Fungal Genetics and Biology最新文献_第2页

Off-season sex in Zymoseptoria tritici: little room for late encounters 淡季的性活动：很少有晚相遇的空间

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104043

Frédéric Suffert, Manon Delanoue, Stéphanie Le Prieur, Alicia Noly

This study complements a substantial body of experimental work on the model fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici by exploring marginal processes and conditions of sexual reproduction. Recent findings have shown that avirulent strains can engage in sexual reproduction on resistant wheat plants, even when they fail to cause visible symptoms during the biotrophic phase. The objective was here to examine the (de)coupling of various processes operating during the epidemic period (living plants) and the interepidemic period (crop residues). We assessed whether various encounter scenarios between parental strains, involving co-inoculations performed either simultaneously or sequentially on living and dead wheat plants, could result in successful mating. A two-year experiment accounted for the compatibility between wheat varieties (one carrying the resistance gene Stb16q, the other not) and the strains (virulent or avirulent), and the nature of the inoculum (blastospores or pycnidiospores). The intensity of sexual reproduction was assessed for each scenario through quantification of ascospore production, complemented by genotyping of offspring to confirm their parental origin. The main result is that a Z. tritici strain arriving late on dead host tissues can still mate with a compatible strain that previously colonized the plant, whereas sexual reproduction does not occur if both strains arrive after the plant has dried. Quantitative analysis suggests that although matings initiated by late encounters on wheat residues are possible, they contribute very little to the overall offspring population (< 2 %). We discuss the epidemiological implications of this finding for disease management, highlighting both fundamental and applied questions it raises.

本研究通过探索有性生殖的边缘过程和条件，补充了大量关于模式真菌病原体小麦酵母的实验工作。最近的研究结果表明，即使在生物营养阶段没有引起明显的症状，无毒菌株也可以在抗性小麦植株上进行有性繁殖。这里的目的是检查在流行期（活植物）和流行间期（作物残茬）期间运行的各种过程的（非）耦合。我们评估了亲本菌株之间的各种相遇场景，包括同时或依次在活的和死的小麦植株上进行共接种，是否可以导致成功的交配。一项为期两年的实验说明了小麦品种（一种携带抗性基因Stb16q，另一种不携带）和菌株（有毒或无害）之间的相容性，以及接种物（胚孢子或假孢子）的性质。通过子囊孢子产量的量化来评估每种情况下的有性繁殖强度，并辅以后代的基因分型来确认其亲本来源。主要的结果是，较晚到达死亡寄主组织的小麦轴虫菌株仍然可以与先前定植在植物上的相容菌株交配，而如果两个菌株都在植物干燥后到达，则不会发生有性繁殖。定量分析表明，虽然后期在小麦残茬上相遇引发交配是可能的，但它们对整个后代种群的贡献很小（< 2%）。我们讨论了这一发现对疾病管理的流行病学意义，强调了它提出的基本和应用问题。

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引用次数: 0

Benchmarking fungal species classification using Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read ITS metabarcodes 使用牛津纳米孔技术长读ITS元条形码对真菌物种分类进行基准测试

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104042

Abigail Graetz , Jinghang Feng , Alex Ringeri , Austin Bird , Duong Vu , Camille Truong , Benjamin Schwessinger

The gold standard for fungal classification has long been specimen or culture-based, however, many Fungi display simple morphological characteristics, or are unculturable by current methods. Using DNA metabarcodes, many taxa can be identified from a single sample simultaneously, but annotating these sequences with species-level taxonomy often requires more information than short-read sequences afford. Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing has achieved species-level resolution in metabarcoding of bacteria and invertebrates, but the application of this technology has not been extensively benchmarked for Fungi. In this work, we use a mock community of real ONT long-read metabarcodes from 54 fungi from the Dikarya subkingdom to extensively benchmark classification approaches to assign species-level taxonomy. We compare eight classification approaches spanning alignment and k-mer based algorithms, to emerging machine learning methods, and assess the sensitivity, precision, and diversity estimation of each classifier at the species level. Our results indicate that classifiers which determine informed thresholds of sequence similarity based on a provided reference database are not only more accurate at the species level, but more consistent to correct species abundance distributions, and better able to place sequences from ‘unknown’ species taxonomically closer to their true origin. We demonstrate the power of machine learning classifiers to leverage long-read metabarcodes, and discuss their potential as emerging methods in DNA sequence classification. We present our results in the context of real-world use cases, to demonstrate that species-level taxonomic inference is achievable, precise, and reliable with ONT long-read fungal metabarcodes.

真菌分类的金标准长期以来一直是标本或培养为基础的，然而，许多真菌显示简单的形态特征，或者用目前的方法无法培养。使用DNA元条形码，可以同时从单个样本中识别许多分类群，但是用物种级别的分类方法注释这些序列通常需要比短读序列更多的信息。牛津纳米孔技术（ONT）的长读测序已经在细菌和无脊椎动物的元条形码中实现了物种水平的分辨率，但这项技术的应用还没有广泛的真菌基准。在这项工作中，我们使用来自Dikarya亚界的54种真菌的真实ONT长读元条形码模拟社区来广泛基准分类方法来分配物种水平的分类。我们比较了八种分类方法，包括基于对齐和k-mer的算法，以及新兴的机器学习方法，并评估了每种分类器在物种水平上的灵敏度、精度和多样性估计。研究结果表明，基于参考数据库确定序列相似性阈值的分类器不仅在物种水平上更准确，而且在校正物种丰度分布时更一致，并且能够更好地将来自“未知”物种的序列在分类上更接近其真实起源。我们展示了机器学习分类器利用长读元条形码的能力，并讨论了它们作为DNA序列分类中新兴方法的潜力。我们在现实世界的使用案例中展示了我们的结果，以证明使用ONT长读真菌元条形码可以实现物种水平的分类推断，精确和可靠。

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引用次数: 0

Abf1 participates in the response to DNA damage and replicative stress in Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus) Abf1参与了光假丝酵母（Nakaseomyces glabratus）对DNA损伤和复制应激的反应。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104041

Laura Angélica Vera-Salazar, Grecia Hernández-Hernández, Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo, Alejandro De Las Peñas, Irene Castaño, Irene Castaño

ARS binding factor 1 (Abf1) is a DNA-binding protein found in various fungal species. In the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus), Abf1 (CgAbf1) is encoded by the ABF1 gene. Our research has demonstrated that CgAbf1 is essential for the viability of C. glabrata and is involved in the subtelomeric silencing of several EPA genes, which encode adhesins that mediate adhesion to epithelial cells, underscoring its significance as a virulence factor in this pathogen. Our previous findings established that both the depletion and overexpression of CgAbf1 result in growth defects and induce a delay in cell cycle progression. In this work, we wanted to determine if CgAbf1 is involved in the response to replicative and DNA damage stresses. We analyzed the CgAbf1 protein levels under these conditions and the activity of the CgABF1 promoter and found that CgAbf1 negatively regulates its own transcription. A Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation assay showed that CgAbf1 localizes to the nucleus and forms homodimers. We also found that CgAbf1 is involved in the survival to DNA damage caused by UV light and we demonstrated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abf1 (ScAbf1) can complement the lethality of the C. glabrata abf1∆ strain.

ARS结合因子1 （Abf1）是一种存在于多种真菌中的dna结合蛋白。在条件致病性真菌光假丝酵母（Nakaseomyces glabratus）中，Abf1 （CgAbf1）由Abf1基因编码。我们的研究表明，CgAbf1对光斑梭菌的生存能力至关重要，并参与了几个EPA基因的亚端粒沉默，这些基因编码介导上皮细胞粘附的粘附素，强调了它作为该病原体的毒力因子的重要性。我们之前的研究结果表明，CgAbf1的缺失和过表达都会导致生长缺陷，并诱导细胞周期进展的延迟。在这项工作中，我们想确定CgAbf1是否参与对复制和DNA损伤应激的反应。我们分析了这些条件下CgAbf1蛋白水平和CgAbf1启动子活性，发现CgAbf1负调控自身转录。双分子荧光互补实验表明，CgAbf1定位于细胞核并形成同型二聚体。我们还发现CgAbf1参与了紫外线对DNA损伤的存活，我们证明了Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abf1 （ScAbf1）可以补充C. glabrata Abf1∆菌株的致死率。

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引用次数: 0

Compound mutagenesis boosts β-carotene biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa: ATP synthase mutation and enzymes activities enhancement 复合诱变促进粗神经孢子虫β-胡萝卜素生物合成：ATP合酶突变及酶活性增强。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104040

Yue He , Qian Huang , Qingyang Lyu , Gaosheng Ji , Xinhui Wang , Zhiying Yan , Yijie Zhang , Xin Li , Xueping Tian

Neurospora crassa is a kind of biosafe fungus capable of synthesizing β-carotene from diverse feedstocks. However, the yield is constrained by the capacity of N. crassa strain. To improve the β-carotene synthesis ability, ultraviolet (UV), chemical (diethyl sulfate), and heavy ion beam were integratively employed in this study to breed N. crassa strain with high β-carotene producing performance. A mutant N. crassa strain exhibited 112.02 μg/g of β-carotene yield after 3 days fermentation, which was 325.5 % higher than initial strain. Subsequently, the key genes and metabolic pathways involved in β-carotene synthesis and substrates utilization was analyzed through whole-genome sequencing, and the results revealed that a synonymous nucleotide mutation on the ATPeV1A gene altered the RNA structure of ATP synthase and increased the ATP content. In addition, the significantly higher activities of protease, cellulase, and xylanase were observed in the mutant strain, further explained the speculation of high β-carotene yield.

粗神经孢子菌是一种能从多种原料合成β-胡萝卜素的生物安全真菌。然而，产量受草奈瑟菌的生产能力的限制。为了提高其合成β-胡萝卜素的能力，本研究采用紫外、化学（硫酸二乙酯）和重离子束相结合的方法，选育了具有高产β-胡萝卜素性能的粗氮草菌株。经3 d发酵，突变株β-胡萝卜素产量为112.02 μg/g，比初始菌株提高325.5 %。随后，通过全基因组测序分析了参与β-胡萝卜素合成和底物利用的关键基因和代谢途径，结果表明，ATPeV1A基因的同义核苷酸突变改变了ATP合成酶的RNA结构，增加了ATP含量。此外，突变菌株的蛋白酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性显著提高，进一步解释了β-胡萝卜素产量高的猜测。

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引用次数: 0

Plasticity in initial infection traits in response to high temperature for worldwide representative Puccinia striiformis isolates 全球代表性纹状锈菌分离株初始侵染性状对高温响应的可塑性。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104039

Sajid Ali , Marc Leconte , Mogens S. Hovmøller , Jérôme Enjalbert , Claude de Vallavieille-Pope

Limited knowledge is available regarding pathogen adaptation to environmental conditions, despite its importance to disease epidemiology. Wheat yellow rust, caused by the pathogen Puccinia striiformis offers an interesting case study, as the disease was so far considered limited to cool and humid climate, till the report of significant crop losses due to emergence of high temperature adapted lineages. We investigated the variability in temperature response in relationship with their genetic structure for 56 P. striiformis worldwide representative isolates including two isolates from the high temperature adapted strains PstS1/S2. High temperature adaptation was assessed through urediospore germination rate (GR) at 8 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C, and relative infection efficiency (RIE) measured at 20 °C, using two independent replicates of the experiments. Phylogenetic relations between isolates were based on 17 informative SSR markers, coinciding strongly with their geographical sampling origin. Variability was assessed considering populations (defined by sampling areas), where isolates from the pathogen centre of diversity in Himalayan region (Nepal and Pakistan) revealed adaptation to high temperatures in terms of germination rate and RIE, even higher than the reference PstS1/S2 isolates, in comparison to isolates originating from cooler areas. The presence of high-temperature adapted isolates in genetically diverse populations of Asia (Nepal, Middle-East and Pakistan) represented an adaptation to local climate, where high temperature tolerance was correlated to the temperature of the sampling locations. Middle-East also represented variability for temperature responses. Following the genetic variability and plasticity of plant pathogens in reaction norm to temperature is therefore critical to forecast future epidemics in a global warming context.

尽管病原体对环境条件的适应对疾病流行病学很重要，但对它的了解有限。小麦黄锈病，由病原菌锈菌引起，提供了一个有趣的案例研究，因为这种疾病迄今为止被认为仅限于凉爽和潮湿的气候，直到报告了由于高温适应谱系的出现而造成的重大作物损失。对56株具有代表性的条纹状假单胞菌进行了温度响应变异与遗传结构的关系研究，其中包括2株高温适应菌株PstS1/S2。采用两个独立重复实验，通过8 °C、20 °C和25 °C条件下的单孢萌发率（GR）和20 °C条件下的相对感染效率（RIE）来评估高温适应性。分离株间的系统发育关系基于17个信息性SSR标记，与地理来源高度吻合。地理采样来源与基于微卫星基因分型的分离株系统发育位置在很大程度上吻合。考虑种群（按采样区域定义）评估了变异，其中来自喜马拉雅地区（尼泊尔和巴基斯坦）病原体多样性中心的分离株在发芽率和RIE方面显示出对高温的适应性，甚至高于参考PstS1/S2分离株，与来自较冷地区的分离株相比。在亚洲（尼泊尔、中东和巴基斯坦）具有遗传多样性的种群中存在适应高温的分离株，这代表了对当地气候的适应，因为耐高温性与采样地点的温度有关。中东地区也表现出更大的温度响应变异性。因此，在全球变暖背景下预测未来流行病，遵循对温度反应规范的遗传变异性和可塑性至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

A nitric oxide reductase is a key enzyme target for eliminating fungal emissions of nitrous oxide 一氧化氮还原酶是消除真菌排放的氧化亚氮的关键酶目标。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104038

Blake A. Oakley , Trevor R. Mitchell , Quentin D. Read , Garrett T. Hibbs , Thomas T. Baldwin , Larry J. Pierce , Scott E. Gold , Anthony E. Glenn

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) derived from agricultural activity is a major contributor to Earth's greenhouse effect. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applied at high levels, particularly combined with heavy rainfall events, generates hot spots of N₂O emissions in agricultural fields due to the process of microbial denitrification. Here, a key conserved fungal denitrification enzyme necessary for N₂O emissions was identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that fungal NOR1-like genes, with rare exceptions, are highly conserved and confined to the phylum Ascomycota. Plant pathogenic Fusarium species that possess NOR1 exhibited drastic differences in N₂O production based on denitrification potential. Functional characterization of the p450nor nitric oxide reductase encoding gene, NOR1, in the soil-borne denitrifying maize pathogen, Fusarium verticillioides, showed that this enzyme is critical for fungal N₂O production. Deletion of the single copy NOR1 gene in F. verticillioides eliminated N₂O emissions. Complementation of deletion mutants via the NOR1 gene add-back restored wild type N₂O emission levels and segregation analysis further corroborated the pivotal role of NOR1 for N₂O emissions. We suggest targeting of the NOR1 enzyme as an effective strategy to reduce fungal-based N₂O emissions.

农业活动产生的一氧化二氮（N2O）是造成地球温室效应的主要因素。高水平施用合成氮肥，特别是与强降雨事件相结合，由于微生物反硝化过程，在农田中产生N2O排放热点。在这里，一个关键的保守真菌反硝化酶必需的N2O排放被确定。系统发育分析显示，除了极少数例外，真菌的nor1样基因是高度保守的，局限于子囊菌门。具有NOR1的植物致病性镰刀菌在反硝化潜能的基础上显示出巨大的N2O产量差异。对土壤传播的玉米反硝化病原菌枯萎病（Fusarium verticillioides）中p450nor一氧化氮还原酶编码基因NOR1的功能表征表明，该酶对真菌N2O的产生至关重要。verticillioides单拷贝NOR1基因的缺失消除了N2O的排放。缺失突变体通过NOR1基因的补充恢复了野生型N2O排放水平，分离分析进一步证实了NOR1在N2O排放中的关键作用。我们建议将NOR1酶作为减少真菌N2O排放的有效策略。

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引用次数: 0

Genetics of avirulence and interacting inhibitors in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici 小麦纹状锈菌的毒力及相互作用抑制剂的遗传。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104037

My Livbjerg , Julian Rodriguez-Algaba , James K.M. Brown , Chris K. Sørensen , Mogens Hovmøller , Annemarie Fejer Justesen

The segregation of molecular markers and avirulence was investigated in three progeny populations of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), derived from selfing of the three European isolates DK09_11(PstS7), DK02d_12 (PstS8) and DK219_19 (PstS15). Progeny isolates were genotyped using 19 Single Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers and phenotyped for avirulence on a differential set of 34 wheat lines including at least two independent lines per Yr-gene considered. All three progeny populations were virulent to most of the tested Yr-genes and were largely homozygous for either virulence or avirulence. Segregation was observed for avirulence to Yr4, YrSp, Yr8 and a resistance specificity in Avocet S (AvS). In one population (DK219_19, PstS15), segregation ratios indicated that avirulence to Yr4 was a dominant trait controlled by a single gene. For YrSp, the observed ratios were consistent with both 13:3 and 3:1 (avirulence: virulence) suggesting that avirulence was a dominant trait, potentially controlled by either one or two interacting genes. In another population (DK02d_12, PstS8), most progeny isolates were virulent to Yr8 and AvS, and segregation ratios were consistent with both 1:3 and 3:13, suggesting the presence of dominant inhibition of avirulence or alternatively, avirulence being a recessive trait controlled by either one or two genes. The third population (DK09_11, PstS7) showed no segregation at known avirulence loci, indicating that these were homozygous either for avirulence or virulence to each Yr-gene tested.

对欧洲3个分离株DK09_11（PstS7）、DK02d_12 （PstS8）和DK219_19 （PstS15）自交而成的小麦纹状锈菌（Pst） 3个后代群体的分子标记分离和毒力进行了研究。利用19个SSR标记对分离的后代进行基因分型，并在34个不同的小麦品系上进行表型分析，其中每个yl基因至少有两个独立的品系。所有三个子代群体对大多数测试的r-基因都有毒力，并且在毒力或无毒方面基本上是纯合的。分离观察了AvS对Yr4、YrSp、Yr8的毒力和抗性特异性。在一个群体（DK219_19, PstS15）中，分离率表明对Yr4的毒性是由单基因控制的显性性状。对于YrSp，观察到的比率与13:3和3:1（无毒：毒力）一致，表明无毒是显性性状，可能由一个或两个相互作用的基因控制。在另一个群体（DK02d_12, PstS8）中，大多数子代分离株对Yr8和AvS都有毒力，分离比为1:3和3:13，表明存在显性抑制毒力，或者毒力是由一个或两个基因控制的隐性性状。第三个群体（DK09_11, PstS7）在已知的毒力位点上没有分离，表明它们对所测的每个yr基因的毒力或毒力都是纯合的。

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引用次数: 0

One hundred years of the Spitzenkörper: A story in three acts 百年spitzenkörper：三幕故事。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104036

Samantha V. González Téllez , Robert W. Roberson , Meritxell Riquelme

The production and growth of long filamentous cells, i.e., hyphae, via apical extension is a hallmark of most fungi. This polarized growth requires a robust secretory system to deliver materials, such as membrane components, proteins, and cell wall precursors, to the growing tip. Central to this process is the formation of the Spitzenkörper (SPK), a structure located at the hyphal apex. The SPK is most observed in species from the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, as well as in some members of the Blastocladiomycota and the Zoopagomycota. It is composed of a dynamic assembly of secretory vesicles, cytoskeletal elements, and signaling proteins. This review explores the current understanding of SPK structure and function and outlines future directions for advancing research in this area.

长丝状细胞的生产和生长，即菌丝，通过顶端延伸是大多数真菌的标志。这种极化生长需要一个强大的分泌系统来传递物质，如膜成分、蛋白质和细胞壁前体，到生长尖端。这个过程的核心是Spitzenkörper （SPK）的形成，这是一个位于菌丝顶端的结构。SPK在担子菌门和子囊菌门以及芽生菌门和动物菌门的一些成员中观察到最多。它由分泌囊泡、细胞骨架元件和信号蛋白的动态组合组成。本文综述了目前对SPK结构和功能的认识，并概述了该领域未来的研究方向。

引用次数: 0

The world of hyphae 第1章。菌丝的世界。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104033

Salomón Bartnicki-García

This article describes the hyphal features that have allowed fungi to conquer nature so extensively and so ubiquitously. Fungi became champions of nutrition via absorption by developing hyphae with an efficient growth mechanism that combined rapid cell wall construction with secretion of digestive enzymes. Hyphae are long cylindrical cells growing at one end, the apex. Their cell walls are made by the combination of microfibrillar polymers (usually chitin) embedded in amorphous polysaccharides (usually β-1,3 glucans). Their high growth rate is supported by an efficient vesiclebased secretory apparatus, whose ultimate goal is to maintain a rapid flow of cell-wall building materials and digestive enzymes to the hyphal apex. The unique hyphoid morphology of a hypha can be described by a simple mathematic equation generated by a moving supply center emitting wall-building vesicles in all directions. The Spitzenkörper is proposed to function as a vesicle supply center that generates the characteristic cell wall of a hypha and also guides hyphal growth direction. Fungal organisms with completely different evolutionary origins, the cellulosic Oomycetes and the more numerous chitinous fungi, both develop hyphae and mycelia to insure efficient growth. Hyphae are thus the basis for the success of fungi in Nature.

这篇文章描述了菌丝的特征，这些特征使真菌能够如此广泛和无处不在地征服自然。真菌通过菌丝的吸收成为营养的冠军，菌丝具有高效的生长机制，结合了快速的细胞壁构建和消化酶的分泌。菌丝是长圆柱形细胞，生长在一端，即顶端。它们的细胞壁是由嵌入无定形多糖（通常是β-1,3葡聚糖）中的微纤维聚合物（通常是几丁质）组合而成的。它们的高生长速度得益于高效的囊泡分泌装置，其最终目的是维持细胞壁材料和消化酶向菌丝顶端的快速流动。菌丝独特的菌丝形态可以用一个移动的供应中心向四面八方发射造壁囊泡所产生的简单数学方程来描述。Spitzenkörper被认为是一个囊泡供应中心，产生菌丝特有的细胞壁，并指导菌丝的生长方向。真菌生物具有完全不同的进化起源，如纤维素卵菌和数量更多的几丁质真菌，它们都发育菌丝和菌丝以确保高效生长。因此菌丝是自然界真菌成功的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Putative transcription factor Nrg1 is involved in the hyphal branching and the cell wall structure formation in the filamentous fungus Pleurotus ostreatus 据推测，转录因子Nrg1参与了丝状真菌平菇菌丝分支和细胞壁结构的形成。

IF 2.3 3区生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY

Fungal Genetics and Biology

Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2025.104026

Saori Endo , Moriyuki Kawauchi , Yuitsu Otsuka , Junxian Han , Kenya Tsuji , Akira Yoshimi , Chihiro Tanaka , Shigekazu Yano , Takehito Nakazawa , Yoichi Honda

Nrg1 is a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor that functions in various cellular processes related to environmental responses and cell wall synthesis in yeast. The present study investigated the function of Nrg1 in filamentous development in the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus for the first time. The Δnrg1 strains exhibited a higher frequency and larger angles of hyphal branching than the wild-type strain, suggesting nrg1 is essential to hyphal branching regulation. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicated no significant change in cell wall thickness; however, the black layer on the cell wall surface, thought to be composed of proteins, including hydrophobins, was reduced. The reduced hydrophobin gene expression and hyphal hydrophobicity corroborate these observations. The nrg1 disruption resulted in decreased levels of α-glucan and β-glucan content in the cell wall and the expression levels of their synthase genes. Fluorescent microscopy using protein probes for cell wall surface polysaccharides also suggested that in the Δnrg1 strains, there was an abnormal localization of chitin and β-glucan. In contrast, the fluorescent signals due to α-glucan and mannan were increased. These data demonstrate that Nrg1 is involved in the cell wall surface and structure formation via the gene expression of hydrophobin and polysaccharide synthases. This study provides the first evidence of the role of Nrg1 in filamentous fungi, especially in hyphal branching. It provides a clue toward a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms regulating cell wall synthesis in white-rot fungi.

Nrg1是一种C2H2锌指转录因子，在酵母中与环境反应和细胞壁合成相关的各种细胞过程中起作用。本研究首次研究了Nrg1在白腐菌平菇丝状发育中的作用。与野生型菌株相比，Δnrg1菌株菌丝分支频率更高，菌丝分支角度更大，表明nrg1对菌丝分支调控至关重要。透射电镜观察显示细胞壁厚度无明显变化；然而，细胞壁表面被认为是由包括疏水蛋白在内的蛋白质组成的黑色层减少了。疏水酶基因表达和菌丝疏水性的降低证实了这些观察结果。nrg1破坏导致细胞壁α-葡聚糖和β-葡聚糖含量下降，合成酶基因表达水平下降。用蛋白探针检测细胞壁表面多糖的荧光显微镜也显示，Δnrg1菌株中几丁质和β-葡聚糖的定位异常。α-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖引起的荧光信号增强。这些数据表明Nrg1通过疏水蛋白和多糖合成酶的基因表达参与细胞壁表面和结构形成。这项研究首次证明了Nrg1在丝状真菌，特别是菌丝分支中的作用。这为全面了解白腐菌细胞壁合成的调控机制提供了线索。

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