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Structural and regulatory dynamics of septum development in fungal hyphae 真菌菌丝中隔发育的结构和调控动力学

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104008

Olga A. Callejas-Negrete , Alejandro Fajardo-Peralta , Rosa R. Mouriño-Pérez

Filamentous fungi grow through hyphae, divided by septa with central pores that allow cytoplasmic flow, supporting coenocytic behavior. Septa provide structural rigidity, contain damage by plugging pores during injury, and aid in developmental processes like conidiation. Septum formation is tightly regulated, involving selection of the septation site, actomyosin ring assembly and cell wall deposition. Recent advances in microscopy and molecular studies have clarified many aspects of septation, however some mechanisms remain unclear. This review examines the roles, structure, and regulation of hyphal septa, emphasizing their dynamic functions in structural support, damage control, and differentiation. Septa are multilayered structures composed of chitin and β-1,3-glucan, with Woronin bodies (WB) acting as emergency plugs in ascomycetes. The actin cytoskeleton, septins, and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are crucial for septum formation, with actin and associated proteins driving the contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Septins organize into higher-order structures, regulating septation and fungal development. Regulatory networks, including the septation initiation network (SIN), coordinate mitosis and septation, with Rho GTPases playing key role. Despite progress, questions remain about protein transport, septum regulation, and evolutionary adaptations. This review highlights the complexity of septation and the need for further research to fully understand this essential process in filamentous fungi.

丝状真菌通过菌丝生长，由带有中心孔的间隔隔开，允许细胞质流动，支持胞囊行为。隔层提供结构刚性，在损伤时通过堵塞毛孔来抑制损伤，并帮助发育过程，如分生作用。隔膜的形成受到严格的调控，包括分隔位点的选择、肌动球蛋白环的组装和细胞壁的沉积。近年来显微镜和分子研究的进展已经阐明了分离的许多方面，但一些机制仍不清楚。本文综述了菌丝间隔的作用、结构和调控，重点介绍了菌丝间隔在结构支撑、损伤控制和分化等方面的动态功能。隔层是由几丁质和β-1,3-葡聚糖组成的多层结构，Woronin小体（WB）在子囊菌中起着应急塞的作用。肌动蛋白骨架、间隔蛋白和微管组织中心（MTOCs）对间隔形成至关重要，肌动蛋白和相关蛋白驱动收缩的肌动球蛋白环（CAR）。septin组织成高阶结构，调节分隔和真菌发育。包括分裂起始网络（SIN）在内的调控网络协调有丝分裂和分裂，其中Rho GTPases起着关键作用。尽管取得了进展，但关于蛋白质运输、隔膜调节和进化适应的问题仍然存在。这篇综述强调了分离的复杂性和进一步研究的必要性，以充分了解丝状真菌的这一重要过程。

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引用次数: 0

Transposition of a non-autonomous element into the Gβ gene of Schizophyllum commune causes the streak mutation 一个非自主元件转置到裂叶植物的Gβ基因中导致条纹突变

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104007

Antonio d'Errico , Peter Jan Vonk , Han A.B. Wösten, Luis G. Lugones

Streak mutants of Schizophyllum commune are characterized by ropy, hyperbranching hyphae, suppressed aerial hyphae formation, and the production of pigments. Additionally, these mutants dikaryotize unilaterally, with the mutant fertilizing its compatible mating partner, but not accepting its nucleus. Here we show that a 512 bp non-autonomous transposable element had integrated in the G_β protein of a streak mutant of S. commune. This element has the same 50 bp inverted repeat as an autonomous element, dubbed Bike transposon. Its transposase has homologues in various Agaricomycetes. Introducing the G_β gene in the streak mutant restored the wild-type phenotype showing that the integration of the 512 bp element in the G_β gene is responsible for the streak phenotype.

裂叶植物的条纹突变体具有粘稠、多分枝菌丝、抑制气生菌丝形成和色素产生的特点。此外，这些突变体单方进行双核化，突变体与其相容的配偶受精，但不接受其细胞核。本研究表明，一个512 bp的非自主转座元件已整合到S. commune条纹突变体的Gβ蛋白中。该元件与独立元件（称为Bike转座子）具有相同的50 bp反向重复序列。它的转座酶在各种真菌中有同源物。在条纹突变体中引入Gβ基因恢复了野生型表型，表明Gβ基因中512 bp元件的整合与条纹表型有关。

引用次数: 0

Influence of H3K9 methylation on gene mutation rates in yeast: Advancing epigenetic research with controlled experimental design H3K9甲基化对酵母基因突变率的影响：采用对照实验设计推进表观遗传学研究

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104003

Ola Abdalla , Cameron Walker

Mutations drive genetic variation, fueling both oncogenesis and species evolution. The mutation rate varies across the genome, potentially influenced by chromatin organization through histone modifications and other factors. However, the precise relationship between chromatin structure and mutation rate remains poorly understood and needs further investigation. One such modification, the methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me), is known to form heterochromatin and repress transcription in euchromatin, thereby maintaining genome stability essential for organism survival. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of H3K9 methylation, in isolation from other histone markers, on the mutation rate in fission yeast. Employing fluctuation assays and statistical analysis, our innovative methodology estimates the mutation rates of a single gene under two different conditions within a single experiment using an isogenic clone in Fission yeast. Our findings highlight a potential association between H3K9 methylation and the phenotypic mutation rate of the same gene, ura4⁺. For prospective researchers, this study introduces a new experimental approach that offers unprecedented accuracy in gene analysis, with implications for both genetic research and epigenetic therapy.

突变驱动基因变异，促进肿瘤发生和物种进化。突变率在整个基因组中有所不同，可能受到组蛋白修饰和其他因素的染色质组织的影响。然而，染色质结构和突变率之间的确切关系仍然知之甚少，需要进一步研究。一种这样的修饰，赖氨酸9处组蛋白H3的甲基化（H3K9me），已知形成异染色质并抑制常染色质的转录，从而维持生物体生存所必需的基因组稳定性。本研究旨在阐明分离其他组蛋白标记的H3K9甲基化对裂变酵母突变率的影响。采用波动分析和统计分析，我们的创新方法估计单个基因在两种不同条件下的突变率，在一个实验中使用裂变酵母的等基因克隆。我们的研究结果强调了H3K9甲基化与同一基因ura4+的表型突变率之间的潜在关联。对于未来的研究人员来说，这项研究引入了一种新的实验方法，在基因分析中提供了前所未有的准确性，对基因研究和表观遗传治疗都有意义。

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引用次数: 0

Unravelling fungal pathogenesis: Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 for understanding virulence and adaptation 揭示真菌发病机制：CRISPR-Cas9在了解毒力和适应性方面的进展

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104006

Ajay Nair , Archana S. Rao , M.A. Surabhi , M. Gnanika , Sunil S. More

Fungi, with their billion-year evolutionary history, have adapted to diverse ecological niches, including pathogenic roles that threaten global health, agriculture, and ecosystems. Fungal pathogenicity is shaped by the dynamic evolution of genetic traits that enable fungi to infect hosts, evade immune defenses, and develop resistance to antifungal treatments. Despite their significant clinical and ecological impact, the evolutionary processes underlying fungal virulence and adaptation remain incompletely understood. This review emphasizes the transformative role of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in revealing these mechanisms. By allowing precise manipulation of fungal genomes, CRISPR technologies have provided key insights into virulence factors, stress response mechanisms, immune evasion, and antifungal resistance pathways. These advances demonstrate how fungi adapt to selective pressures, repurpose conserved genetic pathways, and exploit genomic plasticity to thrive in host environments. This review explores the intersection of CRISPR technology and fungal biology, shedding light on its implications for understanding fungal pathogenesis and the potential to develop innovative therapeutic strategies against fungal infections. The integration of CRISPR applications into mycology holds promise for furthering our understanding of fungal evolutionary trajectories and enhancing the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

真菌具有数十亿年的进化史，已经适应了不同的生态位，包括威胁全球健康、农业和生态系统的致病角色。真菌的致病性是由遗传性状的动态进化形成的，这些性状使真菌能够感染宿主，逃避免疫防御，并对抗真菌治疗产生耐药性。尽管它们具有重要的临床和生态影响，但真菌毒力和适应的进化过程仍然不完全清楚。这篇综述强调了CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑在揭示这些机制中的变革作用。通过允许对真菌基因组进行精确操作，CRISPR技术为毒力因子、应激反应机制、免疫逃避和抗真菌抗性途径提供了关键见解。这些进展证明了真菌如何适应选择压力，重新利用保守的遗传途径，并利用基因组可塑性在宿主环境中茁壮成长。这篇综述探讨了CRISPR技术和真菌生物学的交叉，揭示了其对理解真菌发病机制和开发针对真菌感染的创新治疗策略的潜在意义。CRISPR应用于真菌学的整合有望进一步加深我们对真菌进化轨迹的理解，并促进新治疗方法的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Nearly telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of the L. edodes diploid genome 黑桫椤二倍体基因组的近端粒到端粒基因组组装。

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104005

Kazutoshi Yoshitake , Kenta Shirasawa , Kenji K. Kojima , Shuichi Asakawa , Norio Tanaka , Hiroyuki Kurokochi

Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) possesses substantial nutritional and medicinal value. Even though the genomes of several strains have been reported, some essential observations, including the exact chromosome number, still need validation. This study reports a near-telomere-to-telomere assembly of the complete diploid genome of L. edodes strain XR1, a commercially important Japanese strain. We employed the PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing technology combined with single-cell genotyping data and manual curation. The assembled diploid genome comprised 20 chromosomes (10 per haplotype), and significant inter-haplotype variation was observed. Additionally, we identified a novel Penelope-like retrotransposon—Coprina-1_LeEd—specifically localized to the telomeres. This study marks the first report of telomere elongation by the transposition of Coprina. Our findings provide a high-resolution genome resource for L. edodes, consequently elucidating its evolution, genomic structure, and breeding potential. Furthermore, this study establishes a foundation for further research on edible mushroom genetics and biotechnology.

香菇（香菇）具有丰富的营养和药用价值。尽管已经报道了几种菌株的基因组，但一些重要的观察结果，包括确切的染色体数目，仍然需要验证。本研究报道了L. edodes菌株XR1完整二倍体基因组的近端粒到端粒组装，这是一种具有重要商业价值的日本菌株。我们采用PacBio HiFi长读测序技术，结合单细胞基因分型数据和人工管理。组装后的二倍体基因组包含20条染色体（每单倍型10条），单倍型间存在显著差异。此外，我们发现了一种新的类似penelope的反转录转座子coprina - 1_leed -特异性定位于端粒。本研究首次报道了Coprina转位引起的端粒延长。我们的发现提供了高分辨率的L. edodes基因组资源，从而阐明了其进化，基因组结构和育种潜力。为进一步开展食用菌遗传与生物技术研究奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Phenotypic analyses of ΔwcoA and ΔwcoB mutants in Fusarium fujikuroi reveal dark and light-dependent functions as a white-collar complex 对藤黑镰刀菌ΔwcoA和ΔwcoB突变体的表型分析揭示了其作为白领复合体的黑暗和光依赖功能。

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104004

Julia Marente , Philipp Wiemann , Adrián Perera-Bonaño , Bettina Tudzynski , M. Carmen Limón , Javier Avalos

The Fusarium fujikuroi fungus, known as a biotechnological source of gibberellins, has a complex secondary metabolism that responds to various environmental signals, including the availability of light and nitrogen. White collar complex proteins, consisting of the flavoprotein WC1 and its partner WC2, are widespread in fungi where they play a central role in the regulation of numerous genes in response to light. Fusarium fungi possess one copy of each WC gene, named wcoA and wcoB in F. fujikuroi. Function of WcoA was previously investigated for the phenotypic effects of its mutation and the consequences on the transcriptome. In this work we have obtained deletion mutants of the wcoA and wcoB genes in IMI58289 genetic background and the expression of some light-regulated genes related to photobiology, development, and stress, as well as genes for key enzymes of secondary metabolism have been analyzed. The results show that several investigated genes require both WcoA and WcoB to be induced by light, and in some cases, also to be correctly expressed in darkness. The regulatory alterations observed in the wcoA or wcoB mutants are mostly coincidental, indicating the functioning of the encoded proteins as a complex. On the other hand, the diversity of effects on different genes of secondary metabolism, as well as the differences of these effects with those previously observed in another wild-type strain, indicate a high functional versatility of the predicted white-collar complex in the genus Fusarium.

fujikuroi镰刀菌被称为赤霉素的生物技术来源，具有复杂的次级代谢，可响应各种环境信号，包括光和氮的可用性。由黄素蛋白WC1和它的伙伴WC2组成的白领复合蛋白在真菌中广泛存在，它们在调节许多基因对光的反应中起着核心作用。fujikuroi镰刀菌各有一个WC基因拷贝，分别命名为wcoA和wcoB。WcoA的功能之前被研究过其突变的表型效应和对转录组的影响。本研究获得了IMI58289遗传背景中wcoA和wcoB基因的缺失突变体，并分析了与光生物学、发育和应激相关的一些光调控基因以及次生代谢关键酶基因的表达。结果表明，一些被研究的基因需要WcoA和WcoB同时被光诱导，在某些情况下，也需要在黑暗中正确表达。在wcoA或wcoB突变体中观察到的调节改变大多是巧合的，表明编码蛋白作为复合物的功能。另一方面，对次生代谢不同基因的影响的多样性，以及这些影响与先前在另一种野生型菌株中观察到的差异，表明预测的白领复合体在镰刀菌属中具有高度的功能通用性。

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引用次数: 0

Identification of a novel genetic locus conferring virulence in the wheat tan spot pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis 小麦褐斑病病原菌褐黄菌新毒力基因位点的鉴定

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104002

Jingwei Guo , Gongjun Shi , Md. Mukul Islam , Gayan Kariyawasam , Paula Moolhuijzen , Pao-Theen See , Shaobin Zhong , Reem Aboukhaddour , Justin D. Faris , Timothy Friesen , Zhaohui Liu

The ascomycete Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) is the causal agent of tan spot, a common and economically important wheat disease worldwide. Three necrotrophic effectors (NEs), known as Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB, and Ptr ToxC, have been identified from the fungal pathogen as major virulence factors. The race 2 isolate 86-124 which produces Ptr ToxA is capable of causing disease on wheat lines that is insensitive to Ptr ToxA, suggesting the use of additional NEs during the infection. To identify new NE gene(s) from 86-124, we developed a biparental fungal population from a cross between this isolate and the race 5 isolate DW5 using genetically modified heterothallic strains. The fungal population was genotyped with SNP and SSR markers as well as the ToxA gene, the mating type genes, and six ToxB loci. Each progeny was phenotyped onto the hard red spring wheat line CDC-Osler, which is insensitive to both Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB, but is highly susceptible to 86-124. The constructed genetic map consisted of 11 linkage groups that corresponded to the 11 chromosomes (chr) of the Ptr reference genome. ToxA and mating type genes mapped to the expected positions. Five of the six ToxB copies were tightly linked, residing at the distal end of chr 11, while the sixth copy was localized to the distal end of chr 5. Composite interval mapping revealed a major QTL on the distal end of chr 2 conferring virulence toward CDC-Osler by 86-124. This locus was designated as VirOsler1. Genomic sequence alignment at the locus showed a region of approximately 900 kb at the end of chr 2 absent in DW5. The identification of VirOsler1 locus provides clear evidence that the wheat tan spot pathogen uses additional virulence factors that interact with unidentified host factors for disease susceptibility.

小麦黑斑病是小麦的一种常见病害，也是小麦经济上的重要病害。从真菌病原体中鉴定出三种坏死性效应因子，即Ptr ToxA、Ptr ToxB和Ptr ToxC，是主要的毒力因子。产生Ptr ToxA的2号小种86-124能够在对Ptr ToxA不敏感的小麦品系上引起疾病，这表明在感染期间使用了额外的NEs。为了从86-124株中鉴定新的NE基因，我们利用转基因异thallic菌株从该分离物与种族5分离物DW5杂交培养了一个双亲本真菌群体。利用SNP和SSR标记、弓形虫基因、交配型基因和6个弓形虫基因座对真菌群体进行基因分型。每个子代都表型化到硬红春小麦品系CDC-Osler上，该品系对Ptr ToxA和Ptr ToxB均不敏感，但对86-124高度敏感。构建的遗传图谱由11个连锁组组成，分别对应Ptr参考基因组的11条染色体（chr）。弓形虫和交配型基因被定位到预期的位置。6个ToxB拷贝中有5个紧密相连，位于chr 11的远端，而第6个拷贝位于chr 5的远端。复合间隔图谱显示，chr 2远端有一个主要的QTL，对CDC-Osler具有86-124的毒力。该位点被命名为VirOsler1。基因座的基因组序列比对显示，在DW5中缺失了约900 kb的chr 2末端区域。VirOsler1位点的鉴定提供了明确的证据，表明小麦棕斑病病原体利用其他毒力因子与未识别的宿主因子相互作用，导致疾病易感性。

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引用次数: 0

Endocytosis in filamentous Fungi: Coordinating polarized hyphal growth and membrane recycling 丝状真菌的内吞作用：协调极化菌丝生长和膜循环

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104000

Caleb Oliver Bedsole , Joseph G. Vasselli , Brian D. Shaw

Filamentous fungi rely on a finely tuned balance between exocytosis and endocytosis to maintain polarized growth. This review highlights the essential role of the subapical endocytic collar in recycling excess plasma membrane and key proteins, enabling sustained hyphal extension. It distinguishes between clathrin-mediated and AP-2–dependent clathrin-independent pathways, emphasizing their unique contributions to membrane homeostasis and cargo trafficking. The synthesis of quantitative imaging and genetic analyses provides a comprehensive framework for understanding vesicle dynamics, with implications for addressing fungal pathogenicity and industrial applications.

丝状真菌依靠胞吐作用和内吞作用之间的微妙平衡来维持极化生长。这篇综述强调了根尖下内吞环在回收多余的质膜和关键蛋白质，使菌丝持续延伸方面的重要作用。它区分了网格蛋白介导的和ap -2依赖的网格蛋白不依赖的途径，强调了它们对膜稳态和货物运输的独特贡献。定量成像和遗传分析的综合为理解囊泡动力学提供了一个全面的框架，对解决真菌致病性和工业应用具有重要意义。

引用次数: 0

Colony differentiation of saprobic and pathogenic fungi in relation to carbon utilization 腐殖真菌和致病真菌菌落分化与碳利用的关系

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104001

Ronald P. de Vries

Carbon utilization is crucial for the cellular functions of all fungi and is highly dependent on the prevalent carbon sources in the environment. In natural environments, plant biomass is a major carbon source for most saprobic and pathogenic filamentous fungi and its utilization requires a complex process involving extracellular enzymes, sugar transporters and metabolic pathways, governed by a network of transcriptional regulators.

Filamentous fungi form extensive colonies that encounter highly diverse environmental conditions and available carbon levels, which raises the question if, and to which extent, parts of the colony exposed to sufficient carbon source levels can support other parts that are under carbon limitation or starvation. While it is difficult to mimic the heterogenic natural conditions in a laboratory experiment, several studies into carbon translocation, and colony and hyphal differentiation have provided insights into this complex biological process. These studies are reviewed here and their insights are re-assessed and combined into a current state of the art of this field.

碳利用对所有真菌的细胞功能至关重要，并且高度依赖于环境中普遍存在的碳源。在自然环境中，植物生物量是大多数腐殖和致病性丝状真菌的主要碳源，其利用需要一个复杂的过程，涉及细胞外酶、糖转运体和代谢途径，由转录调节因子网络控制。丝状真菌形成广泛的菌落，遇到高度多样化的环境条件和可用碳水平，这就提出了一个问题，即暴露于足够碳源水平的菌落部分是否以及在多大程度上可以支持处于碳限制或饥饿的其他部分。虽然在实验室实验中很难模拟异质性自然条件，但对碳易位，菌落和菌丝分化的一些研究为这一复杂的生物过程提供了见解。这些研究在这里进行了回顾，他们的见解被重新评估，并结合到这个领域的艺术的当前状态。

引用次数: 0

Fungal cell wall biogenesis: structural complexity, regulation and inhibition 真菌细胞壁生物发生：结构复杂性、调控和抑制

IF 2.4 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.103991

Neil A.R. Gow

The cell wall is the defining organelle of filamentous and yeast-like fungi. It is responsible for morphology, biotic and abiotic interactions and its components confer its unique and variable signature, making it a natural target for antifungal drugs, but a moving target for immune recognition. The wall is however more than the sum of its many parts. The polysaccharides and proteins of the cell wall must be made at the right time and the right place, but also linked together and remodelled throughout the cell cycle and in response to environmental challenges, nutrient availability, damage after predation and to be complaint to the need to establish mutualistic and parasitic associations. This review summarises recent advances in our understanding of the complex and vital process of fungal cell wall biogenesis using the human pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus as the principal model fungi.

细胞壁是丝状和酵母样真菌的决定性细胞器。它负责形态、生物和非生物相互作用，其成分赋予其独特和可变的特征，使其成为抗真菌药物的天然靶标，但也是免疫识别的移动靶标。然而，这堵墙不仅仅是它许多部分的总和。细胞壁的多糖和蛋白质必须在正确的时间和正确的地点制造，但也要在整个细胞周期中联系在一起并重新塑造，以应对环境挑战、营养可用性、捕食后的损害以及对建立互惠和寄生关联的需要的抱怨。本文综述了以人类病原体白色念珠菌和烟曲霉为主要模式真菌的真菌细胞壁生物发生复杂而重要的过程的最新进展。

引用次数: 0

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