Iranian Journal of Immunology最新文献

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by the increased sensitivity of the nasal mucosa to allergens and has a significant impact on life quality. There is promising evidence that biomarkers can help in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with AR. Diamine oxidase (DAO) is one of the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of histamine, the primary mediator of allergies.

Objective: To investigate the significance of DAO as a useful biomarker for diagnosis and the severity of AR.

Methods: In this case-control study, 24 patients and 24 healthy controls were recruited and their serum DAO levels, total IgE levels (using ELISA), blood eosinophil count, and percentage (using complete blood cell count) were measured. The sino-nasal outcomes test-22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire was used to assess the severity of symptoms in patients. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the predictive power of DAO level for the diagnosis of AR. The relationship between DAO and disease severity, as well as other AR-related clinical factors, were also investigated.

Results: DAO levels were lower in AR patients compared with the controls. The DAO level did not significantly correlate with the severity of AR according to the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) score, though it was lower in patients with persistent or moderate to severe symptoms. The total IgE, eosinophil percentage, and SNOT-22 score all had an inverse relationship with DAO. Moreover, DAO was significantly associated with the diagnosis of AR, with an Area under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.771, a sensitivity of 75%, and a specificity of 62.5%.

Conclusion: DAO might be a valuable biomarker in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.

Background: Women afflicted with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and repeated implantation failure (RIF) may have immune abnormalities. The role of vitamin D has been demonstrated in the function of the immune system.

Objective: To assess the percentage and function of CD3+ T cells and their relationship with the level of the serum vitamin D or 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (the active form of the vitamin) in women with RSA and RIF.

Methods: In this case-control study, peripheral blood was obtained from the patient and the healthy control groups. The ratio of CD3+T cell and activated CD3+ CD69+T cell was investigated using flow cytometry. The serum levels of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and vitamin D were measured by ELISA.

Results: The mean proportion of CD3+T cells in women with RSA increased significantly compared with the healthy control group (p<0.04). However, no significant difference was observed in RIF women compared with the control group. There was no significant difference in the ratio of activated CD3+CD69+T cells between the patient and the healthy control groups. Serum IFN-γ levels in women with RSA showed a significant increase compared to the control group (p<0.031); however, no significant difference was observed between women with RIF and the control group. Serum levels of vitamin D showed a significant reduction in both RSA (p<0.01) and RIF (p<0.04) groups in comparison with the control.

Conclusion: An increase in the percentage and inflammatory function of T cells was associated with RSA. Decreased vitamin D levels may contribute to immune dysfunction and pregnancy loss.

Background: It is advantageous to develop an effective purification procedure to produce recombinant protein drugs (rPDs) without any tags. To remove N- or C-terminus tags from the rPDs, several cleavage site-based endopeptidases were used. Separating the endopeptidase enzyme from the rPDs is a time-consuming and costly process.

Objective: To design and develop a new method for the purification of human interleukin (IL)-4 with potential application for other cytokines.

Methods: Met-like amino acids were substituted at position 120 to reduce the possibility of alteration in the structure of IL-4 and its biological activity. Based on the in silico analysis, isoleucine was chosen as an alternative amino acid, and the M120I mutant IL-4 (mIL-4) model was selected for the downstream analysis. Recombinant mIL-4 was produced in the E.coli BL21 host and purified with CNBr. Then in vitro evaluations of the native and mutant IL-4 were performed.

Results: The results showed that both the native and mutant IL-4 had the same effect on TF-1 cell proliferation. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the effects of native IL-4 (nIL-4) and mIL-4 on the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Native and mutant IL-4 have similar biological activities.

Conclusion: Here, an efficient and straightforward system is introduced to purify IL-4 cytokine using CNBr, which could be applied to other rPDs.

Background: Activation of the complement system may play a role in the pathophysiology of human labor. Yet no unanimous conclusion has been drawn.

Objective: To compare the differences in maternal complement components C3 and C4 serum levels in cesarean section and the vaginal delivery at term and in the postpartum hemorrhage.

Methods: One hundred and sixty six women delivered at term were enrolled in this study. Maternal blood samples were obtained from 47 cases of elective cesarean section and 119 cases of the vaginal delivery. Serum complement levels were measured subsequently by immuno-scatter turbidimetry.

Results: The maternal complement levels declined significantly during delivery by both the cesarean section and the vaginal delivery (p＜0.01) in comparison with the baseline. A much larger drop of C3 serum level was found in the postpartum hemorrhage and in the vaginal delivery, and the incidence of the postpartum hemorrhage has a positive correlation with the complement decline rate.

Conclusion: The complement system may be involved in the delivery process and represents a predictive value in postpartum hemorrhage.

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease. Several inflammatory agents play key roles in RA pathogenesis, among which tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) are of great importance. Silymarin is a potent anti-oxidant extracted from Silybummarianum L. seeds.

Objective: To study the effect of silymarin on serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in patients with RA.

Methods: Patients with stable RA received 140 mg of silymarin, 3 times a day, for 3 months. Serum samples were collected before and after the treatment. Both TNF-α and IL-1β serum levels were measured by ELISA.

Results: 42 patients (14.3% male, and 85.7% female, with a mean age of 47.59±12.8 years old) completed the treatment course. There was no significant difference in the overall mean concentration of either TNF-α (p=0.14) or IL-1β (p=0.27) in all 42 patients after the treatment with silymarin.

Conclusion: The addition of silymarin to the treatment regimen of patients with stable RA has no significant effect on the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, however, this study needs further evaluation with a larger sample size.

Background: Niclosamide, a STAT3 inhibitor, is widely under investigation due to its anti-cancer properties. STAT3 also exhibits an exciting role in the immune responses.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of niclosamide on immune response of mice.

Methods: Niclosamide was administered to balb/c mice. To evaluate cell-mediated immune response, a contact-hypersensitivity (CHS) test, cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenic assay, and carbon clearance test were performed, whereas a humoral immune response was evaluated by hemagglutination assay (HA) and mice lethality test. The concentration of TGF-β1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on murine peritoneal macrophages.

Results: In the CHS test, niclosamide caused a decrease in skin thickness, significantly exhibiting a decrease in inflammation. A highly significant decrease in overall leukocyte count (lymphocytes and neutrophils) was observed before and after cyclophosphamide injection as compared with the control group. However, only a highly significant decrease in the neutrophil percentage was observed. Niclosamide has decreased the phagocytic process immensely compared with the control. In the HA titer, niclosamide was found to reduce the antibodies' titer compared with the negative control group. In the mice lethality test, the treatment groups have shown an increase in the percentage of mortality. TGF-β1 elevated in peritoneal macrophages when treated with niclosamide, in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion: Niclosamide exerts potent immunomodulatory effects by significantly suppressing cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and increasing the levels of TGF-β1 in mice. Niclosamide might be added as an adjuvant to immunosuppressive drugs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reinfection in transplant patients has been associated with graft loss and decreased patient survival. In this regard, the HLA-G molecule has the immunomodulatory characteristic and its soluble isoforms have important roles in immunity to viruses. The 14bp insertion/deletion polymorphism impacts HLA-G mRNA stability. Regarding the HLA-E molecule, two nonsynonymous alleles, HLA-E*0101, and HLA-E*0103 are different in their functions including the affinity of the relative peptide.

Objective: To explore the possible link between HLA-G and HLA-E polymorphisms with CMV reinfection among liver transplant recipients (LTRs).

Methods: In this study, a total of 140 liver transplantations were performed; of which 70 CMV-reactivated LTRs and 70 CMV non-reactivated ones were recruited. The cut-off value of CMV DNA was determined to be 100 copies/mL. PCR evaluated different genotypes for HLA-G and ARMS-PCR for HLA-E*0101 and *0103.

Results: Neither the HLA-G genotypes (-14 bp/-14bp and +14bp/+14 bp homozygous genotypes with the p-values: 0.43, and 0.13, respectively +14 bp⁄-14 bp heterozygous genotype with p-value: 0.49) nor the HLA-E genotypes (HLA-E*0101/0103, HLA-E*0101/0101, and HLA-E*0103/0103 with the p-values: 0.152, 0.249, and 0.391, respectively) had any association with CMV reinfection in the LTRs.

Conclusion: No difference was observed in the HLA-E and HLA-G genotype frequencies between our studied groups. Further studies are needed to explore other genetic variations and evaluate soluble HLA-G and HLA-E levels in the transplant population.

Background: The relationship between genetic polymorphism and postoperative pain and the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing hepatectomy is not fully understood.

Objective: To examine whether lncRNA-GAS5 and its promoter region rs145204276 polymorphism can predict postoperative pain and prognosis of the patients with HCC undergoing hepatectomy.

Methods: Seventy patients with HCC undergoing hepatectomy were enrolled. The lncRNA-GAS5 levels in CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC-CD4+ T cells) and tumor tissues were measured by qRT-PCR. Genotyping analysis of rs145204276 was performed using the TaqMan platform. PBMC-CD4+ T cells were isolated and the cytokine levels in helper T (Th) cells were determined by flow cytometry. Patients with Ins/Ins genotype carrying the rs145204276 polymorphism were allocated into the Ins group, and others were allocated into the Del group.

Results: The lncRNA-GAS5 level decreased significantly in PBMC-CD4+ T cells and tumor tissues compared with the healthy controls and corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues. The patients with Del/Del genotype showed significantly higher lncRNA-GAS5 expression in PBMC-CD4+ T cells, lower postoperative pain scores, and better overall survival. LncRNA-GAS5 expression in PBMC-CD4+ T cells was negatively associated with IL-6, IL-17, and the RORγT/CD3 ratio (an indicator of Th17 polarization).

Conclusion: LncRNA-GAS5 expression and its promoter region rs145204276 polymorphism are prognostic biomarkers that can predict postoperative pain of patients with HCC undergoing hepatectomy.