Abstract: The investigation of sex bias and pseudohermaphroditism is a relatively unexplored area of research in the Neostromboidae. Here, we inform on these phenomena in a population of Gibberulus dekkersi Maxwell, Hernandez Duran, Rowell & Rymer, 2021 on Green Island, Great Barrier Reef. We collected 598 individuals, and noted the size of the cluster in which it occurred. Each individual was placed ventral side up and the body of the animal observed at the time of righting. Sex was determined by the presence or absence of a verge. During this sexing process, females were inspected for the presence of external male sexual organs to indicate the presence or absence of pseudohermaphroditism. We found that, overall, the population was not sexually biased towards one sex. However, we did find that individual clusters within the population showed significant sex bias, with different clusters favouring either males or females. Smaller clusters had a structural sex-ratio bias in favour of females. No evidence for pseudohermaphroditism was recorded, which indicates that the marine pollutant tributyltin (TBT) may not be present or at harmful levels in the surrounding environment. This study adds information from an unstudied Queensland taxon to the growing evidence on sex bias, clustering effects and pseudohermaphroditism within the Neostromboidae.
{"title":"Field Notes on Sex-Bias in Gibberulus dekkersi Maxwell, Hernandez Duran, Rowell & Rymer, 2021 (Gastropoda: Neostromboidae: Strombidae) on the Great Barrier Reef","authors":"S. Maxwell, T. Rymer, J. Watt","doi":"10.2984/75.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The investigation of sex bias and pseudohermaphroditism is a relatively unexplored area of research in the Neostromboidae. Here, we inform on these phenomena in a population of Gibberulus dekkersi Maxwell, Hernandez Duran, Rowell & Rymer, 2021 on Green Island, Great Barrier Reef. We collected 598 individuals, and noted the size of the cluster in which it occurred. Each individual was placed ventral side up and the body of the animal observed at the time of righting. Sex was determined by the presence or absence of a verge. During this sexing process, females were inspected for the presence of external male sexual organs to indicate the presence or absence of pseudohermaphroditism. We found that, overall, the population was not sexually biased towards one sex. However, we did find that individual clusters within the population showed significant sex bias, with different clusters favouring either males or females. Smaller clusters had a structural sex-ratio bias in favour of females. No evidence for pseudohermaphroditism was recorded, which indicates that the marine pollutant tributyltin (TBT) may not be present or at harmful levels in the surrounding environment. This study adds information from an unstudied Queensland taxon to the growing evidence on sex bias, clustering effects and pseudohermaphroditism within the Neostromboidae.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"525 - 530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49564451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This paper considers whether Huxley's modification of the Wallace line represents a regional boundary affecting distribution in myxomycetes, using patterns of species composition from the territories of Borneo, Palawan, and the remainder of the Philippine archipelago. With a total of 30 species of myxomycetes belonging to 16 genera (taxonomic diversity index, TDI = 1.88), Borneo recorded the highest taxonomic diversity compared to Palawan with 56 species (TDI = 2.67) and the oceanic Philippines with 159 species (TDI = 4.18). Based on species composition, Borneo is more similar to Palawan (coefficient of community, CC = 0.395) than it is to the oceanic Philippines (0.254). However, Palawan is more similar to oceanic Philippines (0.502) than it is to Borneo. This suggests that Borneo and Palawan have a certain affinity in terms of species composition of myxomycetes, but Palawan still seems to have a higher community similarity to the remainder of the Philippine archipelago when compared to Borneo. Therefore, in terms of species composition alone, myxomycetes do not appear to concur with the biogeographic region delineated by Huxley's line.
{"title":"Does Huxley's Line Apply to Myxomycetes?","authors":"S. A. B. Macabago, S. Stephenson","doi":"10.2984/75.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This paper considers whether Huxley's modification of the Wallace line represents a regional boundary affecting distribution in myxomycetes, using patterns of species composition from the territories of Borneo, Palawan, and the remainder of the Philippine archipelago. With a total of 30 species of myxomycetes belonging to 16 genera (taxonomic diversity index, TDI = 1.88), Borneo recorded the highest taxonomic diversity compared to Palawan with 56 species (TDI = 2.67) and the oceanic Philippines with 159 species (TDI = 4.18). Based on species composition, Borneo is more similar to Palawan (coefficient of community, CC = 0.395) than it is to the oceanic Philippines (0.254). However, Palawan is more similar to oceanic Philippines (0.502) than it is to Borneo. This suggests that Borneo and Palawan have a certain affinity in terms of species composition of myxomycetes, but Palawan still seems to have a higher community similarity to the remainder of the Philippine archipelago when compared to Borneo. Therefore, in terms of species composition alone, myxomycetes do not appear to concur with the biogeographic region delineated by Huxley's line.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"531 - 541"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43946684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mennesson, P. Keith, Sopian Sauri, F. Busson, Erwan Delrieu‐Trottin, G. Limmon, Tedjo Sukmono, Jiran, Renny Risdawati, H. Dahruddin, N. Hubert
Abstract: The species of Eleotris from Indonesia are reviewed and compared to the known species described from the area. Nine species are recognized including three new species in the ‘melanosoma’ neuromast pattern group. These are described using genetic and morpho-meristic approaches. The new species differ by a high percentage of genetic divergence in partial COI gene (652 bp) and by several characters including the number of pectoral fin rays, the number of scales in lateral, predorsal, forward and zigzag series. The main characteristics of the other known species in the area in the ‘melanosoma’ group, Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1853 and Eleotris macrolepis (Bleeker, 1875), both belonging to this group, are given for comparison. A key for Eleotris species from Indonesia is provided.
{"title":"Eleotris (Teleostei: Eleotridae) from Indonesia with Description of Three New Species Within the ‘melanosoma’ Neuromast Pattern Group","authors":"M. Mennesson, P. Keith, Sopian Sauri, F. Busson, Erwan Delrieu‐Trottin, G. Limmon, Tedjo Sukmono, Jiran, Renny Risdawati, H. Dahruddin, N. Hubert","doi":"10.2984/75.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The species of Eleotris from Indonesia are reviewed and compared to the known species described from the area. Nine species are recognized including three new species in the ‘melanosoma’ neuromast pattern group. These are described using genetic and morpho-meristic approaches. The new species differ by a high percentage of genetic divergence in partial COI gene (652 bp) and by several characters including the number of pectoral fin rays, the number of scales in lateral, predorsal, forward and zigzag series. The main characteristics of the other known species in the area in the ‘melanosoma’ group, Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1853 and Eleotris macrolepis (Bleeker, 1875), both belonging to this group, are given for comparison. A key for Eleotris species from Indonesia is provided.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"469 - 495"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46893038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keena Curbelo, D. Price, Jonathan Berenguer Uhuad Koch
Abstract: Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a significant pest of wild and cultivated soft-skinned fruits. D. suzukii was first detected outside of its native range in 1983 on Mauna Ka‘ala in Wai‘anae, Hawai‘i, and has since spread throughout North America, South America, and Europe. While D. suzukii is not considered a crop pest in Hawai‘i, little data is available on the distribution of the species on a landscape scale on the archipelago. In this study, we document the distribution and abundance of D. suzukii and characterize its host use of ‘ōhelo (Vaccinium reticulatum) across an altitude gradient on the eastern slope of Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i. In total we collected 2,503 D. suzukii across 14 field sites over a four-month period in 2016. Endemic ‘ōhelo is a host for D. suzukii as we detected adult emergence across field sites with up to 1.88 flies per 1 mL of berries. Our preliminary population data shows that D. suzukii abundance is greater at higher altitudes and in forested habitats on Mauna Loa. Given the population abundance of D. suzukii and their ability to use at least one of the three endemic Vaccinium in Hawai‘i as a host, further research on host–use interactions with native and non-native insects is warranted.
{"title":"A Brief Assessment of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Abundance in Forest and Non-Forested Habitats Across an Altitude Gradient on Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i","authors":"Keena Curbelo, D. Price, Jonathan Berenguer Uhuad Koch","doi":"10.2984/75.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a significant pest of wild and cultivated soft-skinned fruits. D. suzukii was first detected outside of its native range in 1983 on Mauna Ka‘ala in Wai‘anae, Hawai‘i, and has since spread throughout North America, South America, and Europe. While D. suzukii is not considered a crop pest in Hawai‘i, little data is available on the distribution of the species on a landscape scale on the archipelago. In this study, we document the distribution and abundance of D. suzukii and characterize its host use of ‘ōhelo (Vaccinium reticulatum) across an altitude gradient on the eastern slope of Mauna Loa, Hawai‘i. In total we collected 2,503 D. suzukii across 14 field sites over a four-month period in 2016. Endemic ‘ōhelo is a host for D. suzukii as we detected adult emergence across field sites with up to 1.88 flies per 1 mL of berries. Our preliminary population data shows that D. suzukii abundance is greater at higher altitudes and in forested habitats on Mauna Loa. Given the population abundance of D. suzukii and their ability to use at least one of the three endemic Vaccinium in Hawai‘i as a host, further research on host–use interactions with native and non-native insects is warranted.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"513 - 524"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43703506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. Nguyen, Nhu-Thuy Nguyen-Nhat, XUAN-THUY Nguyen, My-Ngan T. Nguyen, V. Dao, K. McDERMID
Abstract: Previous studies have documented 836 species of marine macroalgae from Viet Nam. In the present study, marine algal samples were collected along the coast of south central Viet Nam. Morphological observations revealed three new records for the South China Sea, including Zellera tawallina and Grateloupia huangiae (Rhodophyta), and Dictyota grossedentata (Phaeophyceae). The results of morphological observations were supported by phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, the seaweed flora of Viet Nam now comprises 838 marine macroalgal species including 418 Rhodophyta, 149 Phaeophyceae, 183 Chlorophyta, and 88 Cyanobacteria.
{"title":"Three New Records of Marine Macroalgae from Viet Nam based on Morphological Observations and Molecular Analyses","authors":"X. Nguyen, Nhu-Thuy Nguyen-Nhat, XUAN-THUY Nguyen, My-Ngan T. Nguyen, V. Dao, K. McDERMID","doi":"10.2984/75.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Previous studies have documented 836 species of marine macroalgae from Viet Nam. In the present study, marine algal samples were collected along the coast of south central Viet Nam. Morphological observations revealed three new records for the South China Sea, including Zellera tawallina and Grateloupia huangiae (Rhodophyta), and Dictyota grossedentata (Phaeophyceae). The results of morphological observations were supported by phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, the seaweed flora of Viet Nam now comprises 838 marine macroalgal species including 418 Rhodophyta, 149 Phaeophyceae, 183 Chlorophyta, and 88 Cyanobacteria.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"497 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45676544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: I studied population densities of forest bird communities in the Mariana Islands of Saipan, Aguiguan and Sarigan in order to evaluate hypotheses concerning seasonal shifts in populations, habitat effects on densities, inter-island differences in densities, social group size and underlying reasons for community structuring. With the exception of one species, I found no evidence to support the hypothesis that seasonal shifts occur in populations. Hence, this island system differs in this regard from mainland tropical forests. I also found, contrary to theory, no evidence that the presence of altered habitat permits populations to be greater than they would be in their absence, as disturbed habitat had far lower densities of most species than native forest. Furthermore, I found no support for the hypothesis that social group size differs seasonally as a consequence of differential breeding activity, which is again contrary to findings for mainland tropical forests. A high density of nectar resources on two islands appeared responsible for high population densities of the Micronesian Myzomela on them. Inter-island density comparisons showed strong evidence for there being unfilled niches on Sarigan, thereby making the island a favorable site for species translocations. Examination of the prehistoric composition of Marianas forest bird communities indicated that they once resembled in density structure those of the comparatively pristine Palau Islands. Removing ecologically similar but now absent species from the original Mariana communities likely resulted in reduced competition for resources in ways that increased niche breadth and, thus, populations. The wholesale loss of species in the Marianas has led to communities in which three ecologically versatile species now account for the vast majority of individuals in the community.
{"title":"The Structure and Dynamics of Endangered Forest Bird Communities in the Mariana Islands","authors":"R. J. Craig","doi":"10.2984/75.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: I studied population densities of forest bird communities in the Mariana Islands of Saipan, Aguiguan and Sarigan in order to evaluate hypotheses concerning seasonal shifts in populations, habitat effects on densities, inter-island differences in densities, social group size and underlying reasons for community structuring. With the exception of one species, I found no evidence to support the hypothesis that seasonal shifts occur in populations. Hence, this island system differs in this regard from mainland tropical forests. I also found, contrary to theory, no evidence that the presence of altered habitat permits populations to be greater than they would be in their absence, as disturbed habitat had far lower densities of most species than native forest. Furthermore, I found no support for the hypothesis that social group size differs seasonally as a consequence of differential breeding activity, which is again contrary to findings for mainland tropical forests. A high density of nectar resources on two islands appeared responsible for high population densities of the Micronesian Myzomela on them. Inter-island density comparisons showed strong evidence for there being unfilled niches on Sarigan, thereby making the island a favorable site for species translocations. Examination of the prehistoric composition of Marianas forest bird communities indicated that they once resembled in density structure those of the comparatively pristine Palau Islands. Removing ecologically similar but now absent species from the original Mariana communities likely resulted in reduced competition for resources in ways that increased niche breadth and, thus, populations. The wholesale loss of species in the Marianas has led to communities in which three ecologically versatile species now account for the vast majority of individuals in the community.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"543 - 559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47679513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Sesbania tomentosa (Fabaceae) is an endemic flowering plant primarily adapted to coastal strand and dry lowland habitat in the Hawaiian Islands. Previous studies have attempted to delineate distinct taxa from among the extant populations. In the most recent treatment of Hawaiian Fabaceae, however, S. tomentosa was recognized as a single polymorphic species with two forms. To readdress issues of taxonomy, the present study utilized microsatellite marker variation and DNA sequencing to discriminate Hawaiian Sesbania populations. While there was no DNA sequence variation among species for ITS or TRPT gene regions, microsatellite analysis found a highly differentiated population structure at the nine loci sampled. Bayesian genetic clustering assignments and associated private alleles occurred in a distinct phylogeographic pattern. As a result, three distinct genetic groups were identified corresponding to islands of origin: populations from Nihoa, Kaua‘i, and O‘ahu (group 1), populations from Maui, Kaho‘olawe, and Moloka‘i (group 2), and populations from Hawai‘i Island (group 3). The extremely varied yet randomly overlapping morphologies among the populations suggest widespread convergent evolution has occurred and precludes any subspecific taxonomic designations. We interpret the high levels of genetic marker and morphologic differentiation exhibited by Hawaiian Sesbania to be a product of the plant’s reproductive ecology and its influence in sub-structuring populations on a small geographic scale. Efforts toward preservation of the wide range of distinctive appearing morphotypes should continue, facilitated by the natural tendency of the plant to maintain a more or less fixed state of certain traits within populations.
{"title":"Population Divergence and Evolution of the Hawaiian Endemic Sesbania tomentosa (Fabaceae)","authors":"David M. Cole, C. Morden","doi":"10.2984/75.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Sesbania tomentosa (Fabaceae) is an endemic flowering plant primarily adapted to coastal strand and dry lowland habitat in the Hawaiian Islands. Previous studies have attempted to delineate distinct taxa from among the extant populations. In the most recent treatment of Hawaiian Fabaceae, however, S. tomentosa was recognized as a single polymorphic species with two forms. To readdress issues of taxonomy, the present study utilized microsatellite marker variation and DNA sequencing to discriminate Hawaiian Sesbania populations. While there was no DNA sequence variation among species for ITS or TRPT gene regions, microsatellite analysis found a highly differentiated population structure at the nine loci sampled. Bayesian genetic clustering assignments and associated private alleles occurred in a distinct phylogeographic pattern. As a result, three distinct genetic groups were identified corresponding to islands of origin: populations from Nihoa, Kaua‘i, and O‘ahu (group 1), populations from Maui, Kaho‘olawe, and Moloka‘i (group 2), and populations from Hawai‘i Island (group 3). The extremely varied yet randomly overlapping morphologies among the populations suggest widespread convergent evolution has occurred and precludes any subspecific taxonomic designations. We interpret the high levels of genetic marker and morphologic differentiation exhibited by Hawaiian Sesbania to be a product of the plant’s reproductive ecology and its influence in sub-structuring populations on a small geographic scale. Efforts toward preservation of the wide range of distinctive appearing morphotypes should continue, facilitated by the natural tendency of the plant to maintain a more or less fixed state of certain traits within populations.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"447 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42212069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Axis deer (Axis axis) are invasive species that threaten native ecosystems and agriculture on Maui Island. To mitigate negative effects, it is necessary to understand current abundance, population trajectory, and how to most effectively reduce the population. Our objectives were to examine the population history of Maui axis deer, estimate observed population growth, and use species-specific demographic parameters in a VORTEX population viability analysis to examine removal scenarios that would most effectively reduce the population. Only nine deer were introduced in 1959, but recent estimates of >10,000 deer suggest population growth rates (r) ranging between 0.147 and 0.160 even though >11,200 have been removed by hunters and resource managers. In VORTEX simulations, we evaluated an initial population size of 6,000 females and 4,000 males, reflecting the probable 3F:2M sex ratio, with annual removal rates of 10%, 20%, and 30% over a 10-year period. A removal rate of 10% resulted in a positive growth rate of 0.103 ± 0.001. A 20% removal rate resulted in only a slightly negative growth, while a 30% removal rate resulted in –0.130 ± 0.004. By increasing the ratio of females removed to 4F:1M in the 30% harvest scenario, the decline nearly doubled, resulting in –0.223 ± 0.004. Effectively reducing axis deer will most likely require an annual removal of approximately 20–30% of the population and with a greater proportion of females to increase the population decline. Selective removal of males may not only be inefficient, but also counterproductive to population reduction goals.
{"title":"Modeling Scenarios for the Management of Axis Deer in Hawai‘i","authors":"S. Hess, Seth W. Judge","doi":"10.2984/75.4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.4.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Axis deer (Axis axis) are invasive species that threaten native ecosystems and agriculture on Maui Island. To mitigate negative effects, it is necessary to understand current abundance, population trajectory, and how to most effectively reduce the population. Our objectives were to examine the population history of Maui axis deer, estimate observed population growth, and use species-specific demographic parameters in a VORTEX population viability analysis to examine removal scenarios that would most effectively reduce the population. Only nine deer were introduced in 1959, but recent estimates of >10,000 deer suggest population growth rates (r) ranging between 0.147 and 0.160 even though >11,200 have been removed by hunters and resource managers. In VORTEX simulations, we evaluated an initial population size of 6,000 females and 4,000 males, reflecting the probable 3F:2M sex ratio, with annual removal rates of 10%, 20%, and 30% over a 10-year period. A removal rate of 10% resulted in a positive growth rate of 0.103 ± 0.001. A 20% removal rate resulted in only a slightly negative growth, while a 30% removal rate resulted in –0.130 ± 0.004. By increasing the ratio of females removed to 4F:1M in the 30% harvest scenario, the decline nearly doubled, resulting in –0.223 ± 0.004. Effectively reducing axis deer will most likely require an annual removal of approximately 20–30% of the population and with a greater proportion of females to increase the population decline. Selective removal of males may not only be inefficient, but also counterproductive to population reduction goals.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"561 - 573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42465030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This study documents all the currently known fish species from Wake Atoll, representing 98 families and 411 species. This paper updates the identifications of several previously reported unknown or undescribed species, revises the taxonomy from previous lists, and corrects errors and omissions. It builds on the past century of fish studies at this location, adding 43 families with 22 new reef species, 63 deep water species, and five pelagic species to the 321 species and 55 families previously recorded. The updated presence data is based on direct field observations by the author, reviews of all previous field observations for the past two decades, examination of data housed in academic institutions (voucher specimens), agency reports, and review of photographs and videos. In addition to being an active U.S. military installation, in 2009 the waters surrounding Wake Atoll became both a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge and a unit of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. Anthropogenic influences and other factors that affect fish diversity and habitats are examined.
{"title":"A Century of Wake Fish Surveys: Comprehensive Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Wake Atoll1","authors":"D. P. Brown","doi":"10.2984/75.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2984/75.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This study documents all the currently known fish species from Wake Atoll, representing 98 families and 411 species. This paper updates the identifications of several previously reported unknown or undescribed species, revises the taxonomy from previous lists, and corrects errors and omissions. It builds on the past century of fish studies at this location, adding 43 families with 22 new reef species, 63 deep water species, and five pelagic species to the 321 species and 55 families previously recorded. The updated presence data is based on direct field observations by the author, reviews of all previous field observations for the past two decades, examination of data housed in academic institutions (voucher specimens), agency reports, and review of photographs and videos. In addition to being an active U.S. military installation, in 2009 the waters surrounding Wake Atoll became both a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge and a unit of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. Anthropogenic influences and other factors that affect fish diversity and habitats are examined.","PeriodicalId":54650,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"323 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45374091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason R. Graham, J. Campbell, Sheldon M. Plentovich, C. King
Abstract: Hylaeus anthracinus is an endemic Hawaiian yellow-faced bee (Colletidae) that is federally protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. On O‘ahu, H. anthracinus populations are restricted to a few isolated areas of intact coastal strand habitat. A detailed understanding of H. anthracinus nesting ecology is required to protect and expand the remaining fragmented and isolated populations. Here, we explore how nest parameters such as tunnel inside diameter, cell length, cell partition material, and plant species utilization compare among H. anthracinus and three non-native coastal bee species. Solitary bee nests from coastal habitats on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i were dissected and nest parameters were measured, compared, and described. We found overlap in most nest parameters among H. anthracinus and the introduced species: Hylaeus strenuus, Ceratina smaragdula, and Ceratina dentipes. No significant differences for inside diameter of nest entrance, length of tunnel nest, or # of cells/nest were found among the four bee species that were utilizing cavity nests. Thus, competition for nesting resources could be occurring. This increased understanding of H. anthracinus nest ecology will inform future conservation actions that could include the development of captive rearing programs, translocations, use of artificial nest sites, and the enhancement of natural habitat to increase nesting resources to support the existing populations.
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