Significant progress in the classification, definition, and understanding of the main Au deposit types could significantly aid improvements in Au exploration. Because of the wide occurrence of Au in the central part of the Tethyan Eurasian Metallogenic Belt, Iranian structures composed of more than seventeen zones (arcs and blocks) are considered as having one of the largest Au reserves in the Middle East. Without attempts at understanding the tectono-magmatic evolution of Iran and the geodynamic settings of Au deposition, the establishment of a reliable predictive exploration model for Au-type deposits in Iran and other parts of the world will be unsuccessful. By considering, a total number of 33 Au deposits and prospects in Iran, a mineralization sequence is revealed from VMS, orogenic, Carlin-type, epithermal/ porphyry Cu-Au/ skarn, epithermal/ and IOCG, respectively. The trend of deposition gradually changes in the SW-NE axis to intrusion-related, epithermal, and porphyry Cu-Au deposits at UDMA and post-arc magmatism. Orogenic and volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits occur adjacent to the northeast Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt, at the SSZ. The Zagros Orogeny and associated post-collisional magmatism at Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) host many porphyry, epithermal, and intrusion-related Au deposits, with a major magmatism peak in the Miocene. The finding of the manuscript reveals that orogenic and Carlin-type Au mineralization are linked genetically. After each associated subduction for paleo-tethys (286-215 Ma) and Neo-tethys (210-68 Ma) in Iran, VMS and orogenic Au-deposits are formed in the border of the subduction (±obduction) zone. The porphyry, intrusion-related, epithermal, and IOCG mineralization are emplaced in appropriate formations and structures during collision and post-collision processes.
{"title":"Gold metallogeny in Iran, implications for gold exploration and conceptual modeling","authors":"F. Darabi-Golestan","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-010","url":null,"abstract":"Significant progress in the classification, definition, and understanding of the main Au deposit types could significantly aid improvements in Au exploration. Because of the wide occurrence of Au in the central part of the Tethyan Eurasian Metallogenic Belt, Iranian structures composed of more than seventeen zones (arcs and blocks) are considered as having one of the largest Au reserves in the Middle East. Without attempts at understanding the tectono-magmatic evolution of Iran and the geodynamic settings of Au deposition, the establishment of a reliable predictive exploration model for Au-type deposits in Iran and other parts of the world will be unsuccessful. By considering, a total number of 33 Au deposits and prospects in Iran, a mineralization sequence is revealed from VMS, orogenic, Carlin-type, epithermal/ porphyry Cu-Au/ skarn, epithermal/ and IOCG, respectively. The trend of deposition gradually changes in the SW-NE axis to intrusion-related, epithermal, and porphyry Cu-Au deposits at UDMA and post-arc magmatism. Orogenic and volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits occur adjacent to the northeast Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt, at the SSZ. The Zagros Orogeny and associated post-collisional magmatism at Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) host many porphyry, epithermal, and intrusion-related Au deposits, with a major magmatism peak in the Miocene. The finding of the manuscript reveals that orogenic and Carlin-type Au mineralization are linked genetically. After each associated subduction for paleo-tethys (286-215 Ma) and Neo-tethys (210-68 Ma) in Iran, VMS and orogenic Au-deposits are formed in the border of the subduction (±obduction) zone. The porphyry, intrusion-related, epithermal, and IOCG mineralization are emplaced in appropriate formations and structures during collision and post-collision processes.","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42048969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Hakim, D. Sunjaya, A. H. Hede, T. Indriati, T. Hidayat
The Western Indonesia Bauxite Province in Kalimantan forms a lateritic bauxite region with a complex history and poorly known sustainable metal contents within the bauxite residue. Bauxite residue produced using the Bayer process contains notable scandium. We present new geochemistry, mineralogical, and geological data from the lateritic bauxite and red mud from the active mine and deposit, which aims to investigate the behavior of critical elements during weathering. The geochemical analysis and translated isocon results have shown that the content of scandium in red mud is higher than the average concentration of crustal rocks and is concentrated in the ferrite layer and bauxite residue. A positive correlation between the existence of iron oxyhydroxide mineral in residual iron-rich layer and red muds with the rare earth elements (REE) and scandium concentrations may be interpreted as a scavenging effect of mobile REE. The weathering and leaching processes in bauxite allows the adsorption of the trivalent scandium cation (Sc 3+ ) on goethite and are followed by the ionic substitution with other trivalent cations in the crystal of hematite. The study illustrates the importance of understanding processes during weathering and laterization for geochemical processes and rare earth elements exploration in tropical areas. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6689139
{"title":"Critical raw materials associated with the lateritic bauxite and red mud in West Kalimantan, Indonesia","authors":"A. Hakim, D. Sunjaya, A. H. Hede, T. Indriati, T. Hidayat","doi":"10.1144/geochem2022-064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2022-064","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Western Indonesia Bauxite Province in Kalimantan forms a lateritic bauxite region with a complex history and poorly known sustainable metal contents within the bauxite residue. Bauxite residue produced using the Bayer process contains notable scandium. We present new geochemistry, mineralogical, and geological data from the lateritic bauxite and red mud from the active mine and deposit, which aims to investigate the behavior of critical elements during weathering. The geochemical analysis and translated isocon results have shown that the content of scandium in red mud is higher than the average concentration of crustal rocks and is concentrated in the ferrite layer and bauxite residue. A positive correlation between the existence of iron oxyhydroxide mineral in residual iron-rich layer and red muds with the rare earth elements (REE) and scandium concentrations may be interpreted as a scavenging effect of mobile REE. The weathering and leaching processes in bauxite allows the adsorption of the trivalent scandium cation (Sc\u0000 3+\u0000 ) on goethite and are followed by the ionic substitution with other trivalent cations in the crystal of hematite. The study illustrates the importance of understanding processes during weathering and laterization for geochemical processes and rare earth elements exploration in tropical areas.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Thematic collection:\u0000 This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at:\u0000 https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material:\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6689139\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44405851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To meet the increasing demand for metals to assist in a successful and rapid energy transition, it is crucial to discover more first-class mineral deposits. With most of the world's major deposits occurring near surface, improved methods for detection at deeper levels are required. This paper summarizes the soil gas studies that have been published in English discussing the use of soil gas as a sample medium for mineral exploration. The potential and the reliability of various methods and gas species (O2/CO2, sulphur gases, polymetallic studies, gaseous hydrocarbons, radiogenic daughters (He, Rn), hydrogen and other gases) are reviewed and the challenges for the broad-scale adoption of soil gas measurement as an exploration tool are discussed. Soil gas composition has promising potential for mineral exploration, but much remains to be understood about the origins and processes affecting soil gas composition. There has been a great deal of variation among the studies in sampling and analytical techniques, targeted gas(es), targeted commodities and mineralization type, climatic conditions and environmental settings. Improvement is needed in technical consistency, systematic monitoring of the environmental factors shortly before and after sampling, and the impact of microbes on the composition of the gases. In addition, further study is needed into the impact of climate, the cover composition and structure as well as the biological impact of microbes and plant roots before soil gas composition is a reliable exploration method. Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.25919/5eww-8f16 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Reviews in Exploration Geochemistry collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/reviews-in-exploration-geochemistry
{"title":"Soil gases in mineral exploration: A review and the potential for future developments","authors":"C. Plet, R. Noble","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-008","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the increasing demand for metals to assist in a successful and rapid energy transition, it is crucial to discover more first-class mineral deposits. With most of the world's major deposits occurring near surface, improved methods for detection at deeper levels are required.\u0000 This paper summarizes the soil gas studies that have been published in English discussing the use of soil gas as a sample medium for mineral exploration. The potential and the reliability of various methods and gas species (O2/CO2, sulphur gases, polymetallic studies, gaseous hydrocarbons, radiogenic daughters (He, Rn), hydrogen and other gases) are reviewed and the challenges for the broad-scale adoption of soil gas measurement as an exploration tool are discussed.\u0000 Soil gas composition has promising potential for mineral exploration, but much remains to be understood about the origins and processes affecting soil gas composition. There has been a great deal of variation among the studies in sampling and analytical techniques, targeted gas(es), targeted commodities and mineralization type, climatic conditions and environmental settings.\u0000 Improvement is needed in technical consistency, systematic monitoring of the environmental factors shortly before and after sampling, and the impact of microbes on the composition of the gases. In addition, further study is needed into the impact of climate, the cover composition and structure as well as the biological impact of microbes and plant roots before soil gas composition is a reliable exploration method.\u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material:\u0000 https://doi.org/10.25919/5eww-8f16\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Thematic collection:\u0000 This article is part of the Reviews in Exploration Geochemistry collection available at:\u0000 https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/reviews-in-exploration-geochemistry\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48330683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Conrey, D. G. Bailey, J. Singer, L. Wagoner, B. Parfitt, J. Hay, O. Keh, Z. Chang, S. Huang
We describe a method for LA-ICP-MS elemental analysis of geological materials using low-dilution Li-borate fused glass WDXRF pellets, with samples, drift monitor, and 18 reference materials (RMs) identically prepared. After analysis for 46 elements by WDXRF, LA-ICP-MS intensities from samples and RMs are collected, and background corrected with Iolite software. HALite , a new software application, was developed to derive the elemental compositions from the LA-ICP-MS net signals. In HALite , elements are drift corrected using polynomial functions, and flux-fused RM element sensitivities are calculated from known mass fractions. Multiple internal standard (IS) elements are used to model each sample's laser response. Analyte mass fractions in unknowns are determined using the calibrated sensitivity correlation models for multiple IS elements. Either the WDXRF mass fractions or the initial round of calculated LA-ICP-MS mass fractions are used to calculate weighted mean sensitivities. Validation experiments with flux-fused RMs run as unknowns yield results with less than 5-10% total relative uncertainty for most analytes. We derive equations which allow calculation of the precision and total uncertainty as a function of mass fraction for each analyte element. Supplementary materials: Table 1 - RMs used; Table 2 - Operating parameters; Table 3 - Model vs. accepted mass fractions; Table 4 - NIST 610 vs. multiple IS models; Table 5 - Fitting parameters; Appendix 1 - HALite description; Appendix A - Summary calibration graphs; Appendix B - Validation results; Appendix C - WDXRF comparisons; Appendix D - Repeatability uncertainties; Appendix E - RM uncertainties; Appendix F - Total uncertainties for this article are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6639885
{"title":"Combined use of multiple external and internal standards in LA-ICP-MS analysis of bulk geological samples using lithium borate fused glass","authors":"R. Conrey, D. G. Bailey, J. Singer, L. Wagoner, B. Parfitt, J. Hay, O. Keh, Z. Chang, S. Huang","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We describe a method for LA-ICP-MS elemental analysis of geological materials using low-dilution Li-borate fused glass WDXRF pellets, with samples, drift monitor, and 18 reference materials (RMs) identically prepared. After analysis for 46 elements by WDXRF, LA-ICP-MS intensities from samples and RMs are collected, and background corrected with\u0000 Iolite\u0000 software.\u0000 HALite\u0000 , a new software application, was developed to derive the elemental compositions from the LA-ICP-MS net signals. In\u0000 HALite\u0000 , elements are drift corrected using polynomial functions, and flux-fused RM element sensitivities are calculated from known mass fractions. Multiple internal standard (IS) elements are used to model each sample's laser response. Analyte mass fractions in unknowns are determined using the calibrated sensitivity correlation models for multiple IS elements. Either the WDXRF mass fractions or the initial round of calculated LA-ICP-MS mass fractions are used to calculate weighted mean sensitivities. Validation experiments with flux-fused RMs run as unknowns yield results with less than 5-10% total relative uncertainty for most analytes. We derive equations which allow calculation of the precision and total uncertainty as a function of mass fraction for each analyte element.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary materials:\u0000 Table 1 - RMs used; Table 2 - Operating parameters; Table 3 - Model vs. accepted mass fractions; Table 4 - NIST 610 vs. multiple IS models; Table 5 - Fitting parameters; Appendix 1 - HALite description; Appendix A - Summary calibration graphs; Appendix B - Validation results; Appendix C - WDXRF comparisons; Appendix D - Repeatability uncertainties; Appendix E - RM uncertainties; Appendix F - Total uncertainties for this article are available at\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6639885\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49646711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To investigate the inter relationship of metal elements in soil-medicinal plant systems, 51 pairs of soil and Chinese herbaceous peony samples were collected from Bozhou City, China. Our results revealed that the major and trace elements in soils and Chinese herbaceous peony samples were in a similar descent order as: Al > Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd for soil samples, and Al > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Cd for peony samples. The pollution indices of Enrichment factor (EF) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) both indicated that Cr was the priority pollutant in soils and the other elements (Mn, As, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) were slightly elevated. In general, the pollution load index (PLI) indicated that the studied soils were slightly contaminated by the nine elements. Furthermore, there existed significant relationship between Cr content in peony samples and Cr content in soils and soil pH (P < 0.01), indicating that the main source of Cr in Chinese herbaceous peony was probably from soils. Additionally, Cr content in peony samples displayed the highest hazard quotient (HQ) value, followed by As, Cu, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Although the hazard quotient (HQ) for all elements and hazard index (HI) were lower than 1, which indicated no adverse health effects for adults, it was necessary to strengthen the control of soil Cr content in the process of peony planting. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits
{"title":"Accumulation and health risk of major and trace elements in a soil-medicinal plant system: A case study of Chinese herbaceous peony (\u0000 Paeonia Lactiflora\u0000 Pall.) grown in Bozhou, China","authors":"Jie Wang, Xin Zhang, Yunfei Hu","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-006","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the inter relationship of metal elements in soil-medicinal plant systems, 51 pairs of soil and Chinese herbaceous peony samples were collected from Bozhou City, China. Our results revealed that the major and trace elements in soils and Chinese herbaceous peony samples were in a similar descent order as: Al > Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd for soil samples, and Al > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Cd for peony samples. The pollution indices of Enrichment factor (EF) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) both indicated that Cr was the priority pollutant in soils and the other elements (Mn, As, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) were slightly elevated. In general, the pollution load index (PLI) indicated that the studied soils were slightly contaminated by the nine elements. Furthermore, there existed significant relationship between Cr content in peony samples and Cr content in soils and soil pH (P < 0.01), indicating that the main source of Cr in Chinese herbaceous peony was probably from soils. Additionally, Cr content in peony samples displayed the highest hazard quotient (HQ) value, followed by As, Cu, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Although the hazard quotient (HQ) for all elements and hazard index (HI) were lower than 1, which indicated no adverse health effects for adults, it was necessary to strengthen the control of soil Cr content in the process of peony planting.\u0000 \u0000 Thematic collection:\u0000 This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at:\u0000 https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48618751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Hao, Tan Kaixuan, Li Yongmei, Xie Yanshi, Han Shili, Xiao Wenzhou
Shizhuyuan is a world-class W-Sn supergiant polymetallic deposit, with a large area of potential mineralization around it. Dicranopteris dichotoma, widely distributed in the Shizhuyuan mining area, were sampled. Biogeochemical and Number-Size fractal methods were used to evaluate the biogeochemical characteristics of trace elements in the samples and the feasibility of indicating subsurface mineral deposits. The results reveal that D. dichotoma not only has strong uptake of the active state of metal elements (Zn, Mo, Cd, Sn, etc.) in the soil, but also shows the geochemical anomalies of Zn, Fe, Tl, Ag, Pb, U, As, Bi, Cd, Mo and Sn in the study area. The Number-Size fractal method can effectively identify the concentration populations of biogeochemical target elements and obtain convincing anomaly thresholds. Analysis of the metal content of D. dichotoma is an effective tool for biogeochemical exploration of Pb-Zn-U hydrothermal deposits in the study area. Zinc as well as U are target elements, and Tl appears to be an effective pathfinder element for Zn-Pb-U mineralization. In addition, 260-340 m of Line 3 # and 1100-1200 m of Line 8 # are the key areas for future exploration of lead-zinc-uranium hydrothermal deposits.
{"title":"Biogeochemical fractal characteristics of trace elements in the Shizhuyuan polymetallic mining area and their prospecting significance","authors":"Z. Hao, Tan Kaixuan, Li Yongmei, Xie Yanshi, Han Shili, Xiao Wenzhou","doi":"10.1144/geochem2022-062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2022-062","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Shizhuyuan is a world-class W-Sn supergiant polymetallic deposit, with a large area of potential mineralization around it.\u0000 Dicranopteris dichotoma,\u0000 widely distributed in the Shizhuyuan mining area, were sampled. Biogeochemical and Number-Size fractal methods were used to evaluate the biogeochemical characteristics of trace elements in the samples and the feasibility of indicating subsurface mineral deposits. The results reveal that\u0000 D. dichotoma\u0000 not only has strong uptake of the active state of metal elements (Zn, Mo, Cd, Sn, etc.) in the soil, but also shows the geochemical anomalies of Zn, Fe, Tl, Ag, Pb, U, As, Bi, Cd, Mo and Sn in the study area. The Number-Size fractal method can effectively identify the concentration populations of biogeochemical target elements and obtain convincing anomaly thresholds. Analysis of the metal content of\u0000 D. dichotoma\u0000 is an effective tool for biogeochemical exploration of Pb-Zn-U hydrothermal deposits in the study area. Zinc as well as U are target elements, and Tl appears to be an effective pathfinder element for Zn-Pb-U mineralization. In addition, 260-340 m of Line 3\u0000 #\u0000 and 1100-1200 m of Line 8\u0000 #\u0000 are the key areas for future exploration of lead-zinc-uranium hydrothermal deposits.\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45810669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laboratory based laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instruments have proven themselves for trace element analysis of an extensive range of elements. As portable devices have evolved greatly in recent years, new areas of field-application are opening up. However, no portable LIBS (pLIBS) has yet been used for quantitative inorganic water analysis. The aim of this study was to explore whether pLIBS combined with a surface enhanced (SE) liquid to solid conversion (LSC) method can quantify light alkali element concentrations in standard solutions. Multivariate calibrations were performed with single element standard solutions at detection limits of 0.006, 0.011, and 0.007 mg/L for Li, Na, and K, respectively. Coefficients of determination (R 2 ) for the calibration lines from 0.1 to 100 mg/l for Li and Na, and 0.1 to160 mg/L for K were between 0.96 and 0.99. It has been shown that the surface preparation technique used improves the homogeneity of the spread and shape of the evaporation residue and thus accuracy and precision of the analysis. Hence, this study demonstrates that it is possible to quantify light alkali metals in single element standard solutions in the range of 0.1 to 160 mg/L handheld LIBS.
{"title":"Quantitative analysis of Li, Na, and K in single element standard solutions using portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (pLIBS)","authors":"N. Schlatter, B. Lottermoser","doi":"10.1144/geochem2023-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2023-019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Laboratory based laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instruments have proven themselves for trace element analysis of an extensive range of elements. As portable devices have evolved greatly in recent years, new areas of field-application are opening up. However, no portable LIBS (pLIBS) has yet been used for quantitative inorganic water analysis. The aim of this study was to explore whether pLIBS combined with a surface enhanced (SE) liquid to solid conversion (LSC) method can quantify light alkali element concentrations in standard solutions. Multivariate calibrations were performed with single element standard solutions at detection limits of 0.006, 0.011, and 0.007 mg/L for Li, Na, and K, respectively. Coefficients of determination (R\u0000 2\u0000 ) for the calibration lines from 0.1 to 100 mg/l for Li and Na, and 0.1 to160 mg/L for K were between 0.96 and 0.99. It has been shown that the surface preparation technique used improves the homogeneity of the spread and shape of the evaporation residue and thus accuracy and precision of the analysis. Hence, this study demonstrates that it is possible to quantify light alkali metals in single element standard solutions in the range of 0.1 to 160 mg/L handheld LIBS.\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48926432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Reid, C. Plet, R. Thorne, A. Hunt, J. Hille, R. Noble, D. Gray
The use of groundwater geochemistry to explore for Au mineralisation has faced some challenges. For this type of mineralisation, the best pathfinder element is Au itself. However, the analytical technique for precious metals including Au and Ag has a relatively low sensitivity, in particular for brackish to saline waters. Medium to high salinity waters need to be diluted before analyses, leading to even lower Au concentrations and more samples below detection thresholds. Here, we present methods where a pre-concentration step is added by using activated carbon sachets that adsorb and concentrate the precious metals of interest from the water sample. This approach was used during a regional survey in the Northern Yilgarn Craton, as well as on several smaller case studies, to determine the potential of groundwater geochemistry in identifying Au mineralisation at depth. Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6454122
{"title":"Gold exploration using groundwater in Western Australia","authors":"N. Reid, C. Plet, R. Thorne, A. Hunt, J. Hille, R. Noble, D. Gray","doi":"10.1144/geochem2022-066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2022-066","url":null,"abstract":"The use of groundwater geochemistry to explore for Au mineralisation has faced some challenges. For this type of mineralisation, the best pathfinder element is Au itself. However, the analytical technique for precious metals including Au and Ag has a relatively low sensitivity, in particular for brackish to saline waters. Medium to high salinity waters need to be diluted before analyses, leading to even lower Au concentrations and more samples below detection thresholds. Here, we present methods where a pre-concentration step is added by using activated carbon sachets that adsorb and concentrate the precious metals of interest from the water sample. This approach was used during a regional survey in the Northern Yilgarn Craton, as well as on several smaller case studies, to determine the potential of groundwater geochemistry in identifying Au mineralisation at depth.\u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material:\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6454122\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41634600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zebedee Zivkovic, L. Danyushevsky, S. Halley, S. Barker, Michael Baker
Mining and exploration companies routinely use four acid digestion, inductively coupled plasma, atomic emission spectra/mass spectrometry (4AD ICP-AES/MS) methods from commercial assay laboratories for analysing drill and rock samples for lithogeochemical assessment and resource reporting. This method is also known to exhibit lower recovery of elements hosted by resistate minerals. To assess the impact of lower recoveries on lithogeochemical interpretation, a suite of commonly used elements for lithogeochemical analysis (high field strength elements (HFSE) Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Eu and transition elements V and Sc) was analysed by a four-acid digestion (4AD) and an alkali fusion/acid digestion (AFAD). Lower recoveries in the 4AD relative to the AFAD were recorded for Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Eu. Scandium and vanadium reported similar concentrations for both decomposition methods. Despite the lower recoveries for Nb, Ta and Ti, element ratios were largely preserved with the 4AD method due to the recoveries covarying at a one-to-one ratio. A plot of Ti/Nb against V/Sc was found to be largely unaffected by decomposition method, producing similar compositional classifications between the two digestion methods. Use of the europium anomaly (Eu/Eu*) to determine plagioclase fractionation was also found to be unaffected by decomposition method. In contrast, a standard Zr/Ti vs Nb/Y discrimination plot produced incorrect classifications with the 4AD producing more mafic and alkaline classifications relative to the AFAD method. Magmatic fertility interpretations utilising Zr/Hf were also found to be affected in the 4AD results due to the lower recovery of Zr relative to Hf. This resulted in a bias in the 4AD results and produced false positive anomalism in fertility assessments. Multiple decomposition methods including combinations of acid and fusion methods are recommended for lithogeochemical analysis utilising large regions of the periodic table. However, if only 4AD data are available, plots such as Ti/Nb vs V/Sc and Nb/Ta which preserve their ratios can be used for lithogeochemical classification. Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6444444
矿业和勘探公司通常使用商业分析实验室的四种酸消解、电感耦合等离子体、原子发射光谱/质谱(4AD ICP-AES/MS)方法来分析岩屑和岩石样品，进行岩石地球化学评估和资源报告。这种方法也显示出较低的回收元素承载的抗性矿物。为了评估低采收率对岩石地球化学解释的影响，采用四酸溶出(4AD)和碱融合/酸溶出(AFAD)分析了一套岩石地球化学分析常用元素(高场强元素Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ti、Eu和过渡元素V、Sc)。相对于AFAD, 4AD中Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ti和Eu的回收率较低。两种分解方法中钪和钒的浓度相近。尽管Nb、Ta和Ti的回收率较低，但由于回收率以一对一的比例协变，4AD方法的元素比例基本保持不变。发现Ti/Nb与V/Sc的对比图基本上不受分解方法的影响，两种消解方法之间的成分分类相似。使用铕异常(Eu/Eu*)来确定斜长石分馏也发现不受分解方法的影响。相比之下，标准的Zr/Ti与Nb/Y区分图产生了错误的分类，与AFAD方法相比，4AD方法产生了更多的基性和碱性分类。利用Zr/Hf的岩浆肥力解释也被发现在4AD结果中受到影响，因为相对于Hf, Zr的回收率较低。这导致了4AD结果的偏差，并在生育评估中产生了假阳性异常。在岩石地球化学分析中，建议采用多种分解方法，包括酸法和聚变法的组合，利用元素周期表的大部分区域。然而，如果只有4AD数据，则Ti/Nb vs V/Sc和Nb/Ta等保持比值的图可用于岩石地球化学分类。补充资料:https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6444444
{"title":"Comparison of lithium borate fusion and four acid digestions for the determination of whole rock chemistry – implications for lithogeochemistry and mineral exploration","authors":"Zebedee Zivkovic, L. Danyushevsky, S. Halley, S. Barker, Michael Baker","doi":"10.1144/geochem2022-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2022-054","url":null,"abstract":"Mining and exploration companies routinely use four acid digestion, inductively coupled plasma, atomic emission spectra/mass spectrometry (4AD ICP-AES/MS) methods from commercial assay laboratories for analysing drill and rock samples for lithogeochemical assessment and resource reporting. This method is also known to exhibit lower recovery of elements hosted by resistate minerals. To assess the impact of lower recoveries on lithogeochemical interpretation, a suite of commonly used elements for lithogeochemical analysis (high field strength elements (HFSE) Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Eu and transition elements V and Sc) was analysed by a four-acid digestion (4AD) and an alkali fusion/acid digestion (AFAD). Lower recoveries in the 4AD relative to the AFAD were recorded for Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Eu. Scandium and vanadium reported similar concentrations for both decomposition methods. Despite the lower recoveries for Nb, Ta and Ti, element ratios were largely preserved with the 4AD method due to the recoveries covarying at a one-to-one ratio. A plot of Ti/Nb against V/Sc was found to be largely unaffected by decomposition method, producing similar compositional classifications between the two digestion methods. Use of the europium anomaly (Eu/Eu*) to determine plagioclase fractionation was also found to be unaffected by decomposition method. In contrast, a standard Zr/Ti vs Nb/Y discrimination plot produced incorrect classifications with the 4AD producing more mafic and alkaline classifications relative to the AFAD method. Magmatic fertility interpretations utilising Zr/Hf were also found to be affected in the 4AD results due to the lower recovery of Zr relative to Hf. This resulted in a bias in the 4AD results and produced false positive anomalism in fertility assessments. Multiple decomposition methods including combinations of acid and fusion methods are recommended for lithogeochemical analysis utilising large regions of the periodic table. However, if only 4AD data are available, plots such as Ti/Nb vs V/Sc and Nb/Ta which preserve their ratios can be used for lithogeochemical classification.\u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material:\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6444444\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44439770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to review the environmental geochemical characteristics (re.: enriched elements) in coals of the late Permian Xuanwei Formation of Northwest Yunnan, China, and gauge the possible existence of significant relationships with the incidence and distribution of lung cancer in the region. To achieve this goal, 27 samples were collected in this region; the mineralogical characteristics and major and trace elements were analyzed; the Pb isotopic composition was traced; the contribution of the source rock was calculated; and principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out. Our current findings are summarized as follows: (1) the minerals are mainly quartz (silica), chamosite, calcite, and kaolinite. (2) MnO, SiO 2 , V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, and W are enriched. (3) The LREYs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, and Eu) and HREYs (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y) have similar enrichment degrees, and the fractionation degree of HREYs is higher than LREYs. (4) The source distance restricts the Pb isotope composition. (5) MnO, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd are controlled by the Emeishan basalt; the origin of SiO 2 (authigenic quartz) is unclear. (6) The lung cancer tissue characteristics, PCA, and toxicological characteristics of elements suggest that the main components of enriched elements probably come from V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd, not SiO 2 . In conclusion, the carcinogenic elements V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd may be related to lung cancer. Since our study is highly explorative, this result leaves many interesting aspects to be further studied. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6444476
{"title":"Environmental geochemical characteristics of Xuanwei Formation coal and their controlling geological factors, with comments on the relationship with lung cancer incidence and distribution","authors":"Zailin Chen, Zeming Shi, S. Ni, J. Hu","doi":"10.1144/geochem2022-034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2022-034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper attempts to review the environmental geochemical characteristics (re.: enriched elements) in coals of the late Permian Xuanwei Formation of Northwest Yunnan, China, and gauge the possible existence of significant relationships with the incidence and distribution of lung cancer in the region. To achieve this goal, 27 samples were collected in this region; the mineralogical characteristics and major and trace elements were analyzed; the Pb isotopic composition was traced; the contribution of the source rock was calculated; and principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out. Our current findings are summarized as follows: (1) the minerals are mainly quartz (silica), chamosite, calcite, and kaolinite. (2) MnO, SiO\u0000 2\u0000 , V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, and W are enriched. (3) The LREYs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, and Eu) and HREYs (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y) have similar enrichment degrees, and the fractionation degree of HREYs is higher than LREYs. (4) The source distance restricts the Pb isotope composition. (5) MnO, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd are controlled by the Emeishan basalt; the origin of SiO\u0000 2\u0000 (authigenic quartz) is unclear. (6) The lung cancer tissue characteristics, PCA, and toxicological characteristics of elements suggest that the main components of enriched elements probably come from V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd, not SiO\u0000 2\u0000 . In conclusion, the carcinogenic elements V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd may be related to lung cancer. Since our study is highly explorative, this result leaves many interesting aspects to be further studied.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Thematic collection:\u0000 This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at:\u0000 https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Supplementary material:\u0000 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6444476\u0000","PeriodicalId":55114,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry-Exploration Environment Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44734612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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