Pub Date : 2018-11-30DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08704003
S. Kessler, U. Radespiel, A. Hasiniaina, L. Nash, E. Zimmermann
Frequent kin-biased coalitionary behaviour is a hallmark of mammalian social complexity. Furthermore, selection to understand complex social dynamics is believed to underlie the co-evolution of social complexity and large brains. Vocalisations have been shown to be an important mechanism with which large-brained mammals living in complex social groups recognise and recruit kin for coalitionary support during agonistic conflicts. We test whether kin recognition via agonistic calls occurs in a small-brained solitary foraging primate living in a dispersed social network, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus, Miller JF, 1777). As mouse lemurs are frequent models for ancestral solitary foraging mammals, this study examines whether kin recognition via agonistic calls could be the foundation from which more complex, kin-based coalitionary behaviour evolved. We test whether female wild mouse lemurs in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar, react differently to agonistic calls from kin and nonkin and to calls from familiar and unfamiliar individuals during playback experiments. Subjects showed no significant differences in reactions to the different stimuli; thus they did not react differently based upon kinship or familiarity. Results suggest that this solitary foraging species does not use agonistic calls to recognise kin and monitor agonistic interactions involving kin, unlike several species of Old World monkeys and hyenas. Thus, kin recognition via agonistic calls may have evolved independently in these lineages in parallel with greater social complexity and frequent coalitionary behaviour.
{"title":"Does the grey mouse lemur use agonistic vocalisations to recognise kin?","authors":"S. Kessler, U. Radespiel, A. Hasiniaina, L. Nash, E. Zimmermann","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08704003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08704003","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent kin-biased coalitionary behaviour is a hallmark of mammalian social complexity. Furthermore, selection to understand complex social dynamics is believed to underlie the co-evolution of social complexity and large brains. Vocalisations have been shown to be an important mechanism with which large-brained mammals living in complex social groups recognise and recruit kin for coalitionary support during agonistic conflicts. We test whether kin recognition via agonistic calls occurs in a small-brained solitary foraging primate living in a dispersed social network, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus, Miller JF, 1777). As mouse lemurs are frequent models for ancestral solitary foraging mammals, this study examines whether kin recognition via agonistic calls could be the foundation from which more complex, kin-based coalitionary behaviour evolved. We test whether female wild mouse lemurs in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar, react differently to agonistic calls from kin and nonkin and to calls from familiar and unfamiliar individuals during playback experiments. Subjects showed no significant differences in reactions to the different stimuli; thus they did not react differently based upon kinship or familiarity. Results suggest that this solitary foraging species does not use agonistic calls to recognise kin and monitor agonistic interactions involving kin, unlike several species of Old World monkeys and hyenas. Thus, kin recognition via agonistic calls may have evolved independently in these lineages in parallel with greater social complexity and frequent coalitionary behaviour.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08704003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47776039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-09DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08704002
A. Camacho, P. Mas‐Peinado, S. Watiroyram, A. Brancelj, Elia Bandari, B. A. Dorda, A. Casado, I. Rey
A preliminary molecular phylogenetic framework for 12 genera (23 species) of the family Parabathynellidae from Europe, Australia, North Africa and India is presented based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Cox1 and 18S). The generated hypothesis places the Southeast Asia genus Paraeobathynella closer to European genera (Iberobathynella, Paraiberobathynella and Parabathynella) than to the Australian (Brevisomabathynella, Atopobathynella, Billibathynella, Octobathynella, Arkaroolabathynella and Lockyerenella) or Indian genera (Habrobathynella), or to the cosmopolitan genus Hexabathynella (Spain and Australia). Three new species of the genus Paraeobathynella from Thailand, P. ratensis n. sp., P. siamensis n. sp. and P. hanjavanitiana n. sp., are described based on morphological and molecular features. This is the first record of the genus from Thailand and extends its range of distribution within Asia, where it was previously known only from Vietnam. The new species are clearly separated as independent units at least since the Middle Miocene.
本文基于线粒体和核标记(Cox1和18S)，初步建立了来自欧洲、澳大利亚、北非和印度的拟拟拟菜科(Parabathynellidae) 12属(23种)的分子系统发育框架。所产生的假设认为，东南亚的Paraeobathynella属更接近欧洲属(Iberobathynella, Paraiberobathynella和Parabathynella)，而不是澳大利亚属(Brevisomabathynella, Atopobathynella, Billibathynella, Octobathynella, Arkaroolabathynella和Lockyerenella)或印度属(Habrobathynella)，或世界范围内的Hexabathynella属(西班牙和澳大利亚)。本文根据形态和分子特征，描述了泰国拟鸟属(Paraeobathynella) 3个新种:P. ratensis n. sp.、P. siamensis n. sp.和P. hanjavanitiana n. sp.。这是该属在泰国的首次记录，并扩大了其在亚洲的分布范围，在亚洲，它以前只在越南被发现。至少从中新世中期开始，这些新物种就被清楚地划分为独立的单位。
{"title":"Molecular phylogeny of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea, Bathynellacea), and three new species from Thai caves","authors":"A. Camacho, P. Mas‐Peinado, S. Watiroyram, A. Brancelj, Elia Bandari, B. A. Dorda, A. Casado, I. Rey","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08704002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08704002","url":null,"abstract":"A preliminary molecular phylogenetic framework for 12 genera (23 species) of the family Parabathynellidae from Europe, Australia, North Africa and India is presented based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Cox1 and 18S). The generated hypothesis places the Southeast Asia genus Paraeobathynella closer to European genera (Iberobathynella, Paraiberobathynella and Parabathynella) than to the Australian (Brevisomabathynella, Atopobathynella, Billibathynella, Octobathynella, Arkaroolabathynella and Lockyerenella) or Indian genera (Habrobathynella), or to the cosmopolitan genus Hexabathynella (Spain and Australia). Three new species of the genus Paraeobathynella from Thailand, P. ratensis n. sp., P. siamensis n. sp. and P. hanjavanitiana n. sp., are described based on morphological and molecular features. This is the first record of the genus from Thailand and extends its range of distribution within Asia, where it was previously known only from Vietnam. The new species are clearly separated as independent units at least since the Middle Miocene.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08704002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43941664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-02DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08704001
A. Chroni, A. Grković, J. Ačanski, A. Vujić, S. Radenković, N. Veličković, M. Djan, T. Petanidou
This study provides an overview of the Eumerus minotaurus taxon group, diagnosing a new species, E. anatolicus Grković, Vujić and Radenković sp. n. (Muğla, Turkey), and unraveling three cryptic species within E. minotaurus: E. karyates Chroni, Grković and Vujić sp. n. (Peloponnese, Greece), E. minotaurus Claussen and Lucas, 1988 (Crete and Karpathos, Greece) and E. phaeacus Chroni, Grković and Vujić sp. n. (Corfu and Mt Olympus, Greece; Mt Rumija, Montenegro). We applied an integrative taxonomic approach based on molecular, morphological and wing geometric morphometric data to corroborate and delimit cryptic species within the complex. In addition, we discuss the latent biogeographic patterns and speciation processes leading to configuration of the E. minotaurus group based on palaeogeographic evolution of the Aegean. Mitochondrial phylogeographic analysis suggested that speciation within the E. minotaurus group is attributable to formation of the mid-Aegean Trench and Messinian Salinity Crisis, and was integrated at the Pleistocene. We show that more accurate estimates of divergence times may be based on geological events rather than the standard arthropod mtDNA substitution rate.
{"title":"Disentangling a cryptic species complex and defining new species within the Eumerus minotaurus group (Diptera: Syrphidae), based on integrative taxonomy and Aegean palaeogeography","authors":"A. Chroni, A. Grković, J. Ačanski, A. Vujić, S. Radenković, N. Veličković, M. Djan, T. Petanidou","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08704001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08704001","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides an overview of the Eumerus minotaurus taxon group, diagnosing a new species, E. anatolicus Grković, Vujić and Radenković sp. n. (Muğla, Turkey), and unraveling three cryptic species within E. minotaurus: E. karyates Chroni, Grković and Vujić sp. n. (Peloponnese, Greece), E. minotaurus Claussen and Lucas, 1988 (Crete and Karpathos, Greece) and E. phaeacus Chroni, Grković and Vujić sp. n. (Corfu and Mt Olympus, Greece; Mt Rumija, Montenegro). We applied an integrative taxonomic approach based on molecular, morphological and wing geometric morphometric data to corroborate and delimit cryptic species within the complex. In addition, we discuss the latent biogeographic patterns and speciation processes leading to configuration of the E. minotaurus group based on palaeogeographic evolution of the Aegean. Mitochondrial phylogeographic analysis suggested that speciation within the E. minotaurus group is attributable to formation of the mid-Aegean Trench and Messinian Salinity Crisis, and was integrated at the Pleistocene. We show that more accurate estimates of divergence times may be based on geological events rather than the standard arthropod mtDNA substitution rate.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08704001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49296082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08703004
H. Ferrón, María Victoria Paredes-Aliaga, C. Martínez-Pérez, H. Botella
Galeomorph sharks constitute the most taxonomically and ecologically diverse superorder of living selachians. Despite comprising several typically deep-water taxa, no bioluminescent species have been reported in this group so far. Interestingly, the study of shark squamation has been revealed in recent years to be a good proxy for inferring some ecological aspects of poorly known species. In particular, the high morphological specificity of the dermal denticles and the squamation patterns of all currently-known bioluminescent sharks could constitute a potential tool for predicting bioluminescence in both fossil and living taxa. Following this idea, we provide the first evidence supporting the possible existence of bioluminescence among galeomorph sharks by means of the quantitative study of Apristurus ampliceps squamation pattern. Classical morphometric analysis and multivariate statistical procedures have allowed us to determine that A. ampliceps squamation, composed mainly of bristle-shaped dermal denticles, is highly convergent with that of the bioluminescent shark Etmopterus spinax. The ecology of A. ampliceps, being a species that exclusively inhabits aphotic waters, is in agreement with such a morphofunctional interpretation, but finding photophores is imperative to confirm this prediction.
{"title":"Bioluminescent-like squamation in the galeomorph shark Apristurus ampliceps (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)","authors":"H. Ferrón, María Victoria Paredes-Aliaga, C. Martínez-Pérez, H. Botella","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08703004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703004","url":null,"abstract":"Galeomorph sharks constitute the most taxonomically and ecologically diverse superorder of living selachians. Despite comprising several typically deep-water taxa, no bioluminescent species have been reported in this group so far. Interestingly, the study of shark squamation has been revealed in recent years to be a good proxy for inferring some ecological aspects of poorly known species. In particular, the high morphological specificity of the dermal denticles and the squamation patterns of all currently-known bioluminescent sharks could constitute a potential tool for predicting bioluminescence in both fossil and living taxa. Following this idea, we provide the first evidence supporting the possible existence of bioluminescence among galeomorph sharks by means of the quantitative study of Apristurus ampliceps squamation pattern. Classical morphometric analysis and multivariate statistical procedures have allowed us to determine that A. ampliceps squamation, composed mainly of bristle-shaped dermal denticles, is highly convergent with that of the bioluminescent shark Etmopterus spinax. The ecology of A. ampliceps, being a species that exclusively inhabits aphotic waters, is in agreement with such a morphofunctional interpretation, but finding photophores is imperative to confirm this prediction.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08703004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46015115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08703003
J. Arntzen
I document the contiguous distribution of the marbled newt species Triturus marmoratus and T. pygmaeus over the western part of the Iberian peninsula with a suite of morphological and molecular genetic data from altogether 141 populations. Morphological characters that identify the species are body size and the colour pattern character ‘Links’. Links is the number of transversal connections following the green surface at the lateral sides of the newts’ body. Large adults with few Links are T. marmoratus and small adults with many Links are T. pygmaeus. However, no morphological identification criterion is entirely adequate. Eight molecular genetic markers show markedly bimodal character state distributions that give rise to sharp species range descriptions, with T. marmoratus in the north of the Iberian peninsula and T. pygmaeus in the south and along most of the Atlantic coast of Portugal. I encountered ten genetically admixed populations that are all located at the T. marmoratus - T. pygmaeus species range interface, suggesting widespread but limited interspecific hybridization. A latitudinal transect across Portugal confirmed the narrow and steep transition from one to the other species for morphological and molecular characters alike. In central Portugal the position of the hybrid zone coincides with the river Tejo. However, the cline for mitochondrial DNA is relatively wide and shallow and its centre is positioned south of the river. In view of published data that reconstruct the northward advance of T. pygmaeus along the Portuguese coast at the expense of T. marmoratus, I propose that T. marmoratus had a wider range in central Portugal too, where it was eventually superseded by T. pygmaeus. I hypothesize that ‘marmoratus’ mtDNA haplotypes found south of the Tejo constitute a ‘genetic footprint’ left behind in T. pygmaeus by the receding species T. marmoratus.
{"title":"Morphological and molecular characters to describe a marbled newt hybrid zone in the Iberian peninsula","authors":"J. Arntzen","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08703003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703003","url":null,"abstract":"I document the contiguous distribution of the marbled newt species Triturus marmoratus and T. pygmaeus over the western part of the Iberian peninsula with a suite of morphological and molecular genetic data from altogether 141 populations. Morphological characters that identify the species are body size and the colour pattern character ‘Links’. Links is the number of transversal connections following the green surface at the lateral sides of the newts’ body. Large adults with few Links are T. marmoratus and small adults with many Links are T. pygmaeus. However, no morphological identification criterion is entirely adequate. Eight molecular genetic markers show markedly bimodal character state distributions that give rise to sharp species range descriptions, with T. marmoratus in the north of the Iberian peninsula and T. pygmaeus in the south and along most of the Atlantic coast of Portugal. I encountered ten genetically admixed populations that are all located at the T. marmoratus - T. pygmaeus species range interface, suggesting widespread but limited interspecific hybridization. A latitudinal transect across Portugal confirmed the narrow and steep transition from one to the other species for morphological and molecular characters alike. In central Portugal the position of the hybrid zone coincides with the river Tejo. However, the cline for mitochondrial DNA is relatively wide and shallow and its centre is positioned south of the river. In view of published data that reconstruct the northward advance of T. pygmaeus along the Portuguese coast at the expense of T. marmoratus, I propose that T. marmoratus had a wider range in central Portugal too, where it was eventually superseded by T. pygmaeus. I hypothesize that ‘marmoratus’ mtDNA haplotypes found south of the Tejo constitute a ‘genetic footprint’ left behind in T. pygmaeus by the receding species T. marmoratus.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08703003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46670256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-20DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08703002
Jia Jin Marc Chang, Y. C. Tay, Hui Ping Ang, K. Tun, L. Chou, R. Meier, Danwei Huang
Recent years have seen an increase in the number of studies that use DNA sequence information in addition to morphological methods, as the latter alone can be inadequate for morphologically similar, cryptic species. Marine onchidiid slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Onchidiidae), which commonly inhabit intertidal environments and have a near-global distribution, comprise 11 genera and 86 described species. Singapore has 19 recorded species of onchidiids with Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830) being the most abundant. Here we present mitochondrial DNA sequence data from 63 P. verruculata-like specimens to show that they constitute two closely-related clades with distinct sequence signatures and a clear barcode gap. Intraclade distances are 0–1.8% while interclade distances range from 4.7 to 6.0%. Scanning electron microscopy of internal copulation organs reveals that the two clades have distinct penial and accessory gland spine structures, which also differ in size. Using an integrative taxonomic approach, we propose that what was initially thought to be P. verruculata in Singapore, actually are two different species of Peronia.
{"title":"Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex","authors":"Jia Jin Marc Chang, Y. C. Tay, Hui Ping Ang, K. Tun, L. Chou, R. Meier, Danwei Huang","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08703002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703002","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen an increase in the number of studies that use DNA sequence information in addition to morphological methods, as the latter alone can be inadequate for morphologically similar, cryptic species. Marine onchidiid slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Onchidiidae), which commonly inhabit intertidal environments and have a near-global distribution, comprise 11 genera and 86 described species. Singapore has 19 recorded species of onchidiids with Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830) being the most abundant. Here we present mitochondrial DNA sequence data from 63 P. verruculata-like specimens to show that they constitute two closely-related clades with distinct sequence signatures and a clear barcode gap. Intraclade distances are 0–1.8% while interclade distances range from 4.7 to 6.0%. Scanning electron microscopy of internal copulation organs reveals that the two clades have distinct penial and accessory gland spine structures, which also differ in size. Using an integrative taxonomic approach, we propose that what was initially thought to be P. verruculata in Singapore, actually are two different species of Peronia.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08703002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49189091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08703001
Vukica D. Vujić, Bojan Ilić, Z. Jovanović, S. Pavković‐Lučić, Sara Selaković, V. Tomić, L. Lučić
Sexual selection can be a major driving force that favours morphological evolution at the intraspecific level. According to the sexual selection theory, morphological variation may accompany non-random mating or fertilization. Here both variation of linear measurements and variation in the shape of certain structures can significantly influence mate choice in different organisms. In the present work, we quantified sexual behaviour of the millipede Megaphyllum bosniense (Verhoeff, 1897) as characterized by several sequences. These are: mating latency, duration of copulation, contact to copulation time, duration of contact without copulation, time from entrance (time-point when individuals were placed in boxes in which tests occurred) to contact with copulation, and time from entrance to contact without copulation. Further, we analysed the influence of morphological variation (both variation of linear measurements and variation in the shape of several structures) on mating success. Variation of body length, antennal length, length of the walking legs, trunk width, and trunk height was analysed by traditional morphometrics, while variation in size and shape of the antennae, walking legs, head, and gonopods (promeres, opisthomeres) was analysed using geometric morphometrics. More than half of all physical contacts detected among the millipedes resulted in copulation. Based on the value of sexual selection coefficients, preferences toward the previous partner were found to be prevalent in both female and male choice tests. Individuals with different mating status significantly differed in some morphological traits (body mass, head centroid size, head shape, and promere shape). Our study yielded new information about the sexual behaviour of millipedes and variation of morphological traits as a potential basis for mate preferences.
{"title":"Sexual behaviour and morphological variation in the millipede Megaphyllum bosniense (Verhoeff, 1897)","authors":"Vukica D. Vujić, Bojan Ilić, Z. Jovanović, S. Pavković‐Lučić, Sara Selaković, V. Tomić, L. Lučić","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08703001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08703001","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual selection can be a major driving force that favours morphological evolution at the intraspecific level. According to the sexual selection theory, morphological variation may accompany non-random mating or fertilization. Here both variation of linear measurements and variation in the shape of certain structures can significantly influence mate choice in different organisms. In the present work, we quantified sexual behaviour of the millipede Megaphyllum bosniense (Verhoeff, 1897) as characterized by several sequences. These are: mating latency, duration of copulation, contact to copulation time, duration of contact without copulation, time from entrance (time-point when individuals were placed in boxes in which tests occurred) to contact with copulation, and time from entrance to contact without copulation. Further, we analysed the influence of morphological variation (both variation of linear measurements and variation in the shape of several structures) on mating success. Variation of body length, antennal length, length of the walking legs, trunk width, and trunk height was analysed by traditional morphometrics, while variation in size and shape of the antennae, walking legs, head, and gonopods (promeres, opisthomeres) was analysed using geometric morphometrics. More than half of all physical contacts detected among the millipedes resulted in copulation. Based on the value of sexual selection coefficients, preferences toward the previous partner were found to be prevalent in both female and male choice tests. Individuals with different mating status significantly differed in some morphological traits (body mass, head centroid size, head shape, and promere shape). Our study yielded new information about the sexual behaviour of millipedes and variation of morphological traits as a potential basis for mate preferences.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08703001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42355423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08702004
N. Kmentová, M. Steenberge, Joost A. M. Raeymaekers, S. Koblmüller, P. Hablützel, F. M. Bukinga, T. M. N’sibula, P. M. Mulungula, B. Nzigidahera, G. Ntakimazi, M. Gelnar, M. Vanhove
Whereas Lake Tanganyika’s littoral and benthic zones are famous for their diverse fish communities, its pelagic zone is dominated by few species, of which two representatives of Clupeidae (Limnothrissa miodon and Stolothrissa tanganicae) take a pivotal role. We investigated the monogenean fauna infecting these freshwater clupeids to explore the link between parasite morphology and host species identity, or seasonal and geographical origin, which may reveal host population structure. Furthermore, we conducted phylogenetic analyses to test whether these parasitic flatworms mirror their host species’ marine origin. Based on 406 parasite specimens infecting 385 host specimens, two monogenean species of Kapentagyrus Kmentová, Gelnar and Vanhove, gen. nov. were morphologically identified and placed in the phylogeny of Dactylogyridae using three molecular markers. One of the species, Kapentagyrus limnotrissae comb. nov., is host-specific to L. miodon while its congener, which is new to science and described as Kapentagyrus tanganicanus Kmentová, Gelnar and Vanhove, sp. nov., is infecting both clupeid species. Morphometrics of the parasites’ hard parts showed intra-specific variability, related to host species identity and seasonality in K. tanganicanus. Significant intra-specific differences in haptor morphometrics between the northern and southern end of Lake Tanganyika were found, and support the potential use of monogeneans as tags for host population structure. Based on phylogenetic inference, we suggest a freshwater origin of the currently known monogenean species infecting clupeids in Africa, with the two species from Lake Tanganyika representing a quite distinct lineage.
{"title":"Monogenean parasites of sardines in Lake Tanganyika: diversity, origin and intraspecific variability","authors":"N. Kmentová, M. Steenberge, Joost A. M. Raeymaekers, S. Koblmüller, P. Hablützel, F. M. Bukinga, T. M. N’sibula, P. M. Mulungula, B. Nzigidahera, G. Ntakimazi, M. Gelnar, M. Vanhove","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08702004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08702004","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas Lake Tanganyika’s littoral and benthic zones are famous for their diverse fish communities, its pelagic zone is dominated by few species, of which two representatives of Clupeidae (Limnothrissa miodon and Stolothrissa tanganicae) take a pivotal role. We investigated the monogenean fauna infecting these freshwater clupeids to explore the link between parasite morphology and host species identity, or seasonal and geographical origin, which may reveal host population structure. Furthermore, we conducted phylogenetic analyses to test whether these parasitic flatworms mirror their host species’ marine origin. Based on 406 parasite specimens infecting 385 host specimens, two monogenean species of Kapentagyrus Kmentová, Gelnar and Vanhove, gen. nov. were morphologically identified and placed in the phylogeny of Dactylogyridae using three molecular markers. One of the species, Kapentagyrus limnotrissae comb. nov., is host-specific to L. miodon while its congener, which is new to science and described as Kapentagyrus tanganicanus Kmentová, Gelnar and Vanhove, sp. nov., is infecting both clupeid species. Morphometrics of the parasites’ hard parts showed intra-specific variability, related to host species identity and seasonality in K. tanganicanus. Significant intra-specific differences in haptor morphometrics between the northern and southern end of Lake Tanganyika were found, and support the potential use of monogeneans as tags for host population structure. Based on phylogenetic inference, we suggest a freshwater origin of the currently known monogenean species infecting clupeids in Africa, with the two species from Lake Tanganyika representing a quite distinct lineage.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08702004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46997791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-20DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08702003
D. Maggioni, R. Arrigoni, P. Galli, M. Berumen, D. Seveso, S. Montano
The Zancleidae is a hydrozoan family that currently comprises three genera and 42 nominal species. The validity of numerous taxa in this family still needs to be assessed with integrative analyses and complete life cycle descriptions. The vast majority of its species live symbiotically with other organisms, among which cheilostomate bryozoans are the most common hosts. These bryozoan-associated zancleids are host-specific and encompass all species of the genera Halocoryne and Zanclella, as well as several species in the genus Zanclea. Zancleids show variable morphologies, including highly reduced polyps and medusae. Their phylogenetic history is uncertain due to the often intergrading morphologies and the shortage of molecular data. In the present study, two species of Zanclea from the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea are analysed, using morphological and DNA-based approaches. Morphological analyses of the polyp and medusa stages show that, despite a general resemblance with each other and with Zanclella diabolica, the two species differ in some characters, and this is supported also by molecular investigations. The DNA analyses show that the two species are monophyletic and closely related, but divergent from other Zanclea lineages. This newly recovered clade may correspond with the genus Zanclella or with a cryptic genus. The lack of both morphological and molecular data for several zancleid species did not allow to address this issue. Additionally, the single-and multi-locus phylogeny reconstructions reveal that both the family Zancleidae and the genus Zanclea are polyphyletic taxa, since they are composed of at least three divergent lineages. Most zancleid species have polyps and medusae similar to other closely related taxa, and this conserved general morphology poses a challenge in the delimitation of species, genera and even families in this group. Consequently, further conjunct morphological and molecular efforts are strongly needed to clarify the diversity and evolution of the family Zancleida as a whole.
{"title":"Polyphyly of the genus Zanclea and family Zancleidae (Hydrozoa, Capitata) revealed by the integrative analysis of two bryozoan-associated species","authors":"D. Maggioni, R. Arrigoni, P. Galli, M. Berumen, D. Seveso, S. Montano","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08702003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08702003","url":null,"abstract":"The Zancleidae is a hydrozoan family that currently comprises three genera and 42 nominal species. The validity of numerous taxa in this family still needs to be assessed with integrative analyses and complete life cycle descriptions. The vast majority of its species live symbiotically with other organisms, among which cheilostomate bryozoans are the most common hosts. These bryozoan-associated zancleids are host-specific and encompass all species of the genera Halocoryne and Zanclella, as well as several species in the genus Zanclea. Zancleids show variable morphologies, including highly reduced polyps and medusae. Their phylogenetic history is uncertain due to the often intergrading morphologies and the shortage of molecular data. In the present study, two species of Zanclea from the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea are analysed, using morphological and DNA-based approaches. Morphological analyses of the polyp and medusa stages show that, despite a general resemblance with each other and with Zanclella diabolica, the two species differ in some characters, and this is supported also by molecular investigations. The DNA analyses show that the two species are monophyletic and closely related, but divergent from other Zanclea lineages. This newly recovered clade may correspond with the genus Zanclella or with a cryptic genus. The lack of both morphological and molecular data for several zancleid species did not allow to address this issue. Additionally, the single-and multi-locus phylogeny reconstructions reveal that both the family Zancleidae and the genus Zanclea are polyphyletic taxa, since they are composed of at least three divergent lineages. Most zancleid species have polyps and medusae similar to other closely related taxa, and this conserved general morphology poses a challenge in the delimitation of species, genera and even families in this group. Consequently, further conjunct morphological and molecular efforts are strongly needed to clarify the diversity and evolution of the family Zancleida as a whole.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08702003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49246904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-18DOI: 10.1163/18759866-08702002
C. M. Loza, Oliver Reutimann, M. Sánchez-Villagra, A. Carlini, Gabriel Aguirre-Fernández
The systematic value of the middle-ear ossicles, in particular the malleus, has been long recognized for diverse groups. We present systematic work on the characters of the middle-ear ossicles of pinnipeds, focusing on until now poorly studied Southern Hemisphere species. Mallei were extracted from 16 specimens of pinnipeds belonging to five austral and one boreal species of Phocidae and two austral species of Otariidae. Several characters used in this study have been described previously, and some were here modified. Three new characters are here defined and analysed. All characters were mapped onto the phylogeny. Our character analysis shows the transformations that have occurred in the evolution of middle ear ossicles in pinnipeds and identifies diagnostic features of many of its clades. Beyond the identification of specific changes within eachclade, our study of pinniped ossicle evolution documents the occurrence of anatomical convergences with other groups of mammals that live in an aquatic environment, as has occurred in other organ systems as well.
{"title":"Evolutionary transformations of the malleus in pinnipeds, with emphasis on Southern Hemisphere taxa","authors":"C. M. Loza, Oliver Reutimann, M. Sánchez-Villagra, A. Carlini, Gabriel Aguirre-Fernández","doi":"10.1163/18759866-08702002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08702002","url":null,"abstract":"The systematic value of the middle-ear ossicles, in particular the malleus, has been long recognized for diverse groups. We present systematic work on the characters of the middle-ear ossicles of pinnipeds, focusing on until now poorly studied Southern Hemisphere species. Mallei were extracted from 16 specimens of pinnipeds belonging to five austral and one boreal species of Phocidae and two austral species of Otariidae. Several characters used in this study have been described previously, and some were here modified. Three new characters are here defined and analysed. All characters were mapped onto the phylogeny. Our character analysis shows the transformations that have occurred in the evolution of middle ear ossicles in pinnipeds and identifies diagnostic features of many of its clades. Beyond the identification of specific changes within eachclade, our study of pinniped ossicle evolution documents the occurrence of anatomical convergences with other groups of mammals that live in an aquatic environment, as has occurred in other organ systems as well.","PeriodicalId":55210,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18759866-08702002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43393165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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