Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2059788
E. Demuru, C. Giacoma
The most striking aspect of human communication – and also the one that attracts most of the attention – is certainly language. Language is a complex, adaptive and multimodal communicative system requiring the convergence and integration of multiple mechan-isms (Fitch 2010; Levinson & Holler 2014). Several theories have been proposed to reconstruct the evolutionary pathways that led to this complex human trait, but a unifying framework is still lacking (Christiansen & Kirby 2003). In this volume, Meguerditchian (2022) contributes to the debate on the gestural origins of language by providing a review on baboons’ manual and body gestures that have been shown to share key properties of language. Among these, Meguerditchian (2022) also focuses on later-alisation and hemispheric specialisation in the baboon brain. Concerning the neural basis of primate communication, Sliwa et al. (2022) present evidence that primates possess specialised neural pathways coordinating a diverse range of communication systems for organising their complex kin and friendship bonds.
{"title":"Interacting primates: the biological roots of human communication","authors":"E. Demuru, C. Giacoma","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2022.2059788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2059788","url":null,"abstract":"The most striking aspect of human communication – and also the one that attracts most of the attention – is certainly language. Language is a complex, adaptive and multimodal communicative system requiring the convergence and integration of multiple mechan-isms (Fitch 2010; Levinson & Holler 2014). Several theories have been proposed to reconstruct the evolutionary pathways that led to this complex human trait, but a unifying framework is still lacking (Christiansen & Kirby 2003). In this volume, Meguerditchian (2022) contributes to the debate on the gestural origins of language by providing a review on baboons’ manual and body gestures that have been shown to share key properties of language. Among these, Meguerditchian (2022) also focuses on later-alisation and hemispheric specialisation in the baboon brain. Concerning the neural basis of primate communication, Sliwa et al. (2022) present evidence that primates possess specialised neural pathways coordinating a diverse range of communication systems for organising their complex kin and friendship bonds.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75183092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2059786
Linda Hernández Duran, G. Barrantes
Male and female genital morphology may have strong effects on fitness in spiders. Females of some species of Leucauge produce mating plugs that partially or totally block the entrances to their insemination ducts on the epigynum, forming barriers that reduce the probabilities of future inseminations. While in some species both females and males participate in plug formation, the mating plugs in L. argyra are produced exclusively by females. The epigynum of L. argyra (Walckenaer 1841) is unusual in having a prominent ventral process covered on its anterior side and around its base with long, thick setae. We tested whether male stimulation of these epigynal setae affected female plug formation by removing them from some females but not others. Females lacking setae produced mating plugs immediately after copulation less often than unmanipulated females. However, 24 hr later the mating plugs had disappeared in many females of the treatment group. Setae removal did not affect the amount of sperm stored in the female spermatheca, or the frequency of female attacks. The rate of male genital inflations correlated positively, but mating duration was negatively correlated with sperm stored in female’s spermathecae. Females attempted to attack small males more often than large males. These findings contribute to our understanding of the function of the setae associated with the female genitalia, and the effect of their tactile stimulation on plug formation, and transference of spermatozoids. HIGHLIGHTS • Removal of female epigynal setae affects the frequency of female plug formation • Male size influences female attack decisions during mating
{"title":"The role of epigynal setae in mate choice in the orb-weaver Leucauge argyra","authors":"Linda Hernández Duran, G. Barrantes","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2022.2059786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2059786","url":null,"abstract":"Male and female genital morphology may have strong effects on fitness in spiders. Females of some species of Leucauge produce mating plugs that partially or totally block the entrances to their insemination ducts on the epigynum, forming barriers that reduce the probabilities of future inseminations. While in some species both females and males participate in plug formation, the mating plugs in L. argyra are produced exclusively by females. The epigynum of L. argyra (Walckenaer 1841) is unusual in having a prominent ventral process covered on its anterior side and around its base with long, thick setae. We tested whether male stimulation of these epigynal setae affected female plug formation by removing them from some females but not others. Females lacking setae produced mating plugs immediately after copulation less often than unmanipulated females. However, 24 hr later the mating plugs had disappeared in many females of the treatment group. Setae removal did not affect the amount of sperm stored in the female spermatheca, or the frequency of female attacks. The rate of male genital inflations correlated positively, but mating duration was negatively correlated with sperm stored in female’s spermathecae. Females attempted to attack small males more often than large males. These findings contribute to our understanding of the function of the setae associated with the female genitalia, and the effect of their tactile stimulation on plug formation, and transference of spermatozoids. HIGHLIGHTS • Removal of female epigynal setae affects the frequency of female plug formation • Male size influences female attack decisions during mating","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81875468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2044389
D. Singh, L. Rostant, A. Mohammed, Alyssa S. Jairam, Jyotsna J. Sahatoo, Raquel Khan Ali, F. Mohammed
HIGHLIGHTS This is the first description of OP-induced behavioural alterations for juvenile P. dentata Aggression and inactivity were induced by the OPs The insecticides reduced feeding (e.g. eating) in exposed crabs Impacts were also associated with vulnerability and hampered survivorship Behavioural alterations induced by xenobiotics, like pesticides, have not been assessed for many Neotropical crab species. This study sought to evaluate such effects on juvenile Poppiana dentata, exposed to two organophosphate (OP) pesticides under laboratory conditions. Treatments involved a control, solvent control (xylene), malathion and diazinon commercial insecticides, with the OPs administered in three logarithmically increasing concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/L. A pre-established ethogram was used to document behavioural acts for treatments; foraging, eating, grooming, locomotion, quiescence (inactive), prolonged agonism, non-agonistic contact and moulting. Each treatment cohort was continuously recorded over a 72 hr period. The time durations for each act were determined from the video footage (n = 2,304 hr) and used to determine time spent on each behavioural act, over a 24 hr time period. Time spent by OP-exposed crabs on each act differed significantly from those of the controls. Diazinon-exposed crabs spent most of their daily time in heightened agonistic behaviour (43.4–71.6%). Malathion-exposed crabs spent the majority of their time being inactive (46.7–79.0%) and xylene-exposed crabs exhibited similar behavioural alterations of heightened aggression (53.6%) and inactivity (39.3%). OP-induced changes in essential behaviours of juvenile P. dentata can increase vulnerability, hamper survival and increase risk to predators via impaired locomotion, induced inactivity and limited energy availability, through reduced food intake. These findings provide a better understanding of OP-induced behavioural alterations in juvenile P. dentata and the long-term consequences for essential processes like growth, reproduction and survival.
{"title":"Sublethal levels of organophosphate insecticides alter behaviour in the juveniles of the Neotropical crab, Poppiana dentata (Randall 1840)","authors":"D. Singh, L. Rostant, A. Mohammed, Alyssa S. Jairam, Jyotsna J. Sahatoo, Raquel Khan Ali, F. Mohammed","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2022.2044389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2044389","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS This is the first description of OP-induced behavioural alterations for juvenile P. dentata Aggression and inactivity were induced by the OPs The insecticides reduced feeding (e.g. eating) in exposed crabs Impacts were also associated with vulnerability and hampered survivorship Behavioural alterations induced by xenobiotics, like pesticides, have not been assessed for many Neotropical crab species. This study sought to evaluate such effects on juvenile Poppiana dentata, exposed to two organophosphate (OP) pesticides under laboratory conditions. Treatments involved a control, solvent control (xylene), malathion and diazinon commercial insecticides, with the OPs administered in three logarithmically increasing concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/L. A pre-established ethogram was used to document behavioural acts for treatments; foraging, eating, grooming, locomotion, quiescence (inactive), prolonged agonism, non-agonistic contact and moulting. Each treatment cohort was continuously recorded over a 72 hr period. The time durations for each act were determined from the video footage (n = 2,304 hr) and used to determine time spent on each behavioural act, over a 24 hr time period. Time spent by OP-exposed crabs on each act differed significantly from those of the controls. Diazinon-exposed crabs spent most of their daily time in heightened agonistic behaviour (43.4–71.6%). Malathion-exposed crabs spent the majority of their time being inactive (46.7–79.0%) and xylene-exposed crabs exhibited similar behavioural alterations of heightened aggression (53.6%) and inactivity (39.3%). OP-induced changes in essential behaviours of juvenile P. dentata can increase vulnerability, hamper survival and increase risk to predators via impaired locomotion, induced inactivity and limited energy availability, through reduced food intake. These findings provide a better understanding of OP-induced behavioural alterations in juvenile P. dentata and the long-term consequences for essential processes like growth, reproduction and survival.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90039048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2044388
A. Meguerditchian
Nonhuman primates mostly communicate not only with a rich vocal repertoire but also with manual and body gestures. In contrast to great apes, this latter communicative gestural system has been poorly investigated in monkeys. In the last 15 years, the gestural research we conducted in the baboons Papio anubis, an Old World monkey species, have shown potential direct evolutionary continuities with some key properties of language such as intentionality, referentiality, learning flexibility as well as its underlying lateralisation and hemispheric specialisation of the brain. According to these collective findings, which are congruent with the ones reported in great apes, it is thus not excluded that features of gestural communication shared between humans, great apes and baboons, may have played a critical role in the phylogenetic roots of language and dated back, not to the Hominidae evolution, but rather to their much older catarrhine common ancestor 25–40 million years ago.
{"title":"On the gestural origins of language: what baboons’ gestures and brain have told us after 15 years of research","authors":"A. Meguerditchian","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2022.2044388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2044388","url":null,"abstract":"Nonhuman primates mostly communicate not only with a rich vocal repertoire but also with manual and body gestures. In contrast to great apes, this latter communicative gestural system has been poorly investigated in monkeys. In the last 15 years, the gestural research we conducted in the baboons Papio anubis, an Old World monkey species, have shown potential direct evolutionary continuities with some key properties of language such as intentionality, referentiality, learning flexibility as well as its underlying lateralisation and hemispheric specialisation of the brain. According to these collective findings, which are congruent with the ones reported in great apes, it is thus not excluded that features of gestural communication shared between humans, great apes and baboons, may have played a critical role in the phylogenetic roots of language and dated back, not to the Hominidae evolution, but rather to their much older catarrhine common ancestor 25–40 million years ago.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90171340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-28DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2044387
C. Cornec, Muzungu Ngofuna, A. Lemasson, Claude Monghiemo, Victor Narat, F. Levréro
Highlights This pilot study shows that wild bonobos display the fundamental temporal rules of vocal turn-taking Occurrences of calling patterns are in line with the unique observation collected from a captive group Calling patterns do not differ significantly with age and sex Calling patterns appear context-dependent In several species of non-human primates, non-agonistic vocal exchanges can be seen as a primitive form of conversation, as they respect basic temporal rules (i.e. turn-taking, overlap avoidance), the same as those that guide human conversations. Conversational rules have recently been suggested in captive great ape species, yet the only study investigating vocal turn-taking in wild great apes did not find any evidence of such vocal roles. Whether the environmental conditions (captivity versus free ranging) or the social organisation of a given species shape temporally ruled vocal exchanges remain open questions. Here, we investigated general calling patterns of peaceful vocal exchanges in a wild bonobo community. This pilot study revealed that wild bonobos respect the fundamental temporal rules of vocal turn-taking, namely the avoidance of overlapping and the presence of short call-intervals between interlocutors on the order of 2 sec, corroborating findings from captive bonobos. Despite the limited sample size, our finding suggests that vocal exchanges appear context-dependent but neither age nor sex seem to influence their occurrence. While further studies are needed to confirm these observations, this study helps to fill a major gap in research on the vocal communication of wild great apes, paving the way for more extensive comparative studies, representing a further step towards a better understanding of how vocal turn-taking arose in humans.
{"title":"A pilot study of calling patterns and vocal turn-taking in wild bonobos Pan paniscus","authors":"C. Cornec, Muzungu Ngofuna, A. Lemasson, Claude Monghiemo, Victor Narat, F. Levréro","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2022.2044387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2044387","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This pilot study shows that wild bonobos display the fundamental temporal rules of vocal turn-taking Occurrences of calling patterns are in line with the unique observation collected from a captive group Calling patterns do not differ significantly with age and sex Calling patterns appear context-dependent In several species of non-human primates, non-agonistic vocal exchanges can be seen as a primitive form of conversation, as they respect basic temporal rules (i.e. turn-taking, overlap avoidance), the same as those that guide human conversations. Conversational rules have recently been suggested in captive great ape species, yet the only study investigating vocal turn-taking in wild great apes did not find any evidence of such vocal roles. Whether the environmental conditions (captivity versus free ranging) or the social organisation of a given species shape temporally ruled vocal exchanges remain open questions. Here, we investigated general calling patterns of peaceful vocal exchanges in a wild bonobo community. This pilot study revealed that wild bonobos respect the fundamental temporal rules of vocal turn-taking, namely the avoidance of overlapping and the presence of short call-intervals between interlocutors on the order of 2 sec, corroborating findings from captive bonobos. Despite the limited sample size, our finding suggests that vocal exchanges appear context-dependent but neither age nor sex seem to influence their occurrence. While further studies are needed to confirm these observations, this study helps to fill a major gap in research on the vocal communication of wild great apes, paving the way for more extensive comparative studies, representing a further step towards a better understanding of how vocal turn-taking arose in humans.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88057757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-22DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.2024269
W. Eberhard, R. L. Rodríguez
Males of the agaonid wasp Heterandrium fallax have wing spots that they display during aggressive encounters near the ostioles of syconia of the fig Ficus pertusa, apparently in competition for the opportunity to copulate with emerging females. In accord with predictions of the “functional allometry hypothesis” for the allometry of structures that are under sexual selection as threat devices and that do not function as weapons, larger males tended to have proportionally larger wing spots. Some smaller males lacked spots, and smaller males were less likely to be collected near female emergence sites or to show antennal damage that probably results from male fights.
{"title":"Static allometry of a threat device that is not a weapon: wing spots in male Heterandrium fallax (Hymenoptera Agaonidae)","authors":"W. Eberhard, R. L. Rodríguez","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.2024269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.2024269","url":null,"abstract":"Males of the agaonid wasp Heterandrium fallax have wing spots that they display during aggressive encounters near the ostioles of syconia of the fig Ficus pertusa, apparently in competition for the opportunity to copulate with emerging females. In accord with predictions of the “functional allometry hypothesis” for the allometry of structures that are under sexual selection as threat devices and that do not function as weapons, larger males tended to have proportionally larger wing spots. Some smaller males lacked spots, and smaller males were less likely to be collected near female emergence sites or to show antennal damage that probably results from male fights.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89439692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2044386
D. Eifler, M. Eifler, Grace E. Garrison, Victoria L. Grotbeck
Predation can be an important factor shaping the dynamics of animal groups. The lizard Pholidoscelis fuscatus forms small groups while foraging, providing the opportunity to examine how predation risk influences group dynamics. We studied the escape angles of P. fuscatus during simulated predator approaches, focusing on whether grouped lizards behaved differently from solitary animals and the extent to which group cohesion was maintained during escape. Both solitary and grouped lizards exhibited non-random escape angles, oriented away from the approaching predator. However, lizards in groups exhibited escape angles closer to 0° (i.e., more directly away from the predator) than solitary lizards. Groups maintained their cohesiveness during flight. Grouping by P. fuscatus could allow more effective escape behaviour to occur.
{"title":"Escape angles for solitary animals and groups of the lizard Pholidoscelis fuscatus","authors":"D. Eifler, M. Eifler, Grace E. Garrison, Victoria L. Grotbeck","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2022.2044386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2044386","url":null,"abstract":"Predation can be an important factor shaping the dynamics of animal groups. The lizard Pholidoscelis fuscatus forms small groups while foraging, providing the opportunity to examine how predation risk influences group dynamics. We studied the escape angles of P. fuscatus during simulated predator approaches, focusing on whether grouped lizards behaved differently from solitary animals and the extent to which group cohesion was maintained during escape. Both solitary and grouped lizards exhibited non-random escape angles, oriented away from the approaching predator. However, lizards in groups exhibited escape angles closer to 0° (i.e., more directly away from the predator) than solitary lizards. Groups maintained their cohesiveness during flight. Grouping by P. fuscatus could allow more effective escape behaviour to occur.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86497600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-09DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2044390
E. Demuru, Z. Clay, I. Norscia
Highlights Intersubjectivity has often been lauded as one of the defining features that separates humans and other extant hominids. Intersubjectivity and empathy are different, yet related, phenomena. The study of emotions and empathy-related abilities can provide insights into the ontogeny and evolution of intersubjectivity. Intersubjectivity, which refers to the capacity to create shared value or connection between individuals, is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon involving both cognitive and affective components. Intersubjectivity has often been lauded as one of the defining features that separates the social minds and existence of humans and non-human animals. Despite the apparently profound importance of inter-subjectivity for the socio-cognitive functioning of our species, we know surprisingly little about its evolution, nor how its evolution relates to the evolution of other related phenomena, such as empathy. In this review, we embrace the “bottom-up” perspective to consider recent theoretical and empirical advances in the fields of non-human animal cognition and emotion and what they can tell us about how complex socio-emotional capacities evolve. In particular, we focus on great ape species. Given their close phylogenetic relationship to us, great apes (the non-human, extant hominids) offer a unique lens to identify which of our capacities may be evolutionarily derived or phylogenetically shared.
{"title":"What makes us apes? The emotional building blocks of intersubjectivity in hominids","authors":"E. Demuru, Z. Clay, I. Norscia","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2022.2044390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2044390","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Intersubjectivity has often been lauded as one of the defining features that separates humans and other extant hominids. Intersubjectivity and empathy are different, yet related, phenomena. The study of emotions and empathy-related abilities can provide insights into the ontogeny and evolution of intersubjectivity. Intersubjectivity, which refers to the capacity to create shared value or connection between individuals, is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon involving both cognitive and affective components. Intersubjectivity has often been lauded as one of the defining features that separates the social minds and existence of humans and non-human animals. Despite the apparently profound importance of inter-subjectivity for the socio-cognitive functioning of our species, we know surprisingly little about its evolution, nor how its evolution relates to the evolution of other related phenomena, such as empathy. In this review, we embrace the “bottom-up” perspective to consider recent theoretical and empirical advances in the fields of non-human animal cognition and emotion and what they can tell us about how complex socio-emotional capacities evolve. In particular, we focus on great ape species. Given their close phylogenetic relationship to us, great apes (the non-human, extant hominids) offer a unique lens to identify which of our capacities may be evolutionarily derived or phylogenetically shared.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82032551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-27DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.2024263
Kara Lukas, Hayley M. Stansell, P. Yeh, P. Nonacs
Urban-dwelling birds face novel visual cues and soundscapes. To thrive in these challenging environments, individuals must correctly identify and calibrate threats posed by humans and their activities. We showed that Dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) residing in an urban habitat responded differently to the sounds that approaching people and objects make. A person approached juncos simultaneously playing the sounds of object types that normally move at different relative velocities: faster (bicycles), intermediate (skateboards and scooters), or slower (people walking). Juncos responded at significantly greater distances and moved further in relation to what sound cues would normally imply about the velocity of approach. Absolute stimulus volume was not a significant predictor of response across object type. The responses occurred without the presence of visual cues, suggesting that an auditory cue alone and without visual confirmation can produce an appropriate response. Overall, this shows that this population of urban juncos has the ability to respond appropriately to novel anthropogenic sound cues. The question remains as to how universal such abilities are across species, different urban situations, and in natural habitats.
{"title":"Urban junco flight initiation distances correlate with approach velocities of anthropogenic sounds","authors":"Kara Lukas, Hayley M. Stansell, P. Yeh, P. Nonacs","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.2024263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.2024263","url":null,"abstract":"Urban-dwelling birds face novel visual cues and soundscapes. To thrive in these challenging environments, individuals must correctly identify and calibrate threats posed by humans and their activities. We showed that Dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) residing in an urban habitat responded differently to the sounds that approaching people and objects make. A person approached juncos simultaneously playing the sounds of object types that normally move at different relative velocities: faster (bicycles), intermediate (skateboards and scooters), or slower (people walking). Juncos responded at significantly greater distances and moved further in relation to what sound cues would normally imply about the velocity of approach. Absolute stimulus volume was not a significant predictor of response across object type. The responses occurred without the presence of visual cues, suggesting that an auditory cue alone and without visual confirmation can produce an appropriate response. Overall, this shows that this population of urban juncos has the ability to respond appropriately to novel anthropogenic sound cues. The question remains as to how universal such abilities are across species, different urban situations, and in natural habitats.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77721124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.2024264
Diego Solano-Brenes, D. G. Muniz, L. Sandoval, Olman Alvarado-Rodríguez, G. Barrantes
Behavior is often phylogenetically informative and detailed descriptions of behavior have been used to support taxonomic relationships in several groups, such as birds, lizards, and arthropods. Web building behavior has provided informative traits to several spider families, but observations are lacking for other families, such as wall spiders Oecobiidae. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular traits placed oecobiids either close to cribellate orb weavers (Uloboridae) or to long-spinneret spiders (Hersiliidae). Here, we describe for first time the web construction behavior and details of the web design in the oecobiid Oecobius concinnus Simon 1893 (Oecobiidae). We compare them with uloborid and araneoid orb weavers. If Oecobiidae and Uloboridae are closely related, we expect that O. concinnus share some web construction behaviors with these orb weavers. Video recordings and analyses of web structures suggest the sequence of web construction (radii, then sticky spiral construction) and the arrangement of cribellate threads are possible homologies between Oecobiidae and orb weavers, supporting a close relationship of Oecobiidae with Uloboridae.
行为通常是系统发育方面的信息，行为的详细描述已被用来支持一些类群的分类关系，如鸟类、蜥蜴和节肢动物。造网行为为一些蜘蛛家族提供了信息特征，但对其他家族(如壁虎蛛)缺乏观察。最近基于分子特征的系统发育假说认为，生态蜘蛛要么接近于蹼状球形织蛛(蹼状织蛛科)，要么接近于长纺蛛(蛛蛛科)。本文首次描述了壁蜂Oecobius concinus Simon 1893(壁蜂科)的造网行为和设计细节。我们将它们与球状和蛛形织球者进行比较。如果Oecobiidae和Uloboridae有密切的关系，我们预计oecobiidus与这些织球动物有一些共同的织网行为。视频记录和对网结构的分析表明，网的构造顺序(半径，然后是粘螺旋结构)和网纹线的排列可能是圆织虫科和圆织虫科的同源性，支持圆织虫科和圆织虫科的密切关系。
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