Forest Pathology最新文献

Infection Severity of Arceuthobium oxycedri (Viscaceae) in Two Protected Areas in the Alborz Mountains, Iran: A Case Study 伊朗阿尔伯兹山区两个保护区中熊果树（粘虫科）的感染严重程度：案例研究

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/efp.70000

Davoud Kartoolinejad, Hooman Ravanbakhsh, Robert L. Mathiasen, Alireza Rezanezhad, Zabihollah Fadaii, Ali Asghar Zolfaghari, Alireza Moshki, Maryam Raeesi

This study investigated the severity of mistletoe infection on junipers and the relationship between tree characteristics, physiographic factors and mistletoe infection. The study was conducted in two protected areas: Parvar and Miankouh Tash in Semnan Province, Iran. A dwarf mistletoe-infested area of 400 ha was sampled by placing a 250 × 250 m grid over a map of each study area. A 20 × 20 m (400 m²) plot was placed at the intersection of grid lines. This resulted in a total of 110 forested plots: 45 plots in Parvar and 65 plots in Miankouh Tash. In each plot, all live junipers were measured for total height, crown area, collar diameter and crown diameter. Mistletoe severity was estimated using the 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating system (DMR). Dead trees were also recorded and examined for evidence of past mistletoe infection. The Boruta algorithm was used for feature selection, and the selected features were utilised for predicting DMR using a random forest (RF) model. Over 40% of junipers in the sample plots were infected and 7.5% were dead. Mortality was greater in severely infested plots compared to uninfested and lightly infested plots. The results of univariate analysis demonstrated that the largest trees across plots were more severely infected. Infection severity was highest on steep terrains (slopes more than 60%) where the largest junipers were growing. Based on Boruta feature selection algorithm, collar diameter, tree height and crown area of junipers have been detected as the most important variables for the explanation of infection severity. Crown diameter, geographical aspect, density of juniper trees, altitude and juniper canopy cover were classified as tentative variables in this model. Slope percentage beside two variables related to stand characteristics including all woody species (basal area and tree density) were the rejected variables. The correlation coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the predictions by RF and the measured DMR were 0.83 and 0.53 respectively. These results indicate that the selected environmental variables can be used for spatial prediction of DMR in both study areas. Because increased mortality was observed for severely infected areas, more efficient management methods are needed to control the dwarf mistletoe populations in the Alborz Mountains.

本研究调查了槲寄生感染桧木的严重程度，以及树木特征、自然因素和槲寄生感染之间的关系。研究在两个保护区进行：伊朗塞姆南省的 Parvar 和 Miankouh Tash。通过在每个研究区域的地图上绘制 250 × 250 米的网格，对 400 公顷的矮槲寄生感染区域进行了采样。在网格线的交叉点上放置了一个 20 × 20 米（400 平方米）的小区。这样，总共有 110 个林地：帕尔瓦尔有 45 个地块，米安库赫-塔什有 65 个地块。在每个小区内，对所有活桧木的总高度、树冠面积、领径和冠径进行测量。使用 6 级矮槲寄生评级系统（DMR）估计槲寄生的严重程度。此外，还对死树进行了记录和检查，以寻找过去感染槲寄生的证据。采用 Boruta 算法进行特征选择，并利用随机森林（RF）模型对所选特征进行 DMR 预测。样本地块中超过 40% 的桧木受到感染，7.5% 的桧木死亡。与未感染和轻度感染的地块相比，严重感染地块的死亡率更高。单变量分析结果表明，地块中最大的树木受感染的程度更严重。在陡峭的地形上（坡度超过 60%），感染的严重程度最高，因为那里生长着最大的刺柏。根据 Boruta 特征选择算法，发现刺柏的颈圈直径、树高和树冠面积是解释感染严重程度的最重要变量。在该模型中，树冠直径、地理方位、杜松树密度、海拔高度和杜松树冠覆盖率被列为暂定变量。坡度百分比以及两个与包括所有木本物种在内的林分特征有关的变量（基部面积和树木密度）是被否决的变量。RF 预测值与 DMR 测量值之间的相关系数（r）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别为 0.83 和 0.53。这些结果表明，所选环境变量可用于这两个研究区域的 DMR 空间预测。由于观察到严重感染地区的死亡率增加，因此需要更有效的管理方法来控制阿尔伯兹山区的矮槲寄生种群。

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引用次数: 0

First Report of Fusarium Wilt and Pink Rot of Phoenix canariensis in South Africa 南非首次报告凤凰镰刀菌枯萎病和粉红腐烂病

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1111/efp.70001

Felipe Balocchi, Michael J. Wingfield, Trudy Paap

Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis, is a popular ornamental species commonly planted in urban areas worldwide, including South Africa. In November 2023, symptoms typical of Fusarium wilt were detected on ornamental palms at the Waterfront in Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Samples were collected from three wilting palms with one-sided frond death and pink sporulation on the bark. Isolations to culture media yielded two fungal species, which were confirmed based on DNA sequence data as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis (Foc) and Nalanthamala vermoesenii. Fusarium wilt, caused by Foc, is among the most serious diseases of these palms. There is no effective treatment for this vascular wilt disease and infected palms inevitably die. Pink rot, caused by N. vermoesenii, is commonly found as a secondary infection associated with Fusarium wilt in P. canariensis. This is the first detection of the Fusarium wilt and pink rot pathogens in South Africa.

加纳利岛椰枣（Phoenix canariensis）是一种广受欢迎的观赏树种，通常种植在世界各地的城市地区，包括南非。2023 年 11 月，在南非西开普省开普敦海滨的观赏棕榈树上发现了镰刀菌枯萎病的典型症状。从三棵枯萎的棕榈树上采集了样本，这些棕榈树的叶片单侧枯死，树皮上出现粉红色孢子。在培养基中分离出两种真菌，根据 DNA 序列数据确认为 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis (Foc) 和 Nalanthamala vermoesenii。由 Foc 引起的镰刀菌枯萎病是这些棕榈树最严重的病害之一。这种维管枯萎病没有有效的治疗方法，受感染的棕榈树会不可避免地死亡。由 N. vermoesenii 引起的粉腐病通常是与镰刀菌枯萎病相关的一种继发感染。这是南非首次发现镰刀菌枯萎病和粉腐病病原体。

引用次数: 0

From Glory to Decline: Uncovering Causes of Oak Decline in Iran 从辉煌到衰退揭示伊朗橡树衰退的原因

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12898

Samad Jamali, Robert A. Haack

Oak decline is a major concern in Iran. A literature search with the terms ‘Iran’ AND ‘oak’ OR ‘Quercus’ from 1963 through 2023 resulted in 635 articles with over 200 dealing specifically with oak decline. In Iran, oak decline is most severe in the Zagros forests, followed by the Arasbaran and Hyrcanian forests. Of Iran's 11 native oak species, Quercus brantii is the most affected. Several factors have been identified as contributing to oak decline in Iran. Some economic and social factors include high rural unemployment, livestock overgrazing and uncontrolled cutting of live tree branches with the wood used for firewood and foliage used as food for farm animals. These pruning wounds can serve as entry points for pathogens and attract insects. Important abiotic factors included extended drought, increasing air temperature and wind speed, and increased levels of airborne dust and heavy metals. Important pathogens identified in the early 2000s included Armillaria mellea and charcoal rot fungus (Biscogniauxia mediterranea). More recently, many other fungal pathogens (e.g., Discula quercina, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Obolarina persica, Paecilomyces formosus and Phaeoacremonium tuscanicum) and bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bacillus pumilus, Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans, Rahnella victoriana and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) were found in association with declining oaks. Among the insects, severe oak defoliation has resulted from various Lepidoptera in the families Erebidae, Geometridae and Tortricidae. Similarly, several bark- and wood-boring beetles in the families Buprestidae and Cerambycidae were reported from declining oaks, with the buprestid Agrilus hastulifer being one of the most common. It is hoped that this review will improve our understanding of the many factors involved in oak decline in Iran and promote the development of management strategies.

橡树衰退是伊朗的一个主要问题。以 "伊朗"、"栎树 "或 "柞树 "为关键词，从 1963 年到 2023 年进行文献检索，共搜索到 635 篇文章，其中 200 多篇专门涉及栎树衰退问题。在伊朗，扎格罗斯森林中的橡树衰退最为严重，其次是阿拉斯巴兰森林和希尔卡尼亚森林。在伊朗的 11 种本地栎树中，布兰蒂栎受到的影响最大。导致伊朗橡树减少的因素有几个。一些经济和社会因素包括农村失业率高、牲畜过度放牧以及无节制地砍伐活树枝，木材用作柴火，树叶用作农场动物的食物。这些修剪造成的伤口可能成为病原体的入口并吸引昆虫。重要的非生物因素包括长期干旱、气温和风速上升以及空气中灰尘和重金属含量增加。本世纪初发现的重要病原体包括 Mellea Armillaria 和炭腐真菌（Biscogniauxia mediterranea）。最近，发现许多其他真菌病原体（如 Discula quercina、Neoscytalidium dimidiatum、Obolarina persica、Paecilomyces formosus 和 Phaeoacremonium tuscanicum）和细菌病原体（如 Bacillus pumilus、Brenneria goodwinii、Gibbsiella quercinecans、Rahnella victoriana 和 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）与橡树的衰退有关。在昆虫中，鳞翅目 Erebidae、Geometridae 和 Tortricidae 科的多种鳞翅目昆虫导致橡树严重落叶。同样，在衰退的橡树上也发现了几种树皮甲虫和蛀木甲虫，其中树皮甲虫 Agrilus hastulifer 是最常见的一种。希望这篇综述能增进我们对伊朗橡树衰退所涉及的多种因素的了解，并促进管理策略的制定。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative Temporal Infrared Thermography of Arboricultural Materials for Sun-Induced Trunk Injury Prevention in Broad-Leaved Woody Plants 对乔木材料进行红外热成像比较，以防止阔叶木质植物树干受日光伤害

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12890

Junhyung Park, Dahye Seo, Ki Woo Kim

Using an infrared (IR) thermal camera, we evaluated the efficacy of six arboricultural materials for preventing sunscald and frost crack. The trunks of adult Yoshino cherry (Prunus × yedoensis) and Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) were treated with (i–iii) three paint types (white water paint [P–W], white latex paint [P–L], and quicklime [P–Q]), (iv and v) two band wrap types [brown tree wrap (B–B) and white tree wrap (B–W)], and (vi) a wound paste: thiophanate-methyl paste (TP) in the shape of a band 10 cm thick. Outdoor IR thermographs were captured four times a day at 3 h intervals (09:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 03:00 p.m. and 06:00 p.m.) over four consecutive days in late October 2019. Bark temperatures recorded for P–W, P–L, P–Q and B–W treatments were consistently lower than those for untreated trunks. The mean temperature difference between B–W and untreated bark (up to 4.57°C) remained pronounced between 09:00 a.m. and 06:00 p.m. for both tree species each day. Conversely, no significant differences in bark temperatures were observed under B–B and TP treatments compared with untreated bark (p = 0.01). Elevated bark temperature was observed on the south side compared with the other three cardinal directions; however, temperatures were similar in all directions at 06:00 p.m. These findings suggest that white tree wrapping may provide a viable approach to prevent sun-induced trunk injuries, leveraging the light reflectivity of the white colour and thermal insulation properties of the wrapping material.

我们使用红外热像仪评估了六种树艺材料在防止日光灼伤和冻裂方面的功效。对成年吉野樱（Prunus × yedoensis）和日本榉（Zelkova serrata）的树干进行了(i-iii)三种涂料处理（白色水漆[P-W]、白色乳胶漆[P-L]和生石灰[P-Q]），(iv 和 v)两种带状包扎处理（棕色树包扎（B-B）和白色树包扎（B-W）），以及(vi)一种伤口膏：(vi)伤口膏：甲基硫菌灵膏（TP），呈 10 厘米厚的带状。在 2019 年 10 月下旬的连续四天中，每天拍摄四次室外红外热成像图，每次间隔 3 小时（上午 09:00、中午 12:00、下午 03:00 和晚上 06:00）。P-W、P-L、P-Q 和 B-W 处理的树皮温度始终低于未处理的树干。在每天上午 9:00 至下午 6:00 期间，B-W 和未处理树皮之间的平均温差（高达 4.57°C）在两个树种中都很明显。相反，与未处理的树皮相比，B-B 和 TP 处理下的树皮温度没有明显差异（p = 0.01）。与其他三个主要方向相比，南侧的树皮温度较高；然而，在下午 6:00 时，所有方向的树皮温度相似。

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引用次数: 0

Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase 3 (PaLAR3) Locus in Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and Its Link to Resistance Against Heterobasidion parviporum 挪威云杉（Picea abies）中的白花青素还原酶 3（PaLAR3）基因位点及其与抗副花叶杂环虫（Heterobasidion parviporum）的关系

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12889

Blessing Durodola, Neea Hanström, Kathrin Blumenstein, Matti Haapanen, Jarkko Hantula, Muhammad Kashif, Tuula Piri, Eeva Terhonen

Heterobasidion parviporum is a fungal pathogen that is drastically damaging Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Europe. The infections will result in root and stem rot, causing significant economic losses for forest owners. Previous studies have shown that the PaLAR3 gene, which encodes the leucoanthocyanidin reductase enzyme, can increase resistance to H. parviporum in Norway spruce. The presence of the B allele at the PaLAR3 locus has been associated with higher (+)-catechin concentrations and increased enzyme production in inoculation experiments, resulting in inhibited pathogen growth. The control of H. parviporum involves a multifaceted approach, including silvicultural and sustainable forestry practices, genetic resistance and chemical/biological control. In this study, we determined the PaLAR3 genotypes in a representative sample of Norway spruce breeding materials from southern Finland and examined their effect on necrosis caused by H. parviporum in spruce stems. The results showed that the homozygous PaLAR3BB genotype was present in only 9% of the trees. However, the necrotic area interacted with homozygous PaLAR3BB under low-water treatment. These findings support the idea that the PaLAR3 locus may be a valuable marker for identifying P. abies resistance to different strains of Heterobasidion parviporum.

Heterobasidion parviporum 是一种真菌病原体，正在严重危害欧洲的挪威云杉（Picea abies）。感染会导致根部和茎部腐烂，给森林所有者造成重大经济损失。先前的研究表明，编码白花青素还原酶的 PaLAR3 基因可以提高挪威云杉对副云杉 H. 的抗性。PaLAR3 基因座上 B 等位基因的存在与较高的（+）-儿茶素浓度和接种实验中酶产量的增加有关，从而抑制了病原体的生长。对副猪蜱的控制涉及多方面的方法，包括造林和可持续林业实践、遗传抗性和化学/生物控制。在这项研究中，我们确定了芬兰南部具有代表性的挪威云杉育种材料样本中的PaLAR3基因型，并考察了它们对副云杉H.parviporum引起的云杉茎坏死的影响。结果表明，只有9%的树木存在同源的PaLAR3BB基因型。然而，在低水处理条件下，坏死面积与同源PaLAR3BB基因型有相互作用。这些发现支持了这样一种观点，即 PaLAR3 基因座可能是鉴定欧鼠李对不同副欧鼠李菌株抗性的重要标记。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative Genomics of Conifer-Associated Fusarium spp. 针叶树相关镰刀菌属的比较基因组学

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12888

John T. Dobbs, Mee-Sook Kim, Ned B. Klopfenstein, Jane E. Stewart

Recent studies have shown numerous Fusarium spp. are associated with symptomatic conifer seedlings in both bareroot and container nursery systems. Some of these species have been found pathogenic to conifer seedlings (e.g., F. avenaceum, F. commune, F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. verticillioides), but the mechanisms and shared evolutionary history of these conifer pathogenic species have not been well studied in these pathosystems. We compared whole genomes of 17 Fusarium spp. associated with conifer seedlings to elucidate putative shared pathogenicity/virulence gene profiles presumably expressed for roles in causing damping-off and/or root disease of conifer seedlings. In addition, this work provides draft genomes of conifer-associated Fusarium spp. and genomes not previously referenced in public databases (e.g., F. lactis, F. fredkrugeri, F. ipomoeae, and F. flocciferum). We identified pathogenicity/virulence genes associated with Fusarium spp. pathogens of conifers including effectors, the secreted in xylem (SIX) genes 2, 4, 9 and 14 and secondary metabolites, and the mycotoxins fumonisin and deoxynivalenol. We conclude that gene profiles are shared within Fusarium species complexes and among closely related Fusarium species complexes; however, these shared profiles are widely distributed across all Fusarium pathogens. These findings highlight potential targets for detecting and/or identifying Fusarium pathogens of conifers, but multiple methods and/or targets will be required depending on the species complexes and clades. More research is needed to determine the roles of expressed pathogenicity/virulence genes and the downstream metabolic products that result in pathogenesis to conifers.

最近的研究表明，许多镰刀菌属与裸根和容器育苗系统中出现症状的针叶树苗有关。其中一些菌种已被发现对针叶树幼苗具有致病性（如 F. avenaceum、F. commune、F. oxysporum、F. solani 和 F. verticillioides），但这些针叶树致病菌种在这些病原系统中的致病机制和共同进化史尚未得到很好的研究。我们比较了与针叶树幼苗相关的 17 个镰刀菌属的全基因组，以阐明推测的共同致病性/病毒性基因图谱，这些基因图谱可能表达了导致针叶树幼苗受潮和/或根部疾病的作用。此外，这项工作还提供了针叶树相关镰刀菌属的基因组草案，以及以前未在公共数据库中引用过的基因组（如 F. lactis、F. fredkrugeri、F. ipomoeae 和 F. flocciferum）。我们发现了与针叶树镰刀菌属病原体相关的致病性/侵染性基因，包括效应器、木质部分泌（SIX）基因 2、4、9 和 14、次生代谢物以及霉菌毒素伏马菌素和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。我们的结论是，镰刀菌菌种复合体内部以及近缘镰刀菌菌种复合体之间共享基因谱；但是，这些共享基因谱广泛分布于所有镰刀菌病原体中。这些发现突显了检测和/或鉴定针叶树镰刀菌病原体的潜在目标，但根据物种群和支系的不同，需要多种方法和/或目标。还需要进行更多的研究，以确定表达的致病性/侵染性基因以及导致针叶树致病的下游代谢产物的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Changes in Arenosol Nematode Abundance and Trophic Composition as Influenced by Different Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. Tree Stand Ages in Northern Ethiopia 受不同 Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.埃塞俄比亚北部的树龄

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12887

Solomon Amare, Mitiku Haile, Emiru Birhane

Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev., hereafter F. albida is an important agroforestry tree species in the semi-arid highlands of Tigray, northern Ethiopia. The paper analyses how different stand ages of the tree could influence nematodes' abundance, trophic composition and selected community index values. A total of 40 composite soil samples were collected from out-canopies and under-canopies of different tree stand age classes designated as young (15–20 years), medium age (35–40 years) and older (> 60 years). Nematodes were extracted following the Baermann funnel technique, identified and counted under an inverted Olympus microscope according to their trophic groups. The highest total count of nematodes and relative abundance of fungivores, omnivores and predatory nematode trophic groups were counted from soil samples influenced by older F. albida trees. The relative abundance of bacterivores and plant parasitic nematodes was low. The nematode channel ratio became lower in soils as influenced by older trees while the Wasilewska index was significantly high. The age difference of the trees influenced the abundance of the soil nematode feeding groups and their ecological index values. Moreover, the results have shown the enhancement of nematode trophic diversity. Redundancy analysis showed that tree age significantly influenced the relationships of nematode trophic groups with the studied soil bio-physicochemical properties. Generally, the findings indicate that the soil food web becomes more complex and functional under the older trees.

Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.（以下简称 F. albida）是埃塞俄比亚北部提格雷半干旱高地的重要农林树种。本文分析了该树种的不同树龄如何影响线虫的数量、营养组成和选定的群落指数值。研究人员从不同树龄等级的树冠外和树冠下收集了共 40 份复合土壤样本，这些树龄等级分别为幼龄（15-20 年）、中龄（35-40 年）和老龄（60 年）。采用 Baermann 漏斗技术提取线虫，在奥林巴斯倒置显微镜下根据线虫的营养群进行鉴定和计数。在受老龄白花前胡影响的土壤样本中，线虫总数最高，食菌、杂食和捕食线虫营养群的相对丰度也最高。食菌线虫和植物寄生线虫的相对丰度较低。在受老树影响的土壤中，线虫通道比率变低，而 Wasilewska 指数却明显偏高。树龄差异影响了土壤中线虫食性群体的数量及其生态指数值。此外，研究结果还表明线虫营养多样性得到了提高。冗余分析表明，树龄对线虫营养群与所研究的土壤生物物理化学性质之间的关系有显著影响。总体而言，研究结果表明，树龄越大，土壤食物网越复杂，功能越强。

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引用次数: 0

Development of a qPCR Assay for the Detection and Quantification of the Fungal Pathogen Calonectria canadiana on Conifers 开发用于检测和定量针叶树上真菌病原体 Calonectria canadiana 的 qPCR 分析方法

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12885

Philippe Tanguay, Nathan Benoit, Amélie Potvin, Louis Bernier

A real-time PCR TaqMan assay was developed for the detection of Calonectria canadiana, a fungal pathogen responsible for damping off, root rot and seedling blight in conifer forest nurseries in central and eastern North America. While highly significant in Quebec Forest nurseries, coniferous seedling mortality decreased significantly when nurseries transitioned from bare root to container seedling production. However, over the past few years, this pathogen has re-emerged as a threat and millions of container white spruce seedlings were culled in two nurseries in eastern Quebec. A sensitive detection and quantification assay for C. canadiana was essential to investigate the biological and environmental factors driving this new epidemic. We designed primers and a TaqMan probe targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of C. canadiana. The resulting Ccan TaqMan assay successfully differentiated C. canadiana from other soil-borne pathogens of the Nectriaceae encountered in Quebec Forest nurseries. The limit of detection of the assay was established at eight copies of C. canadiana ITS. The Ccan TaqMan assay quickly identified the presence of the pathogen in both symptomatic and asymptomatic white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the pathogen was more easily detected when DNA was extracted from necrotic needles at the base of the stem rather than from necrotic roots. This molecular tool will greatly aid in understanding the biology and epidemiology of C. canadiana.

我们开发了一种实时 PCR TaqMan 分析方法，用于检测北美中部和东部针叶林苗圃中的一种真菌病原体 Calonectria canadiana，这种病原体可导致苗木受潮、根腐病和枯萎病。虽然针叶树苗死亡率在魁北克森林苗圃中非常高，但当苗圃从裸根苗生产过渡到容器苗生产时，针叶树苗死亡率明显下降。然而，在过去几年中，这种病原体再次成为威胁，在魁北克东部的两个苗圃中，数百万株容器白云杉幼苗被剔除。要研究导致这种新流行病的生物和环境因素，就必须对 C. canadiana 进行灵敏的检测和定量分析。我们设计了针对 C. canadiana 内部转录间隔区 (ITS) 的引物和 TaqMan 探针。由此产生的 Ccan TaqMan 检测方法成功地将 C. canadiana 与魁北克森林苗圃中遇到的其他花椰菜科土传病原体区分开来。该检测方法的检测限被确定为 C. canadiana ITS 的 8 个拷贝。Ccan TaqMan 检测法可快速确定有症状和无症状的白云杉（Picea glauca）幼苗中是否存在病原体。此外，我们还证明，从茎基部坏死针叶中提取 DNA 比从坏死根部提取 DNA 更容易检测到病原体。这种分子工具将大大有助于了解 C. canadiana 的生物学和流行病学。

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引用次数: 0

Neoscytalidium dimidiatum associated with Albizia lebbeck disease in Saudi Arabia: Symptomatology, pathogenicity and molecular identification 沙特阿拉伯与 Albizia lebbeck 病有关的 Neoscytalidium dimidiatum：症状、致病性和分子鉴定

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12884

Khalid E. Hamed, Abdullah S. Alsohim, Christiane Baschien, Riyaz Z. Sayyed

Botryosphaeriaceae fungi cause infections that generate disease symptoms in plants in extreme environments. The present study identified the causal agent of dieback disease on lebbeck trees in Saudi Arabia. Albizia lebbeck trees showed widespread dieback, decline and cracking symptoms of samples taken during a Qassim University, Saudi Arabia survey. The survey showed that over 80% of lebbeck trees showed wilted roots, stem cankers and death of wilted trees. Fungal colonies were obtained from symptomatic tissues cultured on water agar for 3 weeks at 25°C. Elongation factor alpha (EF1-728 F, AL33R), ITS (ITS4) and LSU (128) regions of the rDNA operon and the partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2; Bt2aF, Bt2bR) were sequenced for molecular identification. Based on morphological and molecular characterization, the pathogen was identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. During the pathogenicity investigation, the fungus re-isolated from the infected seedlings expressed the same morphological characteristics on the culture media as the N. dimidiatum isolate. A host range study involving six tree species inoculation with N. dimidiatum caused wilting and death in three plants. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report on N. dimidiatum in Saudi Arabia.

Botryosphaeriaceae 真菌会导致极端环境中的植物感染并产生疾病症状。本研究确定了沙特阿拉伯莱贝克树枯萎病的病原菌。在沙特阿拉伯卡西姆大学（Qassim University）进行的一项调查中采集的样本显示，Albizia 莱贝克树出现了广泛的枯萎、衰退和开裂症状。调查显示，超过 80% 的莱贝克树出现根部枯萎、茎干溃疡和枯萎死亡。从有症状的组织中获得真菌菌落，在 25°C 水琼脂中培养 3 周。对 rDNA 操作子的伸长因子 alpha（EF1-728 F，AL33R）、ITS（ITS4）和 LSU（128）区域以及部分 beta-tubulin基因（tub2；Bt2aF，Bt2bR）进行了测序，以进行分子鉴定。根据形态学和分子鉴定，病原体被确定为 Neoscytalidium dimidiatum。在致病性调查中，从受感染树苗中再次分离出的真菌在培养基上表现出与 N. dimidiatum 分离物相同的形态特征。一项涉及六种树种的寄主范围研究表明，接种 N. dimidiatum 会导致三种植物枯萎和死亡。据我们所知，这项研究是首次报道沙特阿拉伯的 N. dimidiatum。

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Fungal communities associated with Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Larix sp. seeds of different geographic origin: Implications for disease management 与不同地理来源的欧洲冷杉、欧洲赤松和欧洲落叶松种子相关的真菌群落：对疾病管理的影响

IF 1.3 4区农林科学 Q3 FORESTRY

Forest Pathology

Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12880

Rebecca Larsson, Audrius Menkis, Åke Olson

In Europe, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies are the most common coniferous tree species used in commercial forestry, which rely on high-quality reproductive material for successful reforestation. Clear-cut harvested forest sites are often replanted using tree seedlings, which are produced in forest nurseries using seeds from seed orchards. However, incidences of fungal diseases in seedling production show that a better knowledge of seedborne fungi, including fungal pathogens, is needed to manage diseases in forest nurseries. This study aimed to assess seedborne fungal communities associated with commercial seeds of P. abies, P. sylvestris and Larix sp. seeds originated from geographically separated regions in Sweden, Belarus, Finland and Poland. Fungal communities were obtained first from the seed surface and then from the seed tissue. These were analysed using high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 rDNA region. The results showed that fungal diversity and community composition differed between the seed surface and the seed tissue. Picea abies accommodated a higher fungal diversity than P. sylvestris. In addition, a strong host affinity of the fungal community composition on the seed surface and a weaker association in the seed tissue was found. Fungal communities on P. abies and P. sylvestris seed surface differed significantly between geographical regions, whereas no regional differences were found in the seed tissue. The seedborne fungal communities included a high proportion of plant pathogens, among which the most abundant were Sydowia polyspora (13.3%), Phoma herbarum (11.2%) and Sirococcus conigenus (3.8%). In conclusion, the results showed (a) characteristic fungal diversity and community composition between the seed surface and the seed tissue; (b) a host-specific fungal community composition on the seed surface and in the seed tissue; (c) regional difference in fungal communities on P. abies and P. sylvestris seed surface, thus the movement of seeds between different regions can contribute to the spread of fungal diseases; and (d) the presence of a high incidence of seedborne fungal pathogens which suggest a potential need of preventative or control measures to reduce the occurrence of these fungi on the seed surface.

在欧洲，欧洲赤松（Pinus sylvestris）和欧洲红松（Picea abies）是商业林业中最常用的针叶树种，它们依靠高质量的繁殖材料来成功造林。人工砍伐的林地通常使用树苗重新植树造林，这些树苗是由林场苗圃使用种子果园的种子培育出来的。然而，育苗过程中真菌病害的发生率表明，需要更好地了解种子传播的真菌，包括真菌病原体，以管理森林苗圃中的病害。本研究旨在评估与产自瑞典、白俄罗斯、芬兰和波兰等地理位置不同地区的巴西杉、西伯利亚杉和落叶松商业种子相关的种载真菌群落。首先从种子表面，然后从种子组织中获得真菌群落。通过对 ITS2 rDNA 区域进行高通量测序对其进行了分析。结果表明，种子表面和种子组织的真菌多样性和群落组成各不相同。云杉的真菌多样性高于西洋杉。此外，还发现种子表面的真菌群落组成与寄主的亲和性较强，而与种子组织的亲和性较弱。赤松和香樟树种子表面的真菌群落在不同地理区域之间存在显著差异，而在种子组织中则没有发现区域差异。种子真菌群落中植物病原菌的比例很高，其中含量最高的是多孢子菌（Sydowia polyspora）（13.3%）、禾本科真菌（Phoma herbarum）（11.2%）和球孢子菌（Sirococcus conigenus）（3.8%）。总之，研究结果表明：（a）种子表面和种子组织的真菌多样性和群落组成具有特征性；（b）种子表面和种子组织中的真菌群落组成具有寄主特异性；（c）P. abies 和 P. sylvestris 种子表面的真菌群落具有区域性差异，而 P. abies 和 P. sylvestris 种子组织中的真菌群落具有寄主特异性。(d) 种子传播真菌病原体的高发病率表明可能需要采取预防或控制措施，以减少这些真菌在种子表面的发生。

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