms that 56Fe has uniquely the 'least' atomic mass per baryon, ZAM/A. Thus, with 56Fe as the primary standard (2656M=56) all other atomic masses would be greater than the mass number A and the corresponding 'mass excesses' would be not only 'positive' but also 'maxima'. Moreover, a mass excess relative to 56Fe is potentially the largest 'portion' of the atomic mass that can be transformed into energy (assuming conservation of baryon number); it therefore has a unique physical significance. Accordingly, a plot of the mass excesses against A and Z would provide a unique 'potential-energy surface' which should be useful in the representation of nuclidic transformations that involve a change in A(eg alpha decay) as well as those with A=constant.
{"title":"Uniqueness of 56Fe as a primary standard for atomic masses","authors":"A. Durnford","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/10/005","url":null,"abstract":"A recent evaluation of atomic masses confirms that 56Fe has uniquely the 'least' atomic mass per baryon, ZAM/A. Thus, with 56Fe as the primary standard (2656M=56) all other atomic masses would be greater than the mass number A and the corresponding 'mass excesses' would be not only 'positive' but also 'maxima'. Moreover, a mass excess relative to 56Fe is potentially the largest 'portion' of the atomic mass that can be transformed into energy (assuming conservation of baryon number); it therefore has a unique physical significance. Accordingly, a plot of the mass excesses against A and Z would provide a unique 'potential-energy surface' which should be useful in the representation of nuclidic transformations that involve a change in A(eg alpha decay) as well as those with A=constant.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90768042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/003
P. Burt, J. L. Reid
Exact solutions to a class of one dimensional quantum field theories described by the field equations d2 phi /dt2+m2 phi + lambda phi 2q+1=0, q not=0, -1, and by boson commutation relations are given. For the special case q=1 explicit solutions are discussed. The solutions describe self- interacting systems for all times and contain arbitrary negative powers of m2.
{"title":"Exact solutions to quantized field theories","authors":"P. Burt, J. L. Reid","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/003","url":null,"abstract":"Exact solutions to a class of one dimensional quantum field theories described by the field equations d2 phi /dt2+m2 phi + lambda phi 2q+1=0, q not=0, -1, and by boson commutation relations are given. For the special case q=1 explicit solutions are discussed. The solutions describe self- interacting systems for all times and contain arbitrary negative powers of m2.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75420496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/008
J. C. Eilbeck
Two methods of calculating the reflected wave generated by a short optical pulse falling on a linear dielectric medium are given. As examples the cases of an input sech pulse modulating a resonant carrier wave and an input delta function are calculated. At atomic densities greater than about 1018 atoms cm-3 an appreciable amount of the energy of the sech pulse is reflected. It is suggested that any nonlinear theory which ignores reflection may break down at these densities.
{"title":"Reflection of short pulses in linear optics","authors":"J. C. Eilbeck","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/008","url":null,"abstract":"Two methods of calculating the reflected wave generated by a short optical pulse falling on a linear dielectric medium are given. As examples the cases of an input sech pulse modulating a resonant carrier wave and an input delta function are calculated. At atomic densities greater than about 1018 atoms cm-3 an appreciable amount of the energy of the sech pulse is reflected. It is suggested that any nonlinear theory which ignores reflection may break down at these densities.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"119 1","pages":"1355-1363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77936953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1972-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/005
R. Henery
The simple Langevin equation describes a process which is both Markovian and Gaussian. A generalization of the Langevin equation allows us to deal with processes which are projections of n-dimensional Gaussian- Markov processes. The results are formally equivalent to generalizations proposed by Kubo in 1966 provided the second fluctuation-dissipation theorem is assumed true. Molecular motion in liquids is discussed in general terms and it is concluded that these generalizations of the Langevin equation are not likely to be successful.
{"title":"The generalized Langevin equation","authors":"R. Henery","doi":"10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/5/9/005","url":null,"abstract":"The simple Langevin equation describes a process which is both Markovian and Gaussian. A generalization of the Langevin equation allows us to deal with processes which are projections of n-dimensional Gaussian- Markov processes. The results are formally equivalent to generalizations proposed by Kubo in 1966 provided the second fluctuation-dissipation theorem is assumed true. Molecular motion in liquids is discussed in general terms and it is concluded that these generalizations of the Langevin equation are not likely to be successful.","PeriodicalId":54612,"journal":{"name":"Physics-A Journal of General and Applied Physics","volume":"16 1","pages":"1312-1319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84343938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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