Pub Date : 2022-07-01Epub Date: 2021-04-29DOI: 10.1177/00207314211012357
Christian Ortega-Loubon, Gema Ruiz López Del Prado, María F Muñoz-Moreno, Esther Gómez-Sánchez, Rocío López-Herrero, Belén Sánchez-Quirós, Mario Lorenzo-Lopez, Estefanía Gómez-Pesquera, Pablo Jorge-Monjas, Juan Bustamante-Munguira, F Javier Álvarez, Salvador Resino, Eduardo Tamayo, María Heredia-Rodríguez
Economic recession has dire consequences on overall health. None have explored the impact of economic crisis (EC) on infective endocarditis (IE) mortality. We conducted a retrospective, nationwide, temporal trend study analyzing mortality trends by age, sex, and adverse outcomes in patients diagnosed with IE in Spain from 1997 to 2014. Data were divided into two subperiods: pre-EC (January 1997-August 2008) and post-EC (September 2008-December 2014). A total of 25 952 patients presented with IE. The incidence increased from 301.4 to 365.1 per 10 000 000 habitants, and the mortality rate rose from 24.3% to 28.4%. Those aged >75 years experienced more adverse outcomes. Complications due to sepsis, shock, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, and heart failure increased after the EC onset, and expenditures soared to €16 216. Expenditure per community was related to mortality (P < .001). The EC resulted as an independent predictor for mortality (hazard ratio 1.06; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.11). Incidence and mortality rate in patients with IE after the onset of the EC have increased as a result of rising adverse outcomes despite an overall increased investment.
{"title":"Impact of the Economic Crisis on Endocarditis Mortality in Spain: A Nationwide Study.","authors":"Christian Ortega-Loubon, Gema Ruiz López Del Prado, María F Muñoz-Moreno, Esther Gómez-Sánchez, Rocío López-Herrero, Belén Sánchez-Quirós, Mario Lorenzo-Lopez, Estefanía Gómez-Pesquera, Pablo Jorge-Monjas, Juan Bustamante-Munguira, F Javier Álvarez, Salvador Resino, Eduardo Tamayo, María Heredia-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1177/00207314211012357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314211012357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Economic recession has dire consequences on overall health. None have explored the impact of economic crisis (EC) on infective endocarditis (IE) mortality. We conducted a retrospective, nationwide, temporal trend study analyzing mortality trends by age, sex, and adverse outcomes in patients diagnosed with IE in Spain from 1997 to 2014. Data were divided into two subperiods: pre-EC (January 1997-August 2008) and post-EC (September 2008-December 2014). A total of 25 952 patients presented with IE. The incidence increased from 301.4 to 365.1 per 10 000 000 habitants, and the mortality rate rose from 24.3% to 28.4%. Those aged >75 years experienced more adverse outcomes. Complications due to sepsis, shock, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, and heart failure increased after the EC onset, and expenditures soared to €16 216. Expenditure per community was related to mortality (<i>P</i> < .001). The EC resulted as an independent predictor for mortality (hazard ratio 1.06; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.11). Incidence and mortality rate in patients with IE after the onset of the EC have increased as a result of rising adverse outcomes despite an overall increased investment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00207314211012357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38840366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01Epub Date: 2020-07-13DOI: 10.1177/0020731420941459
Dae-Won Kim, Beom-Jin Lee
This study aimed to verify, for the first time, the need for Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) regulations as guidelines to provide pharmaceutical care services in community pharmacies in Korea. Statistical analyses were performed with demographic characteristics, institutional factors, and diversity factors of 3 pharmaceutical care services as independent variables and the favorability of GPP implementation as a dependent variable. In assessing the diversity of methods of providing pharmaceutical care services as an indicator of willingness to provide these services, this study understood such diversity as an innovative behavior that represents the efforts and willingness of pharmacists to provide better services. The results of descriptive statistics showed that most pharmacists in community pharmacy recognize that guidelines are necessary to provide better pharmaceutical care services. The statistical correlation analysis results confirmed that a greater need for guidelines was strongly related to higher GPP favorability. The institutional factors had the greatest influence on GPP favorability, rather than diversity factors of pharmaceutical care services, ultimately with the Korean perspectives to equate the GPP with the guidelines for pharmaceutical care services. Our study confirmed that it is a wish and a policy task of community pharmacists in Korea to enact GPP as soon as possible.
{"title":"Recognition Investigation of Community Pharmacists Implementing Good Pharmacy Practice in Korea.","authors":"Dae-Won Kim, Beom-Jin Lee","doi":"10.1177/0020731420941459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731420941459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to verify, for the first time, the need for Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) regulations as guidelines to provide pharmaceutical care services in community pharmacies in Korea. Statistical analyses were performed with demographic characteristics, institutional factors, and diversity factors of 3 pharmaceutical care services as independent variables and the favorability of GPP implementation as a dependent variable. In assessing the diversity of methods of providing pharmaceutical care services as an indicator of willingness to provide these services, this study understood such diversity as an innovative behavior that represents the efforts and willingness of pharmacists to provide better services. The results of descriptive statistics showed that most pharmacists in community pharmacy recognize that guidelines are necessary to provide better pharmaceutical care services. The statistical correlation analysis results confirmed that a greater need for guidelines was strongly related to higher GPP favorability. The institutional factors had the greatest influence on GPP favorability, rather than diversity factors of pharmaceutical care services, ultimately with the Korean perspectives to equate the GPP with the guidelines for pharmaceutical care services. Our study confirmed that it is a wish and a policy task of community pharmacists in Korea to enact GPP as soon as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020731420941459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38147915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1177/00207314221102882
J. Benach, C. Muntaner
{"title":"A New Journal for a New Era","authors":"J. Benach, C. Muntaner","doi":"10.1177/00207314221102882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221102882","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46309073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1177/00207314221104544
Vicente Navarro
The International Journal of Health Services was established more than half a century ago to provide a forum for the analysis of those services that have as an explicit function the prevention of disease and promotion of health, understanding health (as the World Health Organization’s Constitution does) “as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This understanding of health includes quality of life and the biological, psychological, and social well-being of the individual and of the population: health is both an individual and a collective phenomenon. Several people who were instrumental in the development of that WHO definition of health, such as Karl Evang (co-founder of the WHO and previously Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Health) and John Brotherston (who had been Professor of Public Health and Social Medicine in Edinburgh and, later, Chief Medical Officer of Scotland), encouraged the establishment of this journal. I had been a student of Brotherston in the early 1960 s at the Usher Institute in Edinburgh and had the pleasure to know Evang when he visited what was then called the John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. I consulted with them, and they were both very supportive of the Journal’s creation. The key person in the establishment of the Journal, however, was Professor Kerr L. White, a Canadian who had played an important role in the founding of the National Health Program in Canada. Hopkins invited him to establish the Department of Medical Care and Hospitals, and Kerr invited me to join the department when I finished my studies in Scotland. One of his first requests of me when I joined the faculty was to start the Journal, a proposal I had made previously. Many others added their voices to support the need for the Journal. From the beginning, the Journal had the vocation of learning about reality in order to change it—that is, to improve it. The period in which the journal was founded, the early 1970 s, was a moment of great creativity and inquiry in academic institutions in many parts of the world. It had followed the 1960 s, known for their questioning of the excessive conservative values and policies carried out in the 1950 s. It was in this context that scholars from many parts of the world agreed on establishing the Journal with the title International Journal of Health Services. The word “International” signaled the desire to have a broad plurality of positions between, among, and within countries, providing a forum for debate on the major issues of the moment. An Editorial Board with approximately 30 well-known and highly respected scholars from many countries, assisted by an equally international body of Editorial Consultants who constituted the axis of an extensive network of reviewers, guaranteed—and continues to guarantee—the excellence and scientific rigor of the articles and contributions to the Journal. Their function was to a
{"title":"Past, Present, and Future of the International Journal of Health Services","authors":"Vicente Navarro","doi":"10.1177/00207314221104544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221104544","url":null,"abstract":"The International Journal of Health Services was established more than half a century ago to provide a forum for the analysis of those services that have as an explicit function the prevention of disease and promotion of health, understanding health (as the World Health Organization’s Constitution does) “as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This understanding of health includes quality of life and the biological, psychological, and social well-being of the individual and of the population: health is both an individual and a collective phenomenon. Several people who were instrumental in the development of that WHO definition of health, such as Karl Evang (co-founder of the WHO and previously Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Health) and John Brotherston (who had been Professor of Public Health and Social Medicine in Edinburgh and, later, Chief Medical Officer of Scotland), encouraged the establishment of this journal. I had been a student of Brotherston in the early 1960 s at the Usher Institute in Edinburgh and had the pleasure to know Evang when he visited what was then called the John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. I consulted with them, and they were both very supportive of the Journal’s creation. The key person in the establishment of the Journal, however, was Professor Kerr L. White, a Canadian who had played an important role in the founding of the National Health Program in Canada. Hopkins invited him to establish the Department of Medical Care and Hospitals, and Kerr invited me to join the department when I finished my studies in Scotland. One of his first requests of me when I joined the faculty was to start the Journal, a proposal I had made previously. Many others added their voices to support the need for the Journal. From the beginning, the Journal had the vocation of learning about reality in order to change it—that is, to improve it. The period in which the journal was founded, the early 1970 s, was a moment of great creativity and inquiry in academic institutions in many parts of the world. It had followed the 1960 s, known for their questioning of the excessive conservative values and policies carried out in the 1950 s. It was in this context that scholars from many parts of the world agreed on establishing the Journal with the title International Journal of Health Services. The word “International” signaled the desire to have a broad plurality of positions between, among, and within countries, providing a forum for debate on the major issues of the moment. An Editorial Board with approximately 30 well-known and highly respected scholars from many countries, assisted by an equally international body of Editorial Consultants who constituted the axis of an extensive network of reviewers, guaranteed—and continues to guarantee—the excellence and scientific rigor of the articles and contributions to the Journal. Their function was to a","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45224692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we study the incidence of COVID-19 and the associated fatality with altitude using high frequency, district level data from India. To understand the implications of the nationwide lockdown after the outbreak, we use data for about four months- two from the lockdown period starting from March 25 till May 31, 2020 and about two months after unlocking was initiated (June 1-July 26, 2020). The multivariate regression result indicates slower growth in average rate of infection during the lockdown period in hilly regions, the gains of which attenuated after the unlocking was initiated. Despite these early gains, the rate of fatalities is significantly higher during the lockdown period in comparison to the plains. The findings remain robust to multiple alternative specifications and methods including one that accounts for confounding possibilities via unobservable and provides consistent estimates of bias adjusted treatment effects. The evidence supports the need for provisioning of public health services and infrastructure upgradation, especially maintenance of adequate stock of life support devices, in high altitude regions. It also underscores the necessity for strengthening and revising the existing Hill Areas Development Programme and integrating important aspects of public health as part of this policy.
{"title":"Are High-Altitude Residents More Susceptible to Covid-19 in India? Findings and Potential Implications for Research and Policy","authors":"Sushmita Chakraborty, Upasak Das, Udayan Rathore, Prasenjit Sarkhel","doi":"10.1177/00207314221104887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221104887","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the incidence of COVID-19 and the associated fatality with altitude using high frequency, district level data from India. To understand the implications of the nationwide lockdown after the outbreak, we use data for about four months- two from the lockdown period starting from March 25 till May 31, 2020 and about two months after unlocking was initiated (June 1-July 26, 2020). The multivariate regression result indicates slower growth in average rate of infection during the lockdown period in hilly regions, the gains of which attenuated after the unlocking was initiated. Despite these early gains, the rate of fatalities is significantly higher during the lockdown period in comparison to the plains. The findings remain robust to multiple alternative specifications and methods including one that accounts for confounding possibilities via unobservable and provides consistent estimates of bias adjusted treatment effects. The evidence supports the need for provisioning of public health services and infrastructure upgradation, especially maintenance of adequate stock of life support devices, in high altitude regions. It also underscores the necessity for strengthening and revising the existing Hill Areas Development Programme and integrating important aspects of public health as part of this policy.","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41996562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-22DOI: 10.1177/00207314221096364
Daniel C Bryant
When considering proposed reforms of the U.S. health care system, some physicians dismiss the single-payer model (Medicare for All or state-based universal health care proposals) out of concern that their reimbursement and thus their income would be reduced. This study is an effort to quantitate that concern in the case of state-based plans and, in so doing, to suggest a template for evaluating the financial consequences for physicians of single-payer health care reform in general. To put the data into concrete, practical terms, I envision a hypothetical primary care physician's practice and develop its plausible financial components in the present multi-payer system and in five proposed state-based, single-payer systems. The calculations reveal that in all five single-payer plans evaluated, the hypothetical physician's Total Net Income (take-home pay) would exceed that in the current multi-payer system. Whether these results apply to actual practices or not, they suggest that, when considering the financial impact of single-payer reform on their practices, physicians should consider all the financial consequences of such reform, not just the proposed reimbursement level. More quantitative analyses of these important financial variables in different practice settings must be pursued.
{"title":"Single-payer Health Care: Financial Implications for a Physician","authors":"Daniel C Bryant","doi":"10.1177/00207314221096364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221096364","url":null,"abstract":"When considering proposed reforms of the U.S. health care system, some physicians dismiss the single-payer model (Medicare for All or state-based universal health care proposals) out of concern that their reimbursement and thus their income would be reduced. This study is an effort to quantitate that concern in the case of state-based plans and, in so doing, to suggest a template for evaluating the financial consequences for physicians of single-payer health care reform in general. To put the data into concrete, practical terms, I envision a hypothetical primary care physician's practice and develop its plausible financial components in the present multi-payer system and in five proposed state-based, single-payer systems. The calculations reveal that in all five single-payer plans evaluated, the hypothetical physician's Total Net Income (take-home pay) would exceed that in the current multi-payer system. Whether these results apply to actual practices or not, they suggest that, when considering the financial impact of single-payer reform on their practices, physicians should consider all the financial consequences of such reform, not just the proposed reimbursement level. More quantitative analyses of these important financial variables in different practice settings must be pursued.","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44204434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.1177/00207314221100322
Kewoba Carter, C. Chaufan
Since its foundation in 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, soon renamed the World Bank (hereafter, “the Bank”), has shifted its initial goal of reconstructing post-World War II Europe to promoting economic development and alleviating poverty in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Bank assistance is provided through loans awarded to countries that agree to policy changes that the Bank deems necessary to achieve its stated goals. Bank policies—dubbed Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and, over time, superseded by Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers—have been criticized for not only failing to ameliorate underdevelopment and poverty, but for exacerbating both. The most recent Bank approach to development and poverty alleviation, the Systematic Diagnostic Reports (SDR), attempts to address these criticisms. We appraise the SDR for six Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). All share daunting economic and social challenges, including an ongoing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). We argue that, contrary to the Bank's claims, these challenges will continue under, and may even be exacerbated by, the policies the Report demands, and we elaborate on their implications for NCDs in the OECS and for social and health equity in the region.
{"title":"New Bottle, Old Wine? Implications of the World Bank's Systematic Diagnostic Reports for the Rise of Noncommunicable Diseases in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States","authors":"Kewoba Carter, C. Chaufan","doi":"10.1177/00207314221100322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221100322","url":null,"abstract":"Since its foundation in 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, soon renamed the World Bank (hereafter, “the Bank”), has shifted its initial goal of reconstructing post-World War II Europe to promoting economic development and alleviating poverty in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Bank assistance is provided through loans awarded to countries that agree to policy changes that the Bank deems necessary to achieve its stated goals. Bank policies—dubbed Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and, over time, superseded by Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers—have been criticized for not only failing to ameliorate underdevelopment and poverty, but for exacerbating both. The most recent Bank approach to development and poverty alleviation, the Systematic Diagnostic Reports (SDR), attempts to address these criticisms. We appraise the SDR for six Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). All share daunting economic and social challenges, including an ongoing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). We argue that, contrary to the Bank's claims, these challenges will continue under, and may even be exacerbated by, the policies the Report demands, and we elaborate on their implications for NCDs in the OECS and for social and health equity in the region.","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43863323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-09DOI: 10.1177/00207314221100654
J. Lexchin
In March 2022, the New Democratic Party (NDP), Canada's social democratic party, and the centrist Liberal government signed a supply and confidence agreement. In return for the NDP agreeing to vote with the government on all crucial issues until June 2025, the Liberals pledged to bring in both pharmacare and dental care programs. Pharmacare, universal public insurance coverage for prescription drugs, had been promised for more than 50 years but never implemented, while public dental care was an almost completely neglected issue. This article explains the long genesis of pharmacare, the need for public dental care, and the political circumstances that led to the agreement. However, at this point, details about both plans are largely absent. As a result, how well those plans will serve the needs of Canadians is yet to be determined.
{"title":"After More Than 50 Years, Pharmacare (and Dental Care) are Coming to Canada","authors":"J. Lexchin","doi":"10.1177/00207314221100654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221100654","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2022, the New Democratic Party (NDP), Canada's social democratic party, and the centrist Liberal government signed a supply and confidence agreement. In return for the NDP agreeing to vote with the government on all crucial issues until June 2025, the Liberals pledged to bring in both pharmacare and dental care programs. Pharmacare, universal public insurance coverage for prescription drugs, had been promised for more than 50 years but never implemented, while public dental care was an almost completely neglected issue. This article explains the long genesis of pharmacare, the need for public dental care, and the political circumstances that led to the agreement. However, at this point, details about both plans are largely absent. As a result, how well those plans will serve the needs of Canadians is yet to be determined.","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44640857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-26DOI: 10.1177/00207314221096365
M. K. Hassan, Sani Aliyu
The development of COVID-19 vaccines was a landmark in the current efforts to contain the global pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, vaccine rollout and inoculation campaigns continue to progress steadily across the globe. However, “skewed” rollout, or the inequitable or delayed access to the vaccines encountered particularly by low-income countries in Africa, remains a source of great concern. This may negatively affect the continent and could lead to increased transmission, travel restrictions, further economic disruptions, and increased morbidity and mortality. Ultimately, these negative consequences could directly or indirectly hamper global efforts to defeat the pandemic. Access to COVID-19 vaccines is a global priority and provides a source of hope to bring the pandemic under control. High-income nations, national governments, donor agencies, and other relevant stakeholders must support the World Health Organization's COVAX initiative to ensure fair, rapid and equitable distribution of the vaccines to countries, irrespective of income level. This effort will rapidly bring the pandemic under control and impact the recovery of the global economy. Low-income nations in Africa must significantly invest in research, health care, vaccines, and drug development and must remain proactive in preparing against future pandemics. This review examines the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccines with a focus on Africa.
{"title":"Delayed Access to COVID-19 Vaccines: A Perspective on Low-income Countries in Africa","authors":"M. K. Hassan, Sani Aliyu","doi":"10.1177/00207314221096365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00207314221096365","url":null,"abstract":"The development of COVID-19 vaccines was a landmark in the current efforts to contain the global pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, vaccine rollout and inoculation campaigns continue to progress steadily across the globe. However, “skewed” rollout, or the inequitable or delayed access to the vaccines encountered particularly by low-income countries in Africa, remains a source of great concern. This may negatively affect the continent and could lead to increased transmission, travel restrictions, further economic disruptions, and increased morbidity and mortality. Ultimately, these negative consequences could directly or indirectly hamper global efforts to defeat the pandemic. Access to COVID-19 vaccines is a global priority and provides a source of hope to bring the pandemic under control. High-income nations, national governments, donor agencies, and other relevant stakeholders must support the World Health Organization's COVAX initiative to ensure fair, rapid and equitable distribution of the vaccines to countries, irrespective of income level. This effort will rapidly bring the pandemic under control and impact the recovery of the global economy. Low-income nations in Africa must significantly invest in research, health care, vaccines, and drug development and must remain proactive in preparing against future pandemics. This review examines the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccines with a focus on Africa.","PeriodicalId":54959,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44766209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01Epub Date: 2021-11-24DOI: 10.1177/00207314211051880
Nuria Matilla-Santander, Johanna Jonsson, Bertina Kreshpaj, Cecilia Orellana, Joan Benach, Kathryn Badarin, Bo Burström, Alejandra Vives, Katarina Kjellberg, Susanne Strömdahl, Gun Johansson, Per-Olof Östergren, Theo Bodin
Precarious employment (PE) is a well-known social determinant of health and health inequalities. However, as most previous studies have focused on physical and mental well-being, less is known about the social-related outcomes (ie, social precarity) associated with precarious arrangements. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate whether PE is associated with social precarity in a working population of 401 nonstandard employed workers in Stockholm, Sweden (2016-2017). PE was assessed with the Swedish version of the Employment Precarious Scale (EPRES-Se) and analyzed in relation to social precarity related to working life (eg, task quality and job security) and living conditions (eg, restraint in social activities and financial constraints). We found positive adjusted associations between quartiles of EPRES-Se and social precarity related to working life (eg, being locked in an occupation [aPRq4:1.33 [1.10-1.61]]) and living conditions (eg, inability to participate in social activities because of work [aPRq4:1.27 [1.10-1.46]]). Our findings suggest that individuals in PE experience social precarity, stressing that PE may have negative effects on well-being. Further studies using multidimensional constructs of PE and larger samples should analyze these findings according to social and policy contexts in order to be able to inform policymakers.
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