Jcpsp-Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan最新文献

Objective: To evaluate the histomorphological response of alpha-tocopherol co-administration with carboplatin chemotherapy.

Study design: A laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: Anatomy Department, Army Medical College / National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January to December 2021.

Methodology: Thirty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups of ten rats each. Control group A received normal diet and water, experimental group B was administered single injection of carboplatin 2.5 mg/Kg intraperitoneally; and experimental group C along with carboplatin injection also received alpha-tocopherol 62.7 mg/Kg daily. At the end of 12 weeks, the euthanasia of animals was done and kidneys were dissected out. Right-sided kidneys were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Micrometry was done to measure the diameters of renal cortical tubules and renal corpuscles.

Results: The proximal and distal tubular and luminal diameter and transvertical diameter of renal corpuscle were increased in group B as compared to control group A. In group C, the proximal and distal tubular diameters were 5.175 ± 0.39 µm and 3.88 ± 0.364 µm, respectively; proximal and distal luminal diameters were 2.67 ± 0.35 µm and 1.64 ± 0.24 µm, respectively and transvertical diameter of renal corpuscle was 12.16 ± 0.870 µm. These values were less than experimental group B and closer to that of control group A.

Conclusion: Renal microscopic parameters showed improvement in the group administered with alpha-tocopherol. Therefore, alpha-tocopherol has ameliorative effects on carboplatin-induced renal damage.

Key words: Alpha-tocopherol, Carboplatin, Renal corpuscle, Tubules.

Objective: To investigate the prognostic significance of STAS (Spread through air spaces) and its effect on survival in the various types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Study design: Descriptive analytical study. Place and Duration of the Study: Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye, between 2018 and 2021.

Methodology: Early-stage lung cancer patients who underwent lobectomy were included. STAS was defined as presence of tumour cell clumps, solid nests or set of single cells located in airway spaces apart from the main tumour border and determined by pathological work-up. The clinical significance of STAS was investigated by means of histopathological subtype, tumour size, and maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) on PET-CT scan in early-stage lung cancer by grouping it as adenocarcinoma and non-adenocarcinoma. Five-year overall and disease-free survival, and recurrence were the outcome measures.

Results: A total of 165 patients were included in the study. No recurrence was observed in 125 patients, 40 patients developed recurrence. Five-year overall survival (OS) was 69.6% in STAS (+) cohort and 74.5% in STAS (-) cohort (p=0.88). Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 51.1% in STAS (+) cohort and 73.1% for STAS (-) cohort (p=0.034). While the absence of STAS in the adenocarcinoma group was associated with better DFS, lower SUVMax and smaller tumour size, similar results were not found to be at statistically significant level in the non-adenocarcinoma group.

Conclusion: STAS positivity makes a difference in DFS, tumour size and SUVmax, especially in adenocarcinoma, however, it does not create a significant difference in survival or clinic pathological features in the non-adenocarcinoma.

Key words: Lung Cancer, Lobectomy, Spread through air spaces, Survival, Prognosis.

Objective: To compare the frequency of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with delta (B.1.617.2) and other variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Study design: An observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Bursa City Hospital, Bursa, Turkey, from March 2020 to February 2022.

Methodology: The study included 423 pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 based on real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. The patients were divided into the delta variant (n=135) and other variants (n=288) (alpha, beta, gamma) groups, and maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between the groups. Data including symptoms, laboratory findings, radiological findings, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, delivery outcomes, and mortality rates were recorded.

Results: The delta variant group demonstrated higher rates of moderate and severe pneumonia than the other variant group (p=0.005). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, 49.6% and 18.5% of patients experienced moderate and severe disease, respectively in the delta variant group, compared to 38.5% and 10.1%, respectively in the other variant group (p=0.001). A total of 20.0% of the patients in the delta variant group and 8.3% of the patients in the other variant group required ICU stay. The length of ICU stay was significantly longer in the delta variant group (p=0.001).

Conclusion: The rates of maternal morbidity and mortality increased in the pregnant population with low rates of vaccination in the period of the fourth wave which was associated with the delta variant. No significant difference was observed in perinatal morbidity between the delta and other variants.

Key words: COVID-19, Delta variant, Maternal morbidity, Perinatal outcomes, Adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objective: To determine the comparative efficacy of taxane-based treatment and 5-FU-based treatment as second-line chemotherapy regimens in advanced gastric cancer patients, as measured by overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

Study design: Observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Medical Oncology, Health Science University Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye, from January 2008 and December 2020.

Methodology: Patients aged 18 years and older, diagnosed with gastric cancer, who received at least one line chemotherapy were included. Patients who received FOLFIRI, FOLFOX, and capecitabine in the second-line therapy were grouped as those who received 5-FU-based treatment, while those who received docetaxel and paclitaxel were grouped as those who received taxan-based treatment. The primary outcome measures, OS and PFS, were assessed and compared between the treatment groups using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results: A total of 172 patients were included in this analysis, among whom 73 (42.4%) received second-line chemotherapy. Among the patients who received the second-line treatment, 50 (68.5%) were males. The median age of the cohort was 60 years (23-86), with 37 (50.7%) patients falling into the <60 age group. The overall response rates (ORR) were 8% (2/25) in the taxane group and 16.7% (8/48) in the 5-FU-based treatment group. The median overall survival (OS) for all patients receiving second-line therapy was 7.52 months (standard error: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.62-9.43). Specifically, the median OS was 5.16 months (standard error: 1.07; 95% CI: 3.07-7.25) in the taxane group and 8.02 months (standard error: 1.40; 95% CI: 5.28-10.75) in the group receiving 5-FU-based therapy (p=0.11).

Conclusion: The superiority of chemotherapy regimens to each other could not be demonstrated. However, the second-line treatment demonstrated clear superiority over the best supportive care. Therefore, it is recommended that all patients with good performance status (PS) should be offered second-line treatment.

Key words: Gastric cancer, Second-line chemotherapy, Taxanes, Treatment efficacy, 5-Fluorouracil.

Objective: To determine the frequency of caregiver strain and its associated factors in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.

Study design: An analytical cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Psychiatry inpatient and outpatient units at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2018 to December 2019.

Methodology: The study participants were caregivers of ASD. Data were collected from the inpatient and outpatient departments using Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ), and a demographic questionnare. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential analysis.

Results: A total of 76 caregivers participated in the study. Among them, 61 (80.3%) were females and 15 (19.7%) were males, with mean age of 37.09±6.91 years. The overall caregiver strain (both subjective and objective) was reported to be severe by 11.8%, moderate by 47.4% and low by 40.8%. About 50% of the participants had a low objective strain on CGSQ whereas 59.2% of the participants subjectively felt the strain to be at moderate level. An association was found between the gender of the participants and subjective strain (p=0.016), and gender with internalised subjective strain (p =0.002).

Conclusion:  Parenting of a child with ASD involves challenges and demands support. This study supports the recommendation that the caregivers need access to appropriate means to channelize their strain and manage their role productively.

Key words: Autism, ASD, Stress, Burden, Caregiver, CGSQ, Pakistan.

Postgraduate medical training has increasingly adapted to competency-based medical education (CBME). In an endeavour to stay abreast with the new trends in medical education and adapt to CBME frameworks, an in-depth review and revision of the Anaesthesiology training curriculum were conducted. The authors worked on the task from December 2020 to December 2021. Learning outcomes were defined and corresponding competencies were identified and relevant teaching, learning and assessment strategies were aligned with each learning outcome. Additionally, lists were devised for topics to be covered through didactic lectures and simulation-based workshops. The revised curriculum is currently being implemented in a phased manner. Formative workplace-based assessment tools are being introduced to complement CBME. Moreover, daily clinical assessments, entrustable professional activity (EPA), simulation-based workshops and assessments have been introduced. Key Words: Anaesthesiology, Postgraduate training, Curriculum revision, Competency-based medical education, Low-middle income country, Simulation-based training.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between maxillary posterior teeth roots to maxillary sinus floor (MSF) using three-dimensional imaging and to evaluate the correlation of vertical facial biotype, gender, and age to the proximity of posterior roots to the sinus.

Study design: Observational, Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from January 2021 to July 2022.

Methodology: Three-dimensional CBCT scans of 100 patients aged between 13 to 43 years were evaluated and divided into three matching groups based on vertical face forms i.e. hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent. Root proximity to maxillary sinus was scored (0-3) for each scan. Nonparametric Wilcoxon Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test were used to compare average tooth and patient scores to vertical face type, age, and gender.

Results: Out of 100 patients, 54 were males and 46 were females with 44% aged between 13-23 years, 27% between 24 to 33 years, and 29% between 34 to 43 years. Average patient and tooth scores were highest in the hyperdivergent face type (p<0.001). No statistically significant relation was found between gender and degree of root proximity to MSF (p>0.05). Age was negatively correlated to root sinus wall connection (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Patients with hyperdivergent face forms are at greater risk of root resorption and prolonged orthodontic treatment due to the closer proximity of root apices to the maxillary sinus as compared to hypodivergent and normodivergent face forms. Moreover, roots were farther from the maxillary sinus wall with advanced age.

Key words: Maxillary sinus, Cone beam computed tomography, Face.

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of diffusion-weighted imaging in determining metastatic pelvic lymph nodes in patients of endometrial cancer and comparing its accuracy with contrast-enhanced sequence of MRI, taking histopathology as gold standard.

Study design: Retrospective Study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Radiology, the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, from January to December 2021.

Methodology: Fifty-eight adult females with biopsy proven endometrial carcinoma and complete medical records were included through convenience sampling. Patients who did not have complete medical records were excluded. Studied variables included signal characteristics of lymph nodes and their short axis diameter. The sensitivity and specificity of DWI and contrast-enhanced MRI for evaluation of diseased lymph nodes were calculated using histopathology as the gold standard.

Results: Among 58 patients with histopathologically proven endometrial cancer, 14 had metastatic lymphadenopathy. DWI-weighted imaging in the evaluation of metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes had sensitivity of 81.1% while specificity, the positive and negative predictive value of 88.8%, 72.2%, and 82.5% and on contrast-enhanced imaging as 66.6%, 58.1%, 35.7%, and 83.3%, respectively.

Conclusion: The DWI shows better accuracy in evaluation and discrimination between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes as compared to contrast-enhanced MRI examination for the evaluation of diseased lymph nodes in patients with endometrial cancer.

Key words: DWI, Contrast-enhanced MRI, Lymph node, Endometrial cancer.