Xue-Feng Ni, Diane P Barton, Hui-Xia Chen, Liang Li
The genus Maxvachonia Chabaud et Brygoo, 1960 (Ascaridomorpha: Cosmocercidae) is a poorly known group of parasitic nematodes. Species of Maxvachonia are native to Madagascar-Australo-Papuan Region, where they are known to parasitise frogs, snakes and skinks. Unfortunately, most of Maxvachonia species have been inadequately described. In the present study, we report the native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 from the intestine of the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) in Australia for the first time. We speculate that the marine toads infected with M. chabaudi are likely related to their eating skinks or the similarity in diet/habitat/ecology between the toad and the skinks. The detailed morphology of M. chabaudi was studied using light microscopy and, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy, based on the newly collected specimens. Some characters important for the specific diagnosis of M. chabaudi are reported for the first time, including each lip with distinct inner flanges, the location of vulva varying from anterior to posterior of the oesophageal bulb and the presence of single medio-ventral precloacal papilla. An identification key to the species of Maxvachonia is provided.
Maxvachonia Chabaud et Brygoo, 1960(蛔虫目:尾线虫科)是一个鲜为人知的寄生线虫群。Maxvachonia的种类原产于马达加斯加-澳大利亚-巴布亚地区,在那里它们寄生在青蛙、蛇和石龙子身上。不幸的是,大多数Maxvachonia物种都没有得到充分的描述。本文首次报道了在澳大利亚入侵海蟾蜍Rhinella marina (Linnaeus)肠道中发现的本土物种Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972。我们推测,感染chabaudi海蟾蜍可能与它们吃石龙子有关,或者与它们在饮食/栖息地/生态方面的相似性有关。以新收集的标本为基础,利用光镜和扫描电镜对其进行了详细的形态学研究。本文首次报道了chabaudi的一些重要特征,包括每个唇有不同的内凸缘,外阴的位置从食道球的前部到后部变化,以及单个中腹侧的阴囊前乳头的存在。本文提供了一种大爪龙的鉴定钥匙。
{"title":"Native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) found in the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia.","authors":"Xue-Feng Ni, Diane P Barton, Hui-Xia Chen, Liang Li","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus Maxvachonia Chabaud et Brygoo, 1960 (Ascaridomorpha: Cosmocercidae) is a poorly known group of parasitic nematodes. Species of Maxvachonia are native to Madagascar-Australo-Papuan Region, where they are known to parasitise frogs, snakes and skinks. Unfortunately, most of Maxvachonia species have been inadequately described. In the present study, we report the native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 from the intestine of the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) in Australia for the first time. We speculate that the marine toads infected with M. chabaudi are likely related to their eating skinks or the similarity in diet/habitat/ecology between the toad and the skinks. The detailed morphology of M. chabaudi was studied using light microscopy and, for the first time, scanning electron microscopy, based on the newly collected specimens. Some characters important for the specific diagnosis of M. chabaudi are reported for the first time, including each lip with distinct inner flanges, the location of vulva varying from anterior to posterior of the oesophageal bulb and the presence of single medio-ventral precloacal papilla. An identification key to the species of Maxvachonia is provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10767664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eman S El-Wakil, Hanan S El-Kholy, Rady E El-Araby, Marwa M I Ghallab
Species of Acanthamoeba Volkonsky, 1931 are the commonest among free-living amoebae that are widespread in different water resources but with lacking phylogenetic data. This study aims at detecting molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba isolates in Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. Forty-eight water samples were collected from 12 swimming pools; four samples during each season over one year. Samples were filtered, cultivated on non-nutrient agar plates and examined microscopically. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis of positive samples targeting diagnostic fragment 3 (DF3) of the small subunit rRNA gene were done. Cultivation succeeded to detect 14 (29%) positive samples while PCR missed three positive samples. The obtained sequences were phylogenetically analysed. The phylogenetic tree was constructed for them with sequences of reference species from the NCBI database. The identified species were Acanthamoeba castellanii Douglas, 1930 (T4), A. astronyxis (Ray et Hayes, 1954) (T9) and A. hatchetti Sawyer, Visvesvara et Harke, 1977 (T11). The prevalence of species of Acanthamoeba was higher during summer and fall. Therefore, the control of the presence of Acanthmoeba spp. in swimming pools needs immediate, effective and practical measures to prevent and control infection with species of Acanthamoeba.
棘阿米巴Volkonsky, 1931是最常见的自由生活阿米巴,广泛分布于不同的水资源中,但缺乏系统发育资料。本研究旨在检测埃及Kafrelsheikh省棘阿米巴分离株的分子流行度和遗传多样性。从12个游泳池采集48个水样;在一年的时间里,每个季节都有四个样本。样品经过过滤,在无营养琼脂板上培养,并进行显微镜检查。对阳性样本进行小亚基rRNA基因诊断片段3 (DF3)的聚合酶链反应(PCR)和序列分析。培养检出阳性14份(29%),PCR检出阴性3份。对得到的序列进行系统发育分析。利用NCBI数据库中的参考种序列构建系统发育树。鉴定种为棘阿米巴castellanii Douglas, 1930 (T4), A. astronyxis (Ray et Hayes, 1954) (T9)和A. hatchetti Sawyer, Visvesvara et Harke, 1977 (T11)。夏季和秋季棘阿米巴的流行率较高。因此,控制泳池棘阿米巴的存在需要采取及时、有效和切实可行的措施来预防和控制棘阿米巴的感染。
{"title":"Genotype diversity, phylogenetic analysis and seasonality of isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. in swimming pools in Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.","authors":"Eman S El-Wakil, Hanan S El-Kholy, Rady E El-Araby, Marwa M I Ghallab","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Species of Acanthamoeba Volkonsky, 1931 are the commonest among free-living amoebae that are widespread in different water resources but with lacking phylogenetic data. This study aims at detecting molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba isolates in Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. Forty-eight water samples were collected from 12 swimming pools; four samples during each season over one year. Samples were filtered, cultivated on non-nutrient agar plates and examined microscopically. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis of positive samples targeting diagnostic fragment 3 (DF3) of the small subunit rRNA gene were done. Cultivation succeeded to detect 14 (29%) positive samples while PCR missed three positive samples. The obtained sequences were phylogenetically analysed. The phylogenetic tree was constructed for them with sequences of reference species from the NCBI database. The identified species were Acanthamoeba castellanii Douglas, 1930 (T4), A. astronyxis (Ray et Hayes, 1954) (T9) and A. hatchetti Sawyer, Visvesvara et Harke, 1977 (T11). The prevalence of species of Acanthamoeba was higher during summer and fall. Therefore, the control of the presence of Acanthmoeba spp. in swimming pools needs immediate, effective and practical measures to prevent and control infection with species of Acanthamoeba.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10767668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changwei Su, Xuefang Mei, Xia Feng, Fuqiang Zhang, Pei Wang, Bo He, Fuyang Xu, Zishan Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenchao Zhang, Xiangrui Li, Shuai Wang
Species of Blastocystis Alexieff, 1911 are anaerobic intestinal protists found in humans and many kinds of animals that mainly cause diarrhea, abdominal pain and other clinical symptoms. At present, data on the prevalence and subtype diversity of species of Blastocystis in domestic rabbits are very limited. The purpose of this study was to characterise the infection rate and gene subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits in Henan Province, Central China, and provide foundation for prevention and control of the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits. DNA was extracted from 286 fresh rabbit faecal samples collected from four areas of Henan Province, Central China. All DNA samples were screened using PCR and positive samples were sequenced to identify individual subtypes based on the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate of Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits in Henan Province was 15% (43/286). Three subtypes were identified, including ST1 (26/43, 60%), ST3 (5/43, 12%) and ST7 (12/43, 28%), all of which belonged to potentially zoonotic subtypes, ST1 was the dominant gene subtype. These results showed that infection with Blastocystis sp. was common in domestic rabbits in Henan Province, Central China, and was represented by zoonotic subtypes. Therefore, special attention should be paid to reduce the risk of transmission of Blastocystis sp. from domestic rabbits to humans.
{"title":"Prevalence and molecular subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in rabbits in Henan, Central China.","authors":"Changwei Su, Xuefang Mei, Xia Feng, Fuqiang Zhang, Pei Wang, Bo He, Fuyang Xu, Zishan Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenchao Zhang, Xiangrui Li, Shuai Wang","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Species of Blastocystis Alexieff, 1911 are anaerobic intestinal protists found in humans and many kinds of animals that mainly cause diarrhea, abdominal pain and other clinical symptoms. At present, data on the prevalence and subtype diversity of species of Blastocystis in domestic rabbits are very limited. The purpose of this study was to characterise the infection rate and gene subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits in Henan Province, Central China, and provide foundation for prevention and control of the disease caused by Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits. DNA was extracted from 286 fresh rabbit faecal samples collected from four areas of Henan Province, Central China. All DNA samples were screened using PCR and positive samples were sequenced to identify individual subtypes based on the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate of Blastocystis sp. in domestic rabbits in Henan Province was 15% (43/286). Three subtypes were identified, including ST1 (26/43, 60%), ST3 (5/43, 12%) and ST7 (12/43, 28%), all of which belonged to potentially zoonotic subtypes, ST1 was the dominant gene subtype. These results showed that infection with Blastocystis sp. was common in domestic rabbits in Henan Province, Central China, and was represented by zoonotic subtypes. Therefore, special attention should be paid to reduce the risk of transmission of Blastocystis sp. from domestic rabbits to humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40456917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xaver Neitemeier-Duventester, Andreas Bick, Stefan Theisen, Harry W Palm
Taxonomic issues within Trypanorhyncha, e.g., the inaccurate light microscopic visualisation of the hook patterns, are solvable by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We applied CLSM imaging to study Trygonicola macropora (Shipley et Hornell, 1906) and Dollfusiella michiae (Southwell, 1929) from Neotrygon caeruliopunctata Last, White et Séret from Bali, Indonesia. To illustrate the strength and limitations of CLSM, images of Otobothrium cysticum (Mayer, 1842) and Symbothriorhynchus tigaminacantha Palm, 2004, both permanent mounts from a collection, were also processed. The CLSM created image stacks of many layers, and edited with IMARIS Software, these layers resulted in three-dimensional images of the armature patterns and internal organs of both species. BABB (benzylalcohol and benzylbenzuolate) clearing was applied to T. macropora. We conclude that trypanorhynch cestodes stained with Mayer-Schuberg's acetic carmine permanently mounted in Canada balsam are suitable for CLSM, allowing detailed analyses of museum type-material as well as freshly collected and processed worms. BABB resulted in imaging the testes in detail, suggesting other stains to be used for CLSM in trypanorhynch cestode research. Application of CLSM for studies of other cestode groups is highly recommended.
共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)可以解决锥虫的分类学问题,例如,钩形图案的光学显微镜可视化不准确。我们应用CLSM成像研究了来自印度尼西亚巴厘岛的Neotrygon caeruliopunctata Last, White et ssamuret的大孔Trygonicola (Shipley et Hornell, 1906)和michiae Dollfusiella (Southwell, 1929)。为了说明CLSM的优势和局限性,还对收集的两种永久坐骑Otobothrium cyysum (Mayer, 1842)和Symbothriorhynchus tigaminacantha Palm(2004)的图像进行了处理。CLSM创建了许多层的图像堆栈,并使用IMARIS软件进行编辑,这些层产生了两个物种的电枢模式和内部器官的三维图像。采用BABB (benzylalcohol and benzylbenzzuolate)对大孔霉进行清除。我们的结论是,用永久固定在加拿大香脂上的Mayer-Schuberg醋酸胭脂红染色的锥虫虫体适合用于CLSM,可以对博物馆类型的材料以及新收集和加工的蠕虫进行详细分析。BABB可以对睾丸进行详细的成像,提示在锥虫的研究中可以使用其他的CLSM染色。强烈建议将CLSM应用于其他群集的研究。
{"title":"Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) as a new tool for morphological characterisation of both newly collected and museum voucher specimens of the Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863 (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda).","authors":"Xaver Neitemeier-Duventester, Andreas Bick, Stefan Theisen, Harry W Palm","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taxonomic issues within Trypanorhyncha, e.g., the inaccurate light microscopic visualisation of the hook patterns, are solvable by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We applied CLSM imaging to study Trygonicola macropora (Shipley et Hornell, 1906) and Dollfusiella michiae (Southwell, 1929) from Neotrygon caeruliopunctata Last, White et Séret from Bali, Indonesia. To illustrate the strength and limitations of CLSM, images of Otobothrium cysticum (Mayer, 1842) and Symbothriorhynchus tigaminacantha Palm, 2004, both permanent mounts from a collection, were also processed. The CLSM created image stacks of many layers, and edited with IMARIS Software, these layers resulted in three-dimensional images of the armature patterns and internal organs of both species. BABB (benzylalcohol and benzylbenzuolate) clearing was applied to T. macropora. We conclude that trypanorhynch cestodes stained with Mayer-Schuberg's acetic carmine permanently mounted in Canada balsam are suitable for CLSM, allowing detailed analyses of museum type-material as well as freshly collected and processed worms. BABB resulted in imaging the testes in detail, suggesting other stains to be used for CLSM in trypanorhynch cestode research. Application of CLSM for studies of other cestode groups is highly recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40546592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salmincola markewitschi Shedko et Shedko, 2002 (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) is an ectoparasitic copepod mainly infecting the buccal cavities of white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis (Pallas) (Salmonidae). This species has only been recorded from Northeast Asia, where a morphologically similar congener Salmincola carpionis (Krøyer, 1837) is also distributed, using the same host species. These copepods are hard to distinguish from each other because of their similarities. We thus examined the newly collected specimens morphologically and genetically from five populations of white-spotted charr in Japan. Most of the specimens were morphologically consistent with S. markewitschi but showed great variations in the numbers of spines on the exopods of the antennae, shape of the maxilliped myxal palps, and the bulla diameter. Consequently, some specimens shared characteristics with S. carpionis. In addition to the mophological continuities, genetic analyses of 28S rDNA and COI mitochondrial DNA confirmed that all specimens belong to a single species. Further taxonomic revisions are required to draw conclusions of whether S. markewitschi is a valid species different from S. carpionis, by collecting samples from across their wide distributional ranges, such as Europe, North America, and Northeast Asia. A key to identification of species of Salmincola Wilson, 1915 occurring in Japan is also provided.
{"title":"Salmincola markewitschi or S. carpionis (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae)? A requirement for taxonomic revision due to their high morphological variations.","authors":"Ryota Hasegawa, Hirotaka Katahira, Itsuro Koizumi","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salmincola markewitschi Shedko et Shedko, 2002 (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) is an ectoparasitic copepod mainly infecting the buccal cavities of white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis (Pallas) (Salmonidae). This species has only been recorded from Northeast Asia, where a morphologically similar congener Salmincola carpionis (Krøyer, 1837) is also distributed, using the same host species. These copepods are hard to distinguish from each other because of their similarities. We thus examined the newly collected specimens morphologically and genetically from five populations of white-spotted charr in Japan. Most of the specimens were morphologically consistent with S. markewitschi but showed great variations in the numbers of spines on the exopods of the antennae, shape of the maxilliped myxal palps, and the bulla diameter. Consequently, some specimens shared characteristics with S. carpionis. In addition to the mophological continuities, genetic analyses of 28S rDNA and COI mitochondrial DNA confirmed that all specimens belong to a single species. Further taxonomic revisions are required to draw conclusions of whether S. markewitschi is a valid species different from S. carpionis, by collecting samples from across their wide distributional ranges, such as Europe, North America, and Northeast Asia. A key to identification of species of Salmincola Wilson, 1915 occurring in Japan is also provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40477246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peng Zhang, Ke Chen, Michaela Svobodova, Ting-Bao Yang, Julius Lukes, Jinyong Zhang, Zhao-Rong Lun, De-Hua Lai
Recently, based on a limited morphological characterisation and partial 18S rRNA gene sequence, Jiang et al. (2019) described Trypanosoma micropteri Jiang, Lu, Du, Wang, Hu, Su et Li, 2019 as a new pathogen of farmed fish. Here we provide evidence based on the expanded sequence dataset, morphology and experimental infections that this trypanosome does not warrant the establishment as a new species, because it is conspecific with the long-term known Trypanosoma carassii Mitrophanow, 1883, a common haemoflagellate parasite of freshwater fish. The former taxon thus becomes a new junior synonym of T. carassii.
最近,Jiang et al.(2019)基于有限的形态特征和部分18S rRNA基因序列,将微型锥虫(Trypanosoma micropteri Jiang, Lu, Du, Wang, Hu, Su et Li, 2019)描述为养殖鱼类的新病原体。基于扩展的序列数据集、形态学和实验感染,我们提供了证据,证明该锥虫不能作为新种建立,因为它与长期已知的淡水鱼常见的血鞭毛虫寄生虫carassii Mitrophanow, 1883同源。原来的分类单元因此成为了卡拉西的一个新的初级同义词。
{"title":"Does the fish-infecting Trypanosoma micropteri belong to Trypanosoma carassii?","authors":"Peng Zhang, Ke Chen, Michaela Svobodova, Ting-Bao Yang, Julius Lukes, Jinyong Zhang, Zhao-Rong Lun, De-Hua Lai","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, based on a limited morphological characterisation and partial 18S rRNA gene sequence, Jiang et al. (2019) described Trypanosoma micropteri Jiang, Lu, Du, Wang, Hu, Su et Li, 2019 as a new pathogen of farmed fish. Here we provide evidence based on the expanded sequence dataset, morphology and experimental infections that this trypanosome does not warrant the establishment as a new species, because it is conspecific with the long-term known Trypanosoma carassii Mitrophanow, 1883, a common haemoflagellate parasite of freshwater fish. The former taxon thus becomes a new junior synonym of T. carassii.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40444191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Congenital toxoplasmosis is reportable disease in Europe. To prevent it antibody serological tests were introduced in several European countries as a part of screening programmes. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity index testing is one of these tests for diagnosing acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) in pregnant women. However, a low or moderate IgG avidity index can give inconclusive results for predicting woman's status. From June 2012 until the end of 2014, 17,990 women were included in the national screening program to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. One hundred and twenty-six women were consecutively included in the study because they had low or moderate IgG avidity. Every woman with possible acute toxoplasmosis was followed up every month till delivery. Fifty-eight of 126 (46%) women got infected in months before current pregnancy, 39 women (31%) were infected early in pregnancy. Twenty-nine pregnant women of 126 (23%) got infected in the second/third trimester of pregnancy. New cut off for IgG avidity index was 0.11. With this cut off, we were able to exclude T. gondii acute infection in the first trimester with very good diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.95, 95% confidence Interval (CI) 0.91-0.99, sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.86). If an IgG avidity index above 0.11 is measured in a woman's serum and she is in the first trimester of pregnancy, then a odds ratio (OR) for acute infection with T. gondii is below 1 (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.25, P < 0.0001). If we measure IgG avidity index that is ≥ 0.11 in the first trimester of pregnancy, we can exclude infection with T. gondii with good diagnostic accuracy in our cohort of women. With a new cut off we could reduce number of invasive procedures such as amniocentesis and put less pregnant women in distress.
先天性弓形虫病在欧洲是一种可报告的疾病。为了预防这种疾病,一些欧洲国家采用了抗体血清学测试作为筛查方案的一部分。免疫球蛋白G (IgG)亲和力指数检测是诊断孕妇急性弓形虫感染的检测方法之一(Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908)。然而,一个低或中等IgG贪婪指数可以给出不确定的结果,以预测妇女的地位。2012年6月至2014年底,17990名妇女被纳入国家先天性弓形虫病预防筛查方案。126名女性被连续纳入研究,因为她们有低或中度的IgG贪婪。每个月对可能患有急性弓形虫病的妇女进行随访,直至分娩。126名妇女中有58名(46%)是在怀孕前几个月感染的,39名(31%)是在怀孕早期感染的。126名孕妇中有29名(23%)在妊娠中期/晚期感染。IgG亲和指数新截断值为0.11。有了这个截断点,我们能够排除妊娠早期弓形虫急性感染,诊断准确性非常高(曲线下面积(AUC) = 0.95, 95%置信区间(CI) 0.91-0.99,敏感性0.95,特异性0.86)。如果在妊娠早期的妇女血清中检测到IgG贪婪指数高于0.11,那么急性弓形虫感染的优势比(OR)低于1 (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.25, P < 0.0001)。如果我们在妊娠前三个月测量IgG贪婪指数≥0.11,我们可以排除弓形虫感染,在我们的女性队列中具有良好的诊断准确性。有了新的切口,我们可以减少羊膜穿刺术等侵入性手术的数量,减少孕妇的痛苦。
{"title":"Diagnostic accuracy of adjusted low IgG avidity index to predict acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in the first trimester of pregnancy.","authors":"Miha Skvarc","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital toxoplasmosis is reportable disease in Europe. To prevent it antibody serological tests were introduced in several European countries as a part of screening programmes. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity index testing is one of these tests for diagnosing acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) in pregnant women. However, a low or moderate IgG avidity index can give inconclusive results for predicting woman's status. From June 2012 until the end of 2014, 17,990 women were included in the national screening program to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. One hundred and twenty-six women were consecutively included in the study because they had low or moderate IgG avidity. Every woman with possible acute toxoplasmosis was followed up every month till delivery. Fifty-eight of 126 (46%) women got infected in months before current pregnancy, 39 women (31%) were infected early in pregnancy. Twenty-nine pregnant women of 126 (23%) got infected in the second/third trimester of pregnancy. New cut off for IgG avidity index was 0.11. With this cut off, we were able to exclude T. gondii acute infection in the first trimester with very good diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.95, 95% confidence Interval (CI) 0.91-0.99, sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.86). If an IgG avidity index above 0.11 is measured in a woman's serum and she is in the first trimester of pregnancy, then a odds ratio (OR) for acute infection with T. gondii is below 1 (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.25, P < 0.0001). If we measure IgG avidity index that is ≥ 0.11 in the first trimester of pregnancy, we can exclude infection with T. gondii with good diagnostic accuracy in our cohort of women. With a new cut off we could reduce number of invasive procedures such as amniocentesis and put less pregnant women in distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40659447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alma Gabriela Islas-Ortega, Paula S Marcotegui, Linda Basson, Gerhard P de Jager, Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar
Trichodina centrostrigeata Basson, Van As et Paperna, 1983 from Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and O. niloticus (Linnaeus) from different host populations from Argentina, Mexico and South Africa was reviewed. Although T. centrostrigeata has a distinct denticle structure that makes morphological taxonomic inferences uncomplicated, variation of the denticles within and among individuals and populations were still observed. While traditional taxonomy of mobilines is heavily reliant on morphometrics, and recently even more so on molecular analysis, this paper proposes the use of geometric morphometry, specifically elliptical Fourier analysis, to address morphological conflicts that arise when comparing different populations. By applying this technique, combined with traditional taxonomy, it was found that T. centrostrigeata in this study can be grouped into two separate morphotypes, the first (type a) from aquaculture farms in Argentina and Mexico and the second (type b) from a natural habitat in Glen Alpine Dam, South Africa. This study supports the validity of geometric morphometry as an additional technique to distinguish not only between species but also evolutionary plasticity of the same species from different localities and habitats.
对阿根廷、墨西哥和南非不同寄主种群的mosambicus (Peters)和O. niloticus (Linnaeus)的毛癣菌(Trichodina centrrostrigeata Basson, Van As et Paperna, 1983)进行了综述。虽然有明显的齿状结构,使得形态分类推断不复杂,但仍然观察到个体和群体内部和群体之间的齿状结构差异。虽然传统的移动分类严重依赖形态计量学,最近甚至更多地依赖于分子分析,但本文提出使用几何形态计量学,特别是椭圆傅立叶分析,来解决比较不同种群时出现的形态冲突。应用该技术,结合传统的分类学方法,本研究发现,本研究的中部棘腹绦虫可分为两种不同的形态,第一种(a型)来自阿根廷和墨西哥的水产养殖场,第二种(b型)来自南非格伦阿尔卑斯大坝的自然栖息地。该研究支持几何形态测定法作为一种额外技术的有效性,不仅可以区分物种,还可以区分来自不同地点和栖息地的同一物种的进化可塑性。
{"title":"Comparative exploration of the morphological plasticity of Trichodina centrostrigeata (Peritrichia: Mobilida), ectoparasite from the gills of two tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus) in a global context.","authors":"Alma Gabriela Islas-Ortega, Paula S Marcotegui, Linda Basson, Gerhard P de Jager, Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trichodina centrostrigeata Basson, Van As et Paperna, 1983 from Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and O. niloticus (Linnaeus) from different host populations from Argentina, Mexico and South Africa was reviewed. Although T. centrostrigeata has a distinct denticle structure that makes morphological taxonomic inferences uncomplicated, variation of the denticles within and among individuals and populations were still observed. While traditional taxonomy of mobilines is heavily reliant on morphometrics, and recently even more so on molecular analysis, this paper proposes the use of geometric morphometry, specifically elliptical Fourier analysis, to address morphological conflicts that arise when comparing different populations. By applying this technique, combined with traditional taxonomy, it was found that T. centrostrigeata in this study can be grouped into two separate morphotypes, the first (type a) from aquaculture farms in Argentina and Mexico and the second (type b) from a natural habitat in Glen Alpine Dam, South Africa. This study supports the validity of geometric morphometry as an additional technique to distinguish not only between species but also evolutionary plasticity of the same species from different localities and habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40341449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paula Suellen Guimaraes Gois, Priscila Silva Franco, Samuel Cota Teixeira, Pamela Mendonca Guirelli, Thadia Evelyn de Araujo, Deivid William da Fonseca Batistao, Fernanda Chaves de Oliveira, Gabriela Licia Santos Ferreira, Angelica de Oliveira Gomes, Silvio Favoreto, Jose Roberto Mineo, Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa, Eloisa Amalia Vieira Ferro
Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909, the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, was considered a clonal population with three distinct genetic lineages (I, II and III); however, sequence analysis of different strains has revealed distinct atypical genotypes. Macrophages are essential for immunity against toxoplasmosis and differential cell regulation may affect the course of the disease. In this context, our study aims to investigate the infection by TgChBrUD2, a highly virulent atypical Brazilian strain of T. gondii, on the activation and polarisation of human macrophages. Human macrophage-like cells obtained from THP-1 cells were infected with TgChBrUD2, RH or ME49 strains of T. gondii to evaluate the impact of parasite infection on macrophage polarisation. Our results indicate that the TgChBrUD2 and ME49 strains of T. gondii induced a classic activation of human macrophages, which was confirmed by the high rate of spindle-shaped macrophages, low amount of urea and increase in the levels of nitrite, as well as the down-regulation of M2-markers. In contrast, RH strain promoted an alternative activation of macrophages. The polarisation of human macrophages towards an M1 subtype mediated by TgChBrUD2 and ME49 strains resulted in a low parasite burden, with high levels of IL-6 and MIF. Finally, the M2 subtype triggered by the RH strain culminated in a lower intracellular proliferation index. We concluded that the atypical (TgChBrUD2) and clonal (ME49) strains are able to elicit an M1 subtype, which results in parasitism control, partially explained by the high levels of IL-6 and MIF produced during the infection by these genotypes. In contrast, the clonal (RH) strain promoted a macrophage polarisation towards an M2 subtype, marked by a high parasite burden, with a weak modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, atypical strains can present different mechanisms of pathogenicity and transmissibility compared to clonal strains, as well as they can use distinct strategies to evade the host's immune response and ensure their survival.
弓形虫Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909,弓形虫病的病原,被认为是一个具有三个不同遗传谱系(I, II和III)的克隆群体;然而,不同菌株的序列分析显示出不同的非典型基因型。巨噬细胞对弓形虫病的免疫至关重要,不同的细胞调节可能影响疾病的进程。在这种情况下,我们的研究旨在调查TgChBrUD2(一种高毒力的巴西非典型弓形虫菌株)感染对人巨噬细胞激活和极化的影响。从THP-1细胞中获得的人巨噬细胞样细胞被TgChBrUD2、RH或ME49株弓形虫感染,以评估寄生虫感染对巨噬细胞极化的影响。结果表明,弓形虫TgChBrUD2和ME49菌株诱导了典型的人类巨噬细胞活化,其表现为纺锤形巨噬细胞比例高,尿素含量低,亚硝酸盐水平升高,m2标记物下调。相反,RH菌株促进巨噬细胞的选择性活化。由TgChBrUD2和ME49菌株介导的人巨噬细胞向M1亚型极化导致寄生虫负荷低,IL-6和MIF水平高。最后,RH菌株引发的M2亚型最终导致较低的细胞内增殖指数。我们得出结论,非典型(TgChBrUD2)和克隆(ME49)菌株能够引发M1亚型,从而导致寄生控制,部分原因是这些基因型在感染过程中产生高水平的IL-6和MIF。相比之下,克隆(RH)株促进巨噬细胞向M2亚型极化,其特征是寄生虫负担高,促炎细胞因子调节弱。因此,与克隆菌株相比,非典型菌株具有不同的致病性和传播机制,并且它们可以采用不同的策略来逃避宿主的免疫反应并确保其生存。
{"title":"Polarisation of human macrophages towards an M1 subtype triggered by an atypical Brazilian strain of Toxoplasma gondii results in a reduction in parasite burden.","authors":"Paula Suellen Guimaraes Gois, Priscila Silva Franco, Samuel Cota Teixeira, Pamela Mendonca Guirelli, Thadia Evelyn de Araujo, Deivid William da Fonseca Batistao, Fernanda Chaves de Oliveira, Gabriela Licia Santos Ferreira, Angelica de Oliveira Gomes, Silvio Favoreto, Jose Roberto Mineo, Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa, Eloisa Amalia Vieira Ferro","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909, the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, was considered a clonal population with three distinct genetic lineages (I, II and III); however, sequence analysis of different strains has revealed distinct atypical genotypes. Macrophages are essential for immunity against toxoplasmosis and differential cell regulation may affect the course of the disease. In this context, our study aims to investigate the infection by TgChBrUD2, a highly virulent atypical Brazilian strain of T. gondii, on the activation and polarisation of human macrophages. Human macrophage-like cells obtained from THP-1 cells were infected with TgChBrUD2, RH or ME49 strains of T. gondii to evaluate the impact of parasite infection on macrophage polarisation. Our results indicate that the TgChBrUD2 and ME49 strains of T. gondii induced a classic activation of human macrophages, which was confirmed by the high rate of spindle-shaped macrophages, low amount of urea and increase in the levels of nitrite, as well as the down-regulation of M2-markers. In contrast, RH strain promoted an alternative activation of macrophages. The polarisation of human macrophages towards an M1 subtype mediated by TgChBrUD2 and ME49 strains resulted in a low parasite burden, with high levels of IL-6 and MIF. Finally, the M2 subtype triggered by the RH strain culminated in a lower intracellular proliferation index. We concluded that the atypical (TgChBrUD2) and clonal (ME49) strains are able to elicit an M1 subtype, which results in parasitism control, partially explained by the high levels of IL-6 and MIF produced during the infection by these genotypes. In contrast, the clonal (RH) strain promoted a macrophage polarisation towards an M2 subtype, marked by a high parasite burden, with a weak modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, atypical strains can present different mechanisms of pathogenicity and transmissibility compared to clonal strains, as well as they can use distinct strategies to evade the host's immune response and ensure their survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33503608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aline A Acosta, Marliese Truter, Wynand Malherbe, Nico J Smit
Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 is the most species-rich genus in Platyhelminthes, with over 900 documented species, that are mostly strictly specific to freshwater cyprinoids. The morphological Dactylogyrus groups afrobarbae-type, carpathicus-type, pseudoanchoratus-type, and varicorhini-type are known to occur in Africa. This study describes a new species of Dactylogyrus of the varicorhini-type from the gills of the endemic smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus (Burchell) from the Vaal River, Free State Province, South Africa. Dactylogyrus matlopong sp. n. is unique among its varicorhini-type congeners mainly by the accessory piece of the male copulatory complex that presents a hook-shaped subunit with defined round base not reaching the male copulatory organ, combined with the presence of a conspicuous medial projection on the anterior margin of the ventral bar. Sequences of the partial 28S and 18S rRNA genes, together with entire ITS1 region, were generated for the first time for a species of Dactylogyrus from South Africa. Concatenated phylogenetic analyses of selected Dactylogyrus spp. showed that these parasites group according to their morphological types.
{"title":"Morphological description and molecular characterisation of Dactylogyrus matlopong sp. n. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from the South African endemic Labeobarbus aeneus (Cyprinidae: Torinae).","authors":"Aline A Acosta, Marliese Truter, Wynand Malherbe, Nico J Smit","doi":"10.14411/fp.2022.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2022.021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 is the most species-rich genus in Platyhelminthes, with over 900 documented species, that are mostly strictly specific to freshwater cyprinoids. The morphological Dactylogyrus groups afrobarbae-type, carpathicus-type, pseudoanchoratus-type, and varicorhini-type are known to occur in Africa. This study describes a new species of Dactylogyrus of the varicorhini-type from the gills of the endemic smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus (Burchell) from the Vaal River, Free State Province, South Africa. Dactylogyrus matlopong sp. n. is unique among its varicorhini-type congeners mainly by the accessory piece of the male copulatory complex that presents a hook-shaped subunit with defined round base not reaching the male copulatory organ, combined with the presence of a conspicuous medial projection on the anterior margin of the ventral bar. Sequences of the partial 28S and 18S rRNA genes, together with entire ITS1 region, were generated for the first time for a species of Dactylogyrus from South Africa. Concatenated phylogenetic analyses of selected Dactylogyrus spp. showed that these parasites group according to their morphological types.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33503209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}