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Assessment of Airborne Disease Transmission Risk and Energy Impact of HVAC Mitigation Strategies 空气传播疾病风险评估及暖通空调减排策略的能源影响
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2021-11-16 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.15.21266233
M. J. Risbeck, M. Bažant, Z. Jiang, Y. M. Lee, K. H. Drees, J. D. Douglas
The COVID-19 pandemic has focused renewed attention on the ways in which building HVAC systems may be operated to mitigate the risk of airborne disease transmission. The most common suggestion is to increase outdoor-air ventilation rates so as to dilute the concentrations of infectious aerosol particles indoors. Although this strategy does reduce the likelihood of disease spread, it is often much more costly than other strategies that provide equivalent particle removal or deactivation. To address this tradeoff and arrive at practical recommendations, we explain how different mitigation strategies can be expressed in terms of equivalent outdoor air (EOA) to provide a common basis for energy analysis. We then show the effects of each strategy on EOA delivery and energy cost in simulations of realistic buildings in a variety of climates. Key findings are that in-duct filtration is often the most efficient mitigation strategy, while significant risk reduction generally requires increasing total airflow to the system, either through adjusted HVAC setpoints or standalone disinfection devices.
2019冠状病毒病大流行使人们重新关注建筑暖通空调系统的运行方式，以减轻空气传播疾病的风险。最常见的建议是增加室外空气通风量，以稀释室内传染性气溶胶颗粒的浓度。虽然这种策略确实降低了疾病传播的可能性，但它往往比提供同等颗粒去除或失活的其他策略要昂贵得多。为了解决这一权衡并得出实际建议，我们解释了如何用等效室外空气(EOA)来表达不同的缓解策略，从而为能源分析提供一个共同的基础。然后，我们在各种气候条件下的真实建筑模拟中展示了每种策略对EOA交付和能源成本的影响。主要发现是，管道过滤通常是最有效的缓解策略，而显著降低风险通常需要增加系统的总气流，通过调整HVAC设定值或独立消毒设备。
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引用次数: 2
Please Don't Blame Standard 62.1 for 1000 ppm CO2. 请不要责怪标准62.1 1000ppm的二氧化碳。
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2021-02-01
Andrew Persily
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引用次数: 0
Tool Evaluates Control Measures for Airborne Infectious Agents. 工具评估空气传播病原体控制措施。
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2021-01-01
W Stuart Dols, Lisa Ng, Brian J Polidoro, Dustin Poppendieck, Steven J Emmerich, Andrew Persily
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引用次数: 0
Requirements for Building Thermal Conditions under Normal and Emergency Operations in Extreme Climates. 极端气候条件下正常运行和紧急运行的建筑物热条件要求。
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2021-01-01
Alexander Zhivov, William Rose, Raymond Patenaude, W Jon Williams

This paper provides recommendations on thermal and moisture parameters (air, temperature, and humidity content) in different types of buildings under normal and emergency operation conditions in extreme climate conditions, e.g., cold/arctic (U.S. Department of Energy [DOE] climate zones 6-8) and hot and humid (DOE climate zones 0-2a). Three scenarios are considered under normal operating conditions: when the building/space is occupied, temporarily unoccupied (2-5 days), and unoccupied long term (e.g., hibernated). These thermal parameters are necessary to achieve one or several of the following purposes.

本文提供了在极端气候条件下，如寒冷/北极(美国能源部[DOE]气候区6-8)和湿热(DOE气候区0-2a)，不同类型建筑物在正常和紧急运行条件下的热湿参数(空气、温度和湿度含量)的建议。在正常运行条件下，考虑三种情况:当建筑物/空间被占用时，临时闲置(2-5天)和长期闲置(例如休眠)。这些热参数对于实现以下一个或几个目的是必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Balancing Energy and IAQ: NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility. 平衡能源和室内空气质量：NIST净零能源住宅测试设施。
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2018-04-01
Lisa Ng, Dustin Poppendieck, W Stuart Dols, Brian P Dougherty, Steven J Emmerich
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引用次数: 0
Reducing Legionnaires' Disease in Public Spas. 减少公共水疗中心的军团病。
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2017-12-01
Candis M Hunter, Joe Laco, Jasen Kunz

Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows improper maintenance of public spas increases risk for Legionnaires' disease. Legionnaires' disease affects thousands of individuals each year and represents a signifcant public health burden, with a 10% case fatality rate and an estimated annual hospitalization cost burden of $433 million.1,2 CDC's Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) offers critical guidance for reducing the risk of Legionnaires' disease in public aquatic facilities.

来自疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的数据显示，公共水疗中心维护不当会增加患军团病的风险。军团病每年影响数千人，是一项重大的公共卫生负担，病死率为10%，估计每年住院费用负担为4.33亿美元。1,2美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)的《示范水生卫生法典》(MAHC)为减少公共水生设施中军团病的风险提供了重要指导。
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引用次数: 0
A New Approach to Estimating Carbon Dioxide Generation Rates from Building Occupants. 估算建筑物使用者二氧化碳产生率的新方法。
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2017-07-01
Andrew Persily
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引用次数: 0
The Indoor Environmental Side of Resilience. 弹性的室内环境方面。
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2016-02-01
Andrew Persily, Steven Emmerich
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引用次数: 0
How to Read a Patent 如何阅读专利
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2005-01-01 DOI: 10.1142/9789814452540_0003
D. Kramer
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Energy Storage Myths 热能储存误区
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 Engineering
ASHRAE Journal
Pub Date : 2004-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/01998590409509274
M. Maccracken
Using thermal energy storage has shifted gigawatts of power off of daytime peaks in a cost-effective manner. However, thermal energy storage (TES) market penetration is small in comparison to its potential. Why? In TES' infancy (early I 980s), a small number of manufacturers carefully researched the technology and installed equipment. In the technology's adolescent years (late I 980s and early I 990s), dozens of manufacturers, chasing the new demand-side management rebate incentives, jumped into the marketplace. These difficult adolescent years resulted in tarnished reputations and the spread of misinformation about the technology.
利用热能储存以一种经济有效的方式转移了千兆瓦的日间高峰电力。然而，热能储存(TES)的市场渗透率与其潜力相比很小。为什么?在TES的起步阶段(20世纪80年代早期)，少数制造商仔细研究了技术并安装了设备。在该技术的青春期(20世纪80年代末和90年代初)，数十家制造商追逐新的需求方管理回扣激励措施，进入市场。这些艰难的青少年时期导致了名誉受损和关于这项技术的错误信息的传播。
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引用次数: 48
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