European Journal of Operational Research最新文献_第2页

On location-routing formulations for the Hamiltonian p-median problem 哈密顿p -中值问题的位置-路径公式

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.10.023

Francisco Canas, Luís Gouveia

Given a positive integer

p

and a weighted undirected graph

G = (V, E)

, the Hamiltonian

p

-Median Problem (H

p

MP) on

G

is to find a minimum weight set of

p

elementary cycles partitioning

V

. We study extended formulations for this problem including node-depot assignment (NDA) variables, in addition to edge variables. These formulations are based on the selection of certain nodes as depots and thus can be viewed as formulations for location-routing problems. Known NDA formulations and valid inequalities are reviewed, and new extended formulations, including edge-depot assignment (EDA) variables, are presented. We relate EDA formulations with known NDA formulations and, from the former, derive new exponentially sized sets of constraints defined with the edge and NDA variables. Computational results show that the EDA formulations produce very strong lower bounds and are effective for instances with up to 100 nodes and large values of

p

, and that the branch-and-cut algorithms based on NDA formulations including (some of) the generalized constraints are competitive with (and often outperform) the current state of the art (which involves solving instances with up to 400 nodes). We also address and present computational results for a variant of the H

p

MP in which setup costs for depots are considered.

给定一个正整数p和一个加权无向图G=(V，E)， G上的哈密顿p中值问题（HpMP）是求p个初等环划分V的最小权集。我们研究了这个问题的扩展公式，除了边变量外，还包括节点-仓库分配（NDA）变量。这些公式是基于某些节点作为仓库的选择，因此可以看作是位置路由问题的公式。回顾了已知的NDA公式和有效不等式，并提出了新的扩展公式，包括边缘仓库分配（EDA）变量。我们将EDA公式与已知的NDA公式联系起来，并从前者推导出新的指数大小的约束集，这些约束集由边缘和NDA变量定义。计算结果表明，EDA公式产生非常强的下界，并且对于具有多达100个节点和大p值的实例是有效的，并且基于包含（一些）广义约束的NDA公式的分支切断算法与当前技术状态（涉及解决多达400个节点的实例）相竞争（并且通常优于）。我们还讨论并提出了一种考虑仓库设置成本的hmp变体的计算结果。

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引用次数: 0

Fifty years of inventory research from a forecasting perspective 从预测的角度进行了五十年的库存研究

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.07.003

M. Zied Babai , Aris A. Syntetos , Ruud H. Teunter

This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the inventory management research spanning the last fifty years, with a particular focus on forecasting perspectives within the product lifecycle. From initial phases of new product forecasting to the complexities of multi-location and multi-item inventory control to important end-of-life decisions, the review elucidates the progression of the inventory management literature contributions. The paper delves into persistent challenges, including demand uncertainty, substitution effects, capacity constraints, the adoption of circular economic principles and the imperative of sustainability considerations. Despite notable advancements in inventory research, the paper acknowledges existing gaps that warrant attention. By shedding light on both the historical progression and current challenges within inventory research, this review serves as a valuable resource for scholars and practitioners alike, guiding future directions in the field.

本文对过去五十年的库存管理研究进行了全面分析，特别关注产品生命周期内的预测观点。从新产品预测的初始阶段到多地点和多项目库存控制的复杂性，再到重要的生命周期结束决策，综述阐述了库存管理文献贡献的进展。本文深入探讨了持续存在的挑战，包括需求不确定性、替代效应、产能约束、采用循环经济原则和可持续性考虑的必要性。尽管库存研究取得了显著进展，但本文承认存在值得关注的差距。通过揭示库存研究的历史进展和当前挑战，本综述为学者和从业者提供了宝贵的资源，指导了该领域的未来方向。

引用次数: 0

Graph model for multiple composite decision makers with large-scale groups: Probability-hesitant fuzzy preference modeling and application 大规模群体多复合决策者的图模型：概率犹豫模糊偏好建模及应用

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.09.014

Nannan Wu , Yejun Xu , Zaiwu Gong , D. Marc Kilgour , Liping Fang

Whenever humans interact with others, conflict inevitably arises. Sometimes, multiple composite decision makers (CDMs) are involved, some of which may be large-scale groups. When making a decision or strategy selection, a CDM needs to consider the interests of the group and the wishes of individual decision makers (IDMs). For example, a CDM may judge a move to be an improvement only if a certain fraction of IDMs consider it so – in other words, only when the IDMs reach a certain degree of consensus. This paper proposes an index of group consensus on more preferred (IGCMP) and an index of group consensus on less preferred (IGCLP), and uses them to determine whether a CDM more or less prefers the current state to another and reflect the heterogeneous characteristics of CDMs, including conservative, aggressive, and eclectic. Accordingly, the conflict for multiple CDMs with large-scale groups is investigated in this paper from the perspective of group consensus within the framework of the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR). At first, CDMs’ preferences are represented by probability-hesitant fuzzy preference relations, which can reflect the heterogeneity of IDMs and preference uncertainty of CDMs. Then, the new forms of the unilateral improvement list for CDMs and coalitions are developed based on IGCMP and IGCLP. Subsequently, five extended stability definitions and their relationships are studied. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method, it is applied to model a water pollution conflict in the Yangtze River Delta, China.

每当人类与他人互动时，冲突不可避免地会出现。有时，涉及到多个复合决策者（cdm），其中一些可能是大型团体。当做出决策或战略选择时，CDM需要考虑群体的利益和个体决策者（idm）的愿望。例如，清洁发展机制只有在一定比例的idm认为是一种改进的情况下才会判断一项行动——换句话说，只有在idm达成一定程度的共识的情况下。本文提出了更偏好的群体共识指数（IGCMP）和更不偏好的群体共识指数（IGCLP），并使用它们来确定CDM是否更倾向于当前状态，并反映CDM的异质特征，包括保守，积极和折衷。因此，本文在冲突解决图模型（GMCR）框架下，从群体共识的角度研究了具有大规模群体的多个cdm的冲突。首先，cdm的偏好用概率犹豫模糊偏好关系来表示，这反映了cdm的异质性和偏好的不确定性。然后，在IGCMP和IGCLP的基础上，开发了cdm和联盟单边改进清单的新形式。随后，研究了五个扩展的稳定性定义及其相互关系。最后，为验证该方法的有效性，将该方法应用于长三角地区的水污染冲突模型。

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引用次数: 0

Blockchain-enabled quality transparency and invoice tokenization in deep-tier supply chains 在更深层次的供应链中实现区块链的质量透明度和发票标记化

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.09.010

Penghui Guo , Gengzhong Feng , Kai Wang , Liqun Wei

In hierarchical deep-tier supply chains, private quality information in the headstream’s raw materials and financial constraints in the midstream’s product procurement significantly restrict the downstream’s sales and market supply. To address these issues, downstream retailers can implement blockchain technology to trace and transparentize the headstream’s quality information across the chain and finance the midstream by digitizing accounts payable, i.e., invoice tokenization. To investigate how quality information and financing strategies interact, we formulate a multilevel Stackelberg game to analyze a deep-tier supply chain involving a retailer who may adopt blockchain, a tier-1 capital-constrained supplier, and a tier-2 supplier who privately owns quality information and can provide trade credit financing to the tier-1 supplier. Intuitively, blockchain benefits the retailer since transparentizing quality information can attract more purchases. However, we find that this may not be true, especially when the expected quality is relatively low. Interestingly, we find that merely using blockchain-enabled transparency decreases suppliers’ profits, but further incorporating invoice tokenization can benefit them, potentially achieving a triple-win result, although two suppliers’ interests may not always align. Finally, as the expected quality rises, equilibrium results move from trade credit under no blockchain (NT) to trade credit under blockchain-enabled transparency (BT) and then to blockchain-enabled transparency and invoice tokenization (BI) if the price of raw materials is high; otherwise, BI is more likely to be the equilibrium result. Our findings uncover how to utilize blockchain-driven traceability and invoice tokenization strategically.

在层次分明的深层供应链中，上游原材料的私人质量信息和中游产品采购的资金约束严重制约了下游的销售和市场供应。为了解决这些问题，下游零售商可以实施区块链技术，在整个链条上追踪和透明上游的质量信息，并通过数字化应付账款（即发票代币化）为中游提供资金。为了研究质量信息和融资策略是如何相互作用的，我们制定了一个多层次的Stackelberg博弈来分析一个深层供应链，该供应链涉及一个可能采用区块链的零售商，一个一级资本受限的供应商，以及一个私人拥有质量信息并可以向一级供应商提供贸易信贷融资的二级供应商。直观地说，区块链对零售商有利，因为透明的质量信息可以吸引更多的购买。然而，我们发现这可能不是真的，特别是当预期质量相对较低的时候。有趣的是，我们发现仅仅使用支持区块链的透明度会降低供应商的利润，但进一步将发票代币化可以使他们受益，从而可能实现三双赢的结果，尽管两个供应商的利益可能并不总是一致的。最后，随着预期质量的提高，均衡结果从无区块链（NT）下的贸易信贷转移到区块链支持的透明度（BT）下的贸易信贷，然后在原材料价格高的情况下转移到区块链支持的透明度和发票代币化（BI）；否则，BI更有可能是平衡结果。我们的研究结果揭示了如何战略性地利用区块链驱动的可追溯性和发票标记化。

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引用次数: 0

Reinforcement learning algorithm for reusable resource allocation with unknown rental time distribution 租赁时间分布未知的可重用资源分配的强化学习算法

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.09.012

Ziwei Wang , Jie Song , Yixuan Liu , Jingtong Zhao

We explore a scenario where a platform must decide on the price and type of reusable resources for sequentially arriving customers. The product is rented for a random period, during which the platform also extracts rewards based on a prearranged agreement. The expected reward varies during the usage time, and the platform aims to maximize revenue over a finite horizon. Two primary challenges are encountered: the stochastic usage time introduces uncertainty, affecting product availability, and the platform lacks initial knowledge about reward and usage time distributions. In contrast to conventional online learning, where usage time distributions are parametric, our problem allows for unknown distribution types. To overcome these challenges, we formulate the problem as a Markov decision process and model the usage time distribution using a hazard rate. We first introduce a greedy policy in the full-information setting with a provable 1/2-approximation ratio. We then develop a reinforcement learning algorithm to implement this policy when the parameters are unknown, allowing for non-parametric distributions and time-varying rewards. We further prove that the algorithm achieves sublinear regret against the greedy policy. Numerical experiments on synthetic data as well as a real dataset from TikTok demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

我们探讨了这样一个场景：平台必须为依次到达的客户决定可重用资源的价格和类型。该产品随机租赁一段时间，在此期间，平台还会根据预先安排的协议提取奖励。在不同的使用时间内，预期的回报是不同的，平台的目标是在有限的时间内实现收益最大化。遇到了两个主要的挑战：随机使用时间引入了不确定性，影响了产品的可用性，并且平台缺乏关于奖励和使用时间分布的初始知识。与使用时间分布是参数化的传统在线学习不同，我们的问题允许未知的分布类型。为了克服这些挑战，我们将问题表述为马尔可夫决策过程，并使用危险率对使用时间分布进行建模。我们首先引入了一个具有可证明的1/2近似比的全信息环境下的贪心策略。然后，我们开发了一种强化学习算法，在参数未知的情况下实现该策略，允许非参数分布和时变奖励。进一步证明了该算法对贪心策略实现了次线性后悔。在合成数据和TikTok真实数据集上的数值实验证明了我们的方法的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic pricing when consumers have real options 当消费者有实际选择权时，动态定价

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.09.034

Hamed Ghoddusi , Alexander Rodivilov , Baran Siyahhan

We study optimal dynamic pricing under uncertainty in a platform ecosystem subject to technological uncertainty. We highlight that users joining the platform before the full development of the complementary goods and services obtain real options to benefit from future improvements in platform quality and network effects. The platform owner influences the network effects and equilibrium outcomes through its dynamic price policy that trades off building an earlier consumer base versus extracting rents from early adopters. A price-skimming policy is optimal when the cost of developing a complementary good is small. Interestingly, price-skimming becomes optimal when the development cost is high, as long as the value of the improved platform is either small or relatively high. For intermediate values, however, the platform adopts a price-penetration policy. Our paper provides new insights for building markets subject to the network effect under uncertainty.

研究了受技术不确定性影响的平台生态系统中不确定条件下的最优动态定价问题。我们强调，在互补商品和服务全面开发之前加入平台的用户可以获得真正的选择权，从而从平台质量和网络效应的未来改进中受益。平台所有者通过其动态价格政策来影响网络效应和均衡结果，该政策权衡了建立早期消费者基础与从早期采用者那里提取租金之间的关系。当开发一种互补产品的成本很小时，撇价政策是最优的。有趣的是，当开发成本较高时，只要改进平台的价值较小或相对较高，价格撇脂就会变得最优。然而，对于中间价值，该平台采用价格渗透政策。本文为不确定条件下建立受网络效应影响的市场提供了新的见解。

引用次数: 0

Inventory control and picking behavior: The roles of sustainability messages and price discounts 库存控制和挑选行为：可持续性信息和价格折扣的作用

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.09.028

Thomas Vogt , Ben Lowery , Anna-Lena Sachs , Ulrich W. Thonemann

Customer picking behavior plays an important role in retail inventory management. Inventory models often distinguish between picking the freshest items, i.e., last-in-first-out (LIFO), or oldest items first, i.e., first-in-first-out (FIFO). We analyze how picking behavior affects inventory management, and how sustainability messages and price discounts can change picking behavior to increase sales of earlier expiring items and reduce food waste. By conducting an online experiment, we find that: (1) sustainability messages induce more subjects to buy earlier expiring items; (2) higher price discounts increase sales of earlier expiring items; and (3) some subjects do not change their behavior, or crowd out with price discounts. Understanding how different customer types respond to incentives helps retailers offer them only to customers who most likely respond with buying expiring items. We evaluate the effect of these findings on inventories using a periodic review model for perishable items with age-dependent lifetimes. Assuming Poisson and Negative Binomial demand in our numerical study, we find that the retailer’s costs may be up to 30.25% lower under pure FIFO compared to pure LIFO demand. We estimate the cost savings if a retailer nudges customers to change their picking behavior and analyze different FIFO-LIFO splits, which is more realistic than the retailer assuming pure FIFO or LIFO picking behavior. Furthermore, we show that misspecification of the FIFO-LIFO split has a notable effect on inventory costs, in-stock probability and waste, and that the retailer should rather slightly overestimate FIFO than LIFO if actual picking behavior is unknown.

顾客挑选行为在零售库存管理中起着重要的作用。库存模型通常区分挑选最新鲜的物品，即后进先出（LIFO），或最旧的物品，即先进先出（FIFO）。我们分析了采摘行为如何影响库存管理，以及可持续发展信息和价格折扣如何改变采摘行为，以增加早过期商品的销售并减少食物浪费。通过在线实验，我们发现：(1)可持续发展信息诱导更多的被试购买提前过期的商品；(2)较高的价格折扣增加了较早过期商品的销售；(3)部分受试者不改变行为，或以价格折扣挤出。了解不同类型的顾客对激励措施的反应，有助于零售商只向最有可能购买过期商品的顾客提供激励措施。我们使用具有年龄依赖寿命的易腐物品的定期审查模型来评估这些发现对库存的影响。在我们的数值研究中，假设泊松需求和负二项需求，我们发现纯FIFO的零售商成本可能比纯LIFO的零售商成本低30.25%。我们估计如果零售商推动顾客改变他们的选择行为，并分析不同的FIFO-LIFO分割，这比零售商假设纯FIFO或LIFO选择行为更现实。此外，我们表明，FIFO-LIFO分割的错误规范对库存成本，库存概率和浪费有显着影响，并且如果实际挑选行为未知，零售商应该稍微高估FIFO而不是LIFO。

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引用次数: 0

Logic-based benders decomposition for a novel disassembly line balancing and sequencing problem with parallel branch lines 基于逻辑的折弯机分解求解一种新型平行分支拆解线平衡与排序问题

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.10.028

Xin Liu , Ming Liu , Min Ji , T.C.E. Cheng , Yantong Li

Disassembly line balancing and sequencing (DLBS) problem has received considerable attention from both enterprises and researchers, driven by its significant impact on end-of-life (EOL) product processing efficiency. Most existing studies focus on parallel lines with shared workstations, handling different products simultaneously. However, the consecutive connected lines, implemented in practice for processing complex EOL products, remain unexplored in the existing literature. This study addresses the parallel DLBS problem considering line consecutive connectivity, where products undergo initial disassembly on the main line before being transferred to branch lines for further processing, aiming to minimize the overall system cost. We propose a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and then develop a customized logic-based Benders decomposition (LBBD) approach to improve computational efficiency. The LBBD method divides the problem into a master task assignment problem, which is enhanced by some valid inequalities and solved in the branch-and-cut framework, and a task sequencing subproblem, tackled via the dynamic programming approach. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed LBBD algorithm.

拆解线平衡与排序（DLBS）问题对报废产品的加工效率有重要影响，已受到企业和研究人员的广泛关注。大多数现有的研究都集中在共享工作站的平行线上，同时处理不同的产品。然而，在处理复杂EOL产品的实践中实现的连续连接线在现有文献中仍未得到探索。本研究解决了考虑线路连续连接的并行DLBS问题，即产品在干线上进行初始拆卸，然后转移到支线上进行进一步加工，旨在使系统整体成本最小化。我们提出了一个混合整数线性规划（MILP）模型，然后开发了一个定制的基于逻辑的Benders分解（LBBD）方法来提高计算效率。LBBD方法将该问题分解为一个主任务分配问题和一个任务排序子问题，前者由若干有效不等式增强并在分切框架中求解，后者通过动态规划方法求解。数值结果证明了该算法的有效性和高效性。

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引用次数: 0

Primacy effect-based dynamic feedback mechanism considering communication sequence for multilevel infiltrative large-scale group decision-making 考虑沟通顺序的基于首因效应的多层次渗透大规模群体决策动态反馈机制

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.08.063

Meng-Nan Li , Xueqing Wang , Ru-Xi Ding , Yu-Huan Wang

In decision-making environments with ultra-large-scale decision-makers (DMs) and resource constraints, the extensive interaction among DMs in social network large-scale group decision-making (SN-LSGDM) often leads to inefficiencies and redundant information. To tackle this challenge, this paper explores the multilevel infiltrative large-scale group decision-making (MI-LSGDM) event and proposes a primacy effect-based dynamic feedback (PE-DF) mechanism. This mechanism integrates the communication process into the consensus-reaching process and introduces a communicator identification method that synthesizes DMs’ opinion, behavioral, and relational characteristics. This method effectively channels a significant portion of assessment information from a broader decision-making circle to the inner circle through identified communicators, while promoting the diffusion of consensus from the inner circle to the entire group, thereby mitigating biased decisions. Considering the primacy effect where DMs’ bias toward initial information encountered during communication, this study constructs a communication sequence optimization model, guiding DMs in the inner circle to achieve consensus quickly and accelerating the multilevel infiltration of consensus. An illustrative example and a series of comparative experiments validate the flexibility of the communicator identification method across various decision-making scenarios and demonstrate the ability of the communication sequence optimization model to promote efficient information exchange and consensus-building within limited time and resources. Overall, the proposed PE-DF mechanism solves the practical limitations of traditional SN-LSGDM models constrained by DM scale and resource availability, exhibiting strong performance and robustness across a broader range of decision-making scenarios.

在具有超大规模决策者和资源约束的决策环境中，社会网络大规模群体决策（SN-LSGDM）中决策者之间的广泛互动往往导致决策效率低下和信息冗余。为了解决这一问题，本文探讨了多层次渗透大规模群体决策（MI-LSGDM）事件，并提出了一种基于首因效应的动态反馈（PE-DF）机制。该机制将沟通过程整合到达成共识的过程中，并引入了一种综合了dm意见、行为和关系特征的沟通者识别方法。这种方法有效地将很大一部分评估信息从更广泛的决策圈通过确定的传播者传递给内部圈子，同时促进内部圈子向整个群体的共识扩散，从而减少有偏见的决策。考虑到传播过程中dm对初始信息的偏向所产生的首因效应，本研究构建了传播序列优化模型，引导内圈dm快速达成共识，加速共识的多层次渗透。通过实例和一系列对比实验，验证了沟通者识别方法在不同决策场景下的灵活性，并证明了沟通序列优化模型在有限的时间和资源内促进高效信息交换和共识建立的能力。总体而言，提出的PE-DF机制解决了传统SN-LSGDM模型受DM规模和资源可用性约束的实际局限性，在更广泛的决策场景中表现出较强的性能和鲁棒性。

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引用次数: 0

Concurrent sourcing behavior and bounded rationality under capacity constraints 产能约束下的并行采购行为与有限理性

IF 6 2区管理学 Q1 OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

European Journal of Operational Research

Pub Date : 2026-05-16 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2025.09.037

Thomas B. Cassidey , Nickolas K. Freeman , Sharif H. Melouk , Arunachalam Narayanan

We study the decision-making behavior of concurrent sourcing firms under risk of all-or-nothing disruptions of an outsourced supplier. We perform a controlled experiment to test the effect of differing production capacity constraints on ordering decisions. Although the ability to concurrently source is covered by a sunk cost and supply disruption is mitigated by Contingent planning, we find strong evidence for order amount and diversification bias, both when sole and dual sourcing are theoretically optimal. We show that order amount and diversification bias is predicted by our model for bounded rationality. Firms that consider the decision to make and/or buy components used for finished goods production may use our model to predict the performance of their strategic choices. In particular, our insights illustrate how costly biases can negatively impact mitigation strategies that aim to reduce disruption risk. Our experimental findings empirically demonstrate expected profit losses of up to 35%, relative to the optimal values. Given the demonstrated costs of sourcing volume and diversification errors, this work provides important predictive insights for firms which are considering the use of concurrent sourcing.

研究了外包供应商全有或全无中断风险下并行采购企业的决策行为。我们执行一个控制实验来测试不同的生产能力约束对订购决策的影响。尽管同时采购的能力被沉没成本所覆盖，供应中断被应急计划所缓解，但我们发现了强有力的证据，证明单源和双源在理论上都是最优的。我们证明了我们的有限理性模型可以预测订单数量和多样化偏差。考虑决定制造和/或购买用于成品生产的组件的公司可以使用我们的模型来预测其战略选择的绩效。特别是，我们的见解说明了代价高昂的偏见如何对旨在降低破坏风险的缓解策略产生负面影响。我们的实验结果表明，相对于最优值，预期利润损失高达35%。考虑到采购量的成本和多样化错误，这项工作为正在考虑使用并行采购的公司提供了重要的预测性见解。

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引用次数: 0