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Ecosystem health and malfunctions: an organisational perspective. 生态系统健康与故障:组织视角。
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-023-09927-9
Emiliano Sfara, Charbel N El-Hani

A recent idea of "ecosystem health" was introduced in the 1970s and 1980s to draws attention to the fact that ecosystems can become ill because of a reduction of properties such as primary productivity, functions and diversity of interactions among system components. Starting from the 1990s, this idea has been deeply criticized by authors who argued that, insofar as ecosystems show many differences with respect to organismic features, these two kinds of systems cannot share a typical organismic property such as health. In recent years, an organisational approach in philosophy of biology and ecology argued that both organisms and ecosystems may share a fundamental characteristic despite their differences, namely, organisational closure. Based on this kind of closure, scholars have also discussed health and malfunctional states in organisms. In this paper, we examine the possibility of expanding such an organisational approach to health and malfunctions to the ecological domain. Firstly, we will see that a malfunction is related to a lower effectiveness in the functional behaviour of some biotic components with respect to other systemic components. We will then show how some introduced species do not satisfactorily interact in an organisational closure with other ecosystem components, thus posing a threat to the self-maintenance of the ecosystem in which they are found. Accordingly, we will argue that an ecosystem can be said to be healthy when it is a vital environment organisationally grounded on its intrinsic capacity to ensure, under favourable conditions, appropriate functional behaviours for ecosystem components and ecosystem self-maintenance.

最近在20世纪70年代和80年代提出了“生态系统健康”的概念,以提请人们注意这样一个事实,即生态系统可能会因为初级生产力、功能和系统组成部分之间相互作用的多样性等特性的降低而生病。从20世纪90年代开始,这一观点就受到了作者的深刻批评,他们认为,只要生态系统在组织特征方面表现出许多差异,这两种系统就不能共享一个典型的组织特性,如健康。近年来,生物学和生态学哲学中的一种组织方法认为,尽管生物体和生态系统存在差异,但它们可能都有一个基本特征,即组织封闭。基于这种闭合,学者们还讨论了生物体的健康和功能障碍状态。在这篇论文中,我们研究了将这种针对健康和故障的组织方法扩展到生态领域的可能性。首先,我们将看到,与其他系统成分相比,一些生物成分的功能行为的有效性较低。然后,我们将展示一些引入的物种如何在组织封闭中与其他生态系统组成部分不能令人满意地相互作用,从而对它们所在生态系统的自我维护构成威胁。因此,我们认为,当生态系统是一个重要的环境时,它在组织上基于其内在能力,可以说是健康的,以确保在有利的条件下,生态系统组成部分的适当功能行为和生态系统的自我维护。
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引用次数: 0
Logical fallacies persist in invasion biology and blaming the messengers will not improve accountability in this field: a response to Frank et al. 入侵生物学中存在逻辑谬误,指责信使不会提高该领域的问责性:对弗兰克等人的回应。
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-023-09892-3
Radu Cornel Guiaşu, Christopher W Tindale

We analyze the "Logical fallacies and reasonable debates in invasion biology: a response to Guiaşu and Tindale" article by Frank et al., and also discuss this work in the context of recent intense debates in invasion biology, and reactions by leading invasion biologists to critics of aspects of their field. While we acknowledge the attempt by Frank et al., at least in the second half of their paper, to take into account more diverse points of view about non-native species and their complex roles in ecosystems, we also find the accusations of misrepresenting invasion biology, for instance by "cherry-picking" and "constructing 'straw people'", directed at the Guiaşu and Tindale study to be unwarranted. Despite the sometimes harsh responses by leading invasion biologists to critics of their field, we believe that persistent and fundamental problems remain in invasion biology, and we discuss some of these problems in this article. Failing to recognize these problems, and simply dismissing or minimizing legitimate criticisms, will not advance the cause, or enhance the general appeal, of invasion biology and will prevent meaningful progress in understanding the multiple contributions non-native species can bring to various ecosystems worldwide. We recommend taking a more open-minded and pragmatic approach towards non-native species and the novel ecosystems they are an integral part of.

我们分析了Frank等人的文章“入侵生物学中的逻辑谬误和合理辩论:对guia和Tindale的回应”,并在最近入侵生物学激烈辩论的背景下讨论了这项工作,以及主要入侵生物学家对其领域各方面批评的反应。虽然我们承认Frank等人的尝试,至少在他们论文的后半部分,考虑到更多关于非本地物种及其在生态系统中的复杂角色的不同观点,但我们也发现,针对guia和Tindale研究的歪曲入侵生物学的指控,例如“挑选樱桃”和“构建‘稻草人’”,是没有根据的。尽管领军的入侵生物学家有时会对他们领域的批评做出严厉的回应,但我们认为,入侵生物学中仍然存在持续存在的基本问题,我们将在本文中讨论其中的一些问题。未能认识到这些问题,简单地忽视或尽量减少合理的批评,将不会推进入侵生物学的事业,或增强入侵生物学的总体吸引力,并将阻碍在理解非本地物种对全球各种生态系统的多重贡献方面取得有意义的进展。我们建议对非本地物种及其组成部分的新生态系统采取更开放和务实的态度。
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引用次数: 0
Positive Wild Animal Welfare. 积极的野生动物福利。
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-023-09901-5
Heather Browning, Walter Veit

With increasing attention given to wild animal welfare and ethics, it has become common to depict animals in the wild as existing in a state dominated by suffering. This assumption is now taken on board by many and frames much of the current discussion; but needs a more critical assessment, both theoretically and empirically. In this paper, we challenge the primary lines of evidence employed in support of wild animal suffering, to provide an alternative picture in which wild animals may often have lives that are far more positive than is commonly assumed. Nevertheless, while it is useful to have an alternative model to challenge unexamined assumptions, our real emphasis in this paper is the need for the development of effective methods for applying animal welfare science in the wild, including new means of data collection, the ability to determine the extent and scope of welfare challenges and opportunities, and their effects on welfare. Until such methods are developed, discussions of wild animal welfare cannot go beyond trading of intuitions, which as we show here can just as easily go in either direction.

随着人们对野生动物福利和伦理的日益关注,将野生动物描绘成一种以痛苦为主导的状态已成为一种普遍现象。这一假设现在被许多人接受,并构成了当前讨论的大部分框架;但在理论上和经验上都需要更严格的评估。在本文中,我们挑战了支持野生动物遭受痛苦的主要证据线,以提供另一种图景,即野生动物可能经常比通常假设的生活积极得多。然而,虽然有一个替代模型来挑战未经检验的假设是有用的,但我们在本文中真正强调的是需要开发有效的方法来在野外应用动物福利科学,包括新的数据收集手段,确定福利挑战和机遇的程度和范围的能力,以及它们对福利的影响。在这些方法被开发出来之前,关于野生动物福利的讨论不能超越直觉交易,正如我们在这里展示的那样,直觉交易可以很容易地走向任何一个方向。
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引用次数: 5
The minimal role of the higher categories in biology 高等分类在生物学中的最小作用
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-022-09888-5
Michael Devitt
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive science meets the mark of the cognitive: putting the horse before the cart 认知科学符合认知科学的标志:本末倒置
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-022-09889-4
Joseph Gough
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引用次数: 1
Skepticism, the critical standpoint, and the origin of birds: a partial critique of Havstad and Smith (2019) 怀疑主义、批判立场和鸟类的起源:对哈夫斯塔德和史密斯的部分批评(2019)
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-022-09887-6
John A. Pourtless IV
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to niches and mechanisms in ecology and evolution 生态学和进化中的生态位和机制介绍
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-022-09890-x
R. Trappes, Behzad Nematipour, U. Krohs
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引用次数: 1
Evolutionary anamnesis
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-022-09886-7
J. Toomey
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引用次数: 0
Darwin and the golden rule: how to distinguish differences of degree from differences of kind using mechanisms 达尔文和黄金法则:如何用机制区分程度差异和种类差异
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-022-09885-8
Paul Thagard
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引用次数: 0
Dosis sola facit venenum: reconceptualising biological realism 太阳的存在:重新定义生物现实主义
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-022-09884-9
M. D. Beni
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引用次数: 0
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