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Environmental interference 环境干扰
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09955-z
Karen Kovaka

One of the guiding ideas in modern environmentalist thought is that we shouldn’t interfere with nature. It’s better to leave it alone. Many of the arguments offered in favor of this presumption against environmental interference are epistemic. One such argument focuses on ineffectiveness. It says that conservation interventions often do not accomplish their goals. A second argument says that well-intentioned interference in nature produces many harmful unintended consequences. I show that these arguments do not justify the presumption against environmental interference. Both arguments depend on stronger claims, such as the claim that conservation interventions do more harm than good overall. Yet, evidence-based conservation studies do not support the idea that conservation interventions generally do not work, or that they do more harm than good. These facts seriously undermine the presumption against environmental interference.

现代环保主义思想的指导思想之一是,我们不应该干涉自然。最好让它自生自灭。为支持这一反对干预环境的假定而提出的许多论点都是认识论的。其中一个论点的重点是无效性。它说,保护干预措施往往不能实现其目标。第二个论点认为,对自然的善意干预会产生许多有害的意外后果。我表明,这些论点并不能证明反对环境干预的推定是正确的。这两个论点都依赖于更有力的主张,比如保护干预措施总体上弊大于利的主张。然而,基于证据的保护研究并不支持保护干预措施通常不起作用或弊大于利的观点。这些事实严重破坏了反对环境干预的推定。
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引用次数: 0
Trait-centered vs. fitness-centered definitions of natural selection 以性状为中心的自然选择定义与以适应性为中心的自然选择定义
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09965-x
Ciprian Jeler

During the past few decades, fitness-centered and trait-centered definitions of natural selection have coexisted in the philosophical literature. The former render natural selection definitionally dependent on the presence of fitness differences, where “fitness” is understood as a distinct property from actual reproductive success. On the other hand, trait-centered definitions see selection as definitionally dependent on the presence of a causal relation between a trait (not necessarily fitness) and reproductive success. Interestingly, endorsers of these definitions have rarely–and usually only cursorily–critically engaged the views of the other camp. Therefore, a critical comparison of the two kinds of definitions is lacking in the literature. This paper starts filling this void by opening a discussion about which of the two kinds of definition is more appropriate. I first argue that fitness-centered definitions have difficulties in accommodating cases of opposing selection on correlated traits, whereas trait-centered views have no such problems. To do so, I revisit an old argument put forth by Elliott Sober and I show that recent attempts from the fitness-centered camp to reply to Sober’s charge are unsuccessful. I then show that fitness-centered views also have problems with a different type of case, namely opposing selection on a single trait; trait-centered views, on the other hand, may accommodate such cases if, as I propose here, we specify that the causal relation that figures prominently in them is understood as a relation of contributing causation. These arguments suggest that trait-centered definitions of selection are preferable to fitness-centered ones.

在过去的几十年里,以 "适合度 "为中心的自然选择定义和以 "性状 "为中心的自然选择定义在哲学文献中并存。前者认为自然选择的定义取决于适存差异的存在,其中 "适存 "被理解为与实际繁殖成功不同的属性。另一方面,以性状为中心的定义则认为,选择的定义取决于性状(不一定是适应性)与繁殖成功之间的因果关系。有趣的是,这些定义的支持者很少--通常只是粗略地--批判性地讨论另一阵营的观点。因此,文献中缺乏对这两种定义的批判性比较。本文通过讨论这两种定义中哪一种更合适来填补这一空白。我首先论证了以适应性为中心的定义难以适应相关性状的对立选择情况,而以性状为中心的观点则不存在此类问题。为此,我重温了埃利奥特-索伯(Elliott Sober)提出的一个古老论点,并证明以适配性为中心的阵营最近试图回应索伯的指控并不成功。然后,我表明,以体质为中心的观点在处理另一种不同类型的情况(即单一性状上的对立选择)时也会遇到问题;另一方面,以性状为中心的观点可以容纳这种情况,如果我们像我在这里提议的那样,明确指出在这些观点中占据重要地位的因果关系被理解为一种促成因果关系的话。这些论点表明,以性状为中心的选择定义比以适合度为中心的定义更可取。
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引用次数: 0
Exploration and perspectival modelling with model organisms: developmental biology as a case study 利用模式生物进行探索和视角建模:发育生物学案例研究
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09964-y
Juan Larraín

Model organisms are at the centre of progress in biology but attributing them an excessive representational power and concentrating on a limited group of them, although efficient for research, can have negative consequences, mainly of epistemic nature. Here, I argue that model organisms are exploratory models with a perspectival modelling function, and that a deflated representational power is needed for their proper use. In support of this argument, I will analyse developmental biology as a case study. Firstly, I show that model organisms in developmental biology are not selected because of their representational capabilities, but mainly based on practical criteria. Secondly, I defend that the epistemic organization of developmental biology around questions fosters exploration and perspectival modelling and I propose that developmental biology is a ‘model organism situated knowledge’. Lastly, I use the study of the mechanisms of cell fate acquisition during early embryonic development in C. elegans and mice as a case study to illustrate how a plurality of model organisms allows exploration and perspectival modelling. The use of model organisms for exploration and perspectival modelling, with a limited representational power, should allow more adequate inferences about human embryonic development and encourage the introduction of more model organisms for a comprehensive navigation of the space of possibilities.

模式生物是生物学进步的核心,但赋予模式生物过多的表征力并将其集中在有限的一组模式生物上,虽然对研究很有效,但会产生负面影响,主要是认识论性质的负面影响。在此,我认为模式生物是具有透视建模功能的探索性模型,要正确使用它们,就必须放低它们的表征力。为支持这一论点,我将以发育生物学为案例进行分析。首先,我将说明发育生物学中的模式生物并不是因为其表征能力而被选择的,而主要是基于实用标准。其次,我辩护说,发育生物学围绕问题的认识论组织促进了探索和视角建模,我提出发育生物学是一种 "模式生物情景知识"。最后,我以研究秀丽隐杆线虫和小鼠早期胚胎发育过程中细胞命运获得的机制为例,说明多种模式生物是如何促进探索和视角建模的。在表征能力有限的情况下,利用模式生物进行探索和透视建模,应能对人类胚胎发育做出更充分的推断,并鼓励引入更多模式生物,以全面探索各种可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Different kinds of data: samples and the relational framework 不同类型的数据:样本和关系框架
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09962-0
Aline Potiron

This paper proposes an original definition of samples as a kind of data within the relational framework of data. The distinction between scientific objects (e.g., samples, data, models) often needs to be clarified in the philosophy of science to understand their role in the scientific inquiry. The relational framework places data at the forefront of knowledge construction. Their epistemic status depends on their evaluation as potential evidence in a research situation and their ability to circulate among researchers. While samples are significant in data-generating science, their role has been underexplored in the philosophy of data literature. I draw on a case study from data-centric microbiology, viz. amplicon sequencing, to introduce specifications of the relational framework. These specifications capture the distinctive epistemic role of samples, allowing the discussion of their significance in the inquiry process. I argue that samples are necessarily transformed to be considered as evidence, portable in the limits of a situation, and they act as world anchors for claims about a phenomenon. I compare these specifications with other data and evidence frameworks and suggest they are compatible. The paper concludes by considering the extension of these criteria in the context of biobanking. The specifications proposed here help analyze other life sciences cases and deepen our understanding of samples and their epistemological role in scientific research.

本文提出了一个新颖的定义,即样本是数据关系框架内的一种数据。在科学哲学中,科学对象(如样本、数据、模型)之间的区别往往需要加以澄清,以便理解它们在科学探究中的作用。关系框架将数据置于知识建构的最前沿。它们在认识论上的地位取决于它们在研究情境中作为潜在证据的评价,以及它们在研究人员之间流通的能力。虽然样本在数据生成科学中举足轻重,但数据哲学文献对样本的作用却探讨不足。我利用以数据为中心的微生物学案例研究,即扩增子测序,来介绍关系框架的规范。这些规范捕捉到了样本在认识论上的独特作用,允许讨论它们在探究过程中的意义。我认为,样本必须经过转换才能被视为证据,在特定情况下可移植,它们是对某一现象提出主张的世界锚。我将这些规范与其他数据和证据框架进行了比较,并认为它们是兼容的。最后,本文考虑将这些标准扩展到生物银行领域。本文提出的规范有助于分析其他生命科学案例,加深我们对样本及其在科学研究中的认识论作用的理解。
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引用次数: 0
The evolution of reproductive characters: an organismal-relational approach 生殖特征的进化:一种生物体关系方法
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09961-1
David Cortés-García, Arantza Etxeberria, Laura Nuño de la Rosa

This paper delves into the character concept as applied to reproduction. Our argument is that the prevailing functional-adaptationist perspective falls short in explaining the evolution of reproductive traits, and we propose an alternative organismal-relational approach that incorporates the developmental and interactive aspects of reproduction. To begin, we define the functional individuation of reproductive traits as evolutionary strategies aimed at enhancing fitness, and we demonstrate how this perspective influences the classification of reproductive characters and modes, the comprehension of shared traits as resulting from conflicts of evolutionary interest between individuals, and the explanation of reproductive diversity. After outlining the shortcomings of this framework, we introduce an organismal-relational approach grounded in evolutionary developmental studies of reproduction. This view provides a revised classification for reproductive characters and modes and offers a new understanding of interorganismal traits that takes into account their inherently relational nature. Lastly, we present the research agenda that emerges from this approach, which addresses the core explanatory gaps left by the adaptationist perspective, including the explanation of reproductive homologies and homoplasies, the developmental constraints associated with the evolution of reproductive modes, and the evolvability of reproductive characters.

本文深入探讨了应用于生殖的特征概念。我们的论点是,目前流行的功能适应论观点无法解释生殖特征的进化,因此我们提出了一种替代性的有机体关系方法,其中包含了生殖的发展和互动方面。首先,我们将生殖性状的功能个体化定义为旨在提高适应性的进化策略,并展示了这一观点如何影响生殖特征和模式的分类、如何将共同性状理解为个体间进化利益冲突的结果,以及如何解释生殖多样性。在概述了这一框架的缺点之后,我们介绍了一种以生殖进化发展研究为基础的生物关系方法。这种观点对生殖特征和模式的分类进行了修订,并提供了对机体间性状的新理解,其中考虑到了其固有的关系性质。最后,我们介绍了这一方法所产生的研究议程,它解决了适应论观点所留下的核心解释空白,包括生殖同源性和同型性的解释、与生殖模式进化相关的发育限制以及生殖特征的可进化性。
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引用次数: 0
Explanatory gaps in evolutionary theory 进化论中的解释性缺陷
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09957-x
Bendik Hellem Aaby, Gianmaria Dani, Grant Ramsey

Proponents of the extended evolutionary synthesis have argued that there are explanatory gaps in evolutionary biology that cannot be bridged by standard evolutionary theory. In this paper, we consider what sort of explanatory gaps they are referring to. We outline three possibilities: data-based gaps, implementation-based gaps, and framework-based gaps. We then examine the purported evolutionary gaps and attempt to classify them using this taxonomy. From there we reconsider the significance of the gaps and what they imply for the proposed need for an extended evolutionary synthesis.

扩展进化综合理论的支持者认为,进化生物学中存在着标准进化理论无法弥补的解释空白。在本文中,我们将探讨他们所指的是哪种解释性空白。我们概述了三种可能性:基于数据的差距、基于实施的差距和基于框架的差距。然后,我们研究了所谓的进化差距,并尝试使用这种分类法对它们进行分类。在此基础上,我们将重新考虑这些差距的意义,以及它们对所提出的扩展进化综述需求的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching and the origin of the normativity 教学与规范性的起源
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09960-2
Laureano Castro, Miguel Ángel Castro-Nogueira, Miguel Ángel Toro

Norms play a crucial role in governing human societies. From an early age, humans possess an innate understanding of norms, recognizing certain behaviours, contexts, and roles as being governed by them. The evolution of normativity has been linked to its contribution to the promotion of cooperation in large groups and is intertwined with the development of joint intentionality. However, there is no evolutionary consensus on what normatively differentiated our hominin ancestors from the phylogenetic lineage leading to chimpanzees and bonobos. Here we propose that the development of teaching through a process of evaluative feedback between parent and offspring functioned as a prerequisite for the later development of normativity. Parents approve or disapprove of offspring’s behaviours based on their own learned knowledge of what is appropriate or inappropriate. We argue our proposition using a simple model of cultural transmission, which shows the adaptive advantage offered by these elementary forms of teaching. We show that an important part of this adaptive advantage can arise from the benefits derived from guidance about which behaviours to adopt or reject. We propose that this type of guidance has fundamental elements that characterise the normative world. We complete our argument by reviewing several studies that examine the emergence of normativity in young children without prior exposure to a normative framework with respect to the behaviours under analysis. We suggest that this normativity is best interpreted as manifestations of teaching among young children rather than as norm recognition among early normative children.

规范在管理人类社会方面发挥着至关重要的作用。人类从小就对规范有着与生俱来的理解,认识到某些行为、环境和角色受规范的约束。规范性的进化与它对促进大型群体合作的贡献有关,并与联合意向性的发展交织在一起。然而,关于我们的类人祖先与黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的系统发育谱系在规范性方面的区别,目前还没有进化方面的共识。在此,我们提出,通过父母和后代之间的评价反馈过程来发展教导,是后来规范性发展的先决条件。父母根据自己学到的关于什么是适当的、什么是不适当的知识来认可或不认可后代的行为。我们使用一个简单的文化传播模型来论证我们的主张,该模型显示了这些初级教学形式所提供的适应性优势。我们表明,这种适应性优势的一个重要部分可能来自于关于采用或拒绝哪些行为的指导所带来的益处。我们认为,这种指导具有规范世界的基本特征。我们通过回顾几项研究来完成我们的论证,这些研究考察了幼儿在没有事先接触到与所分析的行为有关的规范性框架的情况下规范性的出现。我们认为,这种规范性最好被解释为幼儿的教学表现,而不是早期规范儿童的规范认知。
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引用次数: 0
Behavioural ecology of sexual autonomy and the case of protection against risky courtship 性自主的行为生态学和防止危险求偶的案例
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09963-z
Jan Verpooten

Evolutionary changes and interspecific diversity in sexual coercion and autonomy are often linked to indirect selection on mate preferences. Yet, this approach overlooks the small fraction of indirect selection in total selection on mate choice and assumes unnecessarily specific conditions in the recent ‘autonomy-enhancing’ risk-reduction model. This paper proposes a more parsimonious approach based on direct selection and basic signalling theory, incorporating ecological variables to better explain sexual biodiversity. Particularly, the spatial dimensionality of mating environments is emphasized for its role in enhancing sexual freedom through both diminishing monopolization and elevating escape potential from sexual coercion. Empirical evidence, ranging from waterfowl to humans, seems to better align with this ecologically constrained signalling perspective. Furthermore, it suggests that choosers keep coercion risk at ecological baseline by leveraging their escape potential. This repositions intriguing protective elements like bowerbirds' constructions as courtship features that have been bargained to respect sexual autonomy rather than enhancing it through indirect selection. It implies that courtship induced risks, such as reduced mobility, may in principle increase substantially precisely because they are offset by protective measures. Future research could reveal the prevalence of such risk-balancing strategies, advancing our understanding of mating dynamics. This work suggests new theoretical and empirical research avenues within the ecology of mating dynamics.

性胁迫和自主性的进化变化和种间多样性往往与配偶偏好的间接选择有关。然而,这种方法忽视了间接选择在择偶总选择中所占的比例很小,并且在最近的 "自主性增强 "风险降低模型中假设了不必要的特定条件。本文在直接选择和基本信号理论的基础上,结合生态变量,提出了一种更简洁的方法,以更好地解释性生物多样性。本文特别强调了交配环境的空间维度,因为它可以通过减少垄断和提高逃避性胁迫的可能性来提高性自由度。从水禽到人类的经验证据似乎都更符合这种受生态限制的信号观点。此外,它还表明,选择者通过利用自己的逃避潜力,将胁迫风险保持在生态基线上。这就将花腰鸟的构造等有趣的保护性元素重新定位为求偶特征,这些特征是为了尊重性自主而讨价还价的,而不是通过间接选择来提高性自主。这意味着求偶引起的风险(如降低流动性)原则上可能会大幅增加,而这正是因为它们被保护措施所抵消。未来的研究可以揭示这种风险平衡策略的普遍性,从而加深我们对交配动态的理解。这项工作为交配动态生态学的理论和实证研究提出了新的思路。
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引用次数: 0
A personal tribute to Frans De Waal (1948–2024), who inspired the philosophy of animal minds 向启迪动物心灵哲学的弗兰斯-德瓦尔(1948-2024)致敬
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09956-y
Kristin Andrews

Frans de Waal (1948-2024) transformed our understanding of primate cognition and social behavior, shaping the perspectives of scientists, philosophers, and the general public through his groundbreaking research and engagingpopular books.

弗兰斯-德瓦尔(Frans de Waal,1948-2024 年)通过他的开创性研究和引人入胜的畅销书,改变了我们对灵长类动物认知和社会行为的理解,塑造了科学家、哲学家和普通大众的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Delineating dingoes: framing the domestication process as a landscape 划定野狗的范围:将驯化过程视为一种景观
IF 2.5 1区 哲学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-024-09959-9
Daniel Bisgrove

This paper examines existing frameworks for understanding domestication and proposes a domestication landscape framework. Driven by the selection pressures of captivity and/or mutualism within a domesticator-dominated environment, domestication is the generations-long multidirectional process through which a domesticate accumulates new genetic and behavioral traits, potentially causing reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms of the domesticate organism. Rather than understanding domestication as fixed states in a wild/domestic binary, domestication can be best understood as a dynamic multidimensional process of growing and declining domesticator influence on a domesticate’s genes and behavior. The categories, of wild, feral, tame, and domestic exist as blurry regions within a two-dimensional landscape that species will traverse at variable speeds. An organism’s path will vary depending on its environment and the particular domestication relationship at play. Domestication occurs through two potential pathways, either through captivity or through mutualism, though both may no longer be required once a domesticate’s dependence on the domesticator becomes clearly established. For the purposes of domestication, captivity requires intentional containment and resource dependence or reproductive control. When driven by mutualism, the domestication process does not require intent and, thereby, can occur with non-human domesticators. Alongside the coordinative consensus principle, the domestication landscape model can help achieve more functional pluralism between disciplines within domestication studies when organisms’ levels of genetic and behavioral influence are provided. Finally, this model suggests that while dingoes may have at one point been domesticated, it may be appropriate to view them as wild and perhaps even native organisms.

本文探讨了理解驯化的现有框架,并提出了驯化景观框架。在驯化者占主导地位的环境中,受圈养和/或互惠的选择压力驱动,驯化是一个长达数代的多向过程,通过这一过程,驯化生物积累了新的遗传和行为特征,并可能导致野生和驯化生物之间的生殖隔离。与其将驯化理解为野生/驯化二元对立中的固定状态,不如将驯化理解为驯化者对驯化生物基因和行为的影响此消彼长的动态多维过程。野生、野性、驯化和驯养这些分类就像二维景观中的模糊区域,物种会以不同的速度穿过这些区域。生物的驯化路径会因环境和特定的驯化关系而异。驯化有两种可能的途径,一种是人工驯化,另一种是互惠驯化,不过一旦驯化物对驯化者的依赖关系明确确立,这两种途径可能都不再需要。为了达到驯化的目的,圈养需要有意的遏制和资源依赖或生殖控制。而在互惠关系的驱动下,驯化过程不需要意图,因此可以与非人类驯化者一起进行。除了协调共识原则之外,驯化景观模型还有助于在驯化研究中实现学科间的功能多元化,因为生物的遗传和行为影响程度是由这些因素决定的。最后,该模型表明,虽然野狗可能曾一度被驯化,但将其视为野生甚至原生生物可能是合适的。
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引用次数: 0
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