M. Mallory, A. Petersen, Sverrir Thorstensen, I. Spooner, N. O’Driscoll, J. Baak, Jessie A. McIntyre
Seabirds are globally recognized vectors of marine-derived materials, which get deposited on land at their breeding colonies, potentially altering local soil chemistry. We studied mercury (Hg) in soil cores on two islands in west Iceland that host thousands of nesting seabirds, predicting that Hg subsidies from nesting birds would result in elevated Hg in local soils. However, despite clear evidence from nitrogen isotopes of marine influence (seabird faeces) on coastal soil cores, O horizon Hg concentrations averaged 223 nanograms per gram (ng/g), were similar between reference and seabird-nesting sites, and were within the range of soils elsewhere in Europe and the Arctic. The concentration of Hg declined for samples deeper in the core, mirroring declines in organic content and concomitant increases in stable isotopes of nitrogen. A more detailed analysis of local pedogenic processes is required to determine the relative contribution of lithogenic, atmospheric, and anthropogenic Hg, but our data do not suggest that seabirds are markedly increasing local soil Hg through ornithogenic subsidies.
{"title":"Mercury in Soils of Seabird Nesting Islands in West Iceland","authors":"M. Mallory, A. Petersen, Sverrir Thorstensen, I. Spooner, N. O’Driscoll, J. Baak, Jessie A. McIntyre","doi":"10.14430/arctic76992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76992","url":null,"abstract":"Seabirds are globally recognized vectors of marine-derived materials, which get deposited on land at their breeding colonies, potentially altering local soil chemistry. We studied mercury (Hg) in soil cores on two islands in west Iceland that host thousands of nesting seabirds, predicting that Hg subsidies from nesting birds would result in elevated Hg in local soils. However, despite clear evidence from nitrogen isotopes of marine influence (seabird faeces) on coastal soil cores, O horizon Hg concentrations averaged 223 nanograms per gram (ng/g), were similar between reference and seabird-nesting sites, and were within the range of soils elsewhere in Europe and the Arctic. The concentration of Hg declined for samples deeper in the core, mirroring declines in organic content and concomitant increases in stable isotopes of nitrogen. A more detailed analysis of local pedogenic processes is required to determine the relative contribution of lithogenic, atmospheric, and anthropogenic Hg, but our data do not suggest that seabirds are markedly increasing local soil Hg through ornithogenic subsidies. ","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42574199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emmelie Paquette, G. Ljubicic, C. Johnson, Simon Okpakok, D. Mueller, B. Montpetit
Though polar ecologists consider sea ice primarily as a habitat for marine mammals, caribou use sea ice to complete their reproductive cycles, to access areas with preferred climatic and vegetation conditions, and to avoid predators seasonally and sporadically. Building on previous caribou research in Uqsuqtuuq (Gjoa Haven, Nunavut), we explored the connections between caribou and sea ice phenology in 5 community-identified caribou crossing areas around Qikiqtaq (King William Island). We defined freeze-up and breakup based on Uqsuqtuurmiut (people of Uqsuqtuuq) knowledge of caribou habitat requirements, to orient our analysis to the complex and multifaceted hazards that caribou can encounter while moving through their dynamic and unpredictable sea ice habitat. We investigated the reliability of caribou sea ice habitat surrounding Qikiqtaq, prioritizing key transitional periods with intensified caribou movement. We use regional ice charts produced by the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) and held workshops with Uqsuqtuurmiut to understand how sea ice phenology and caribou mobility have changed over time. The high spatial and temporal variability of sea ice phenology around Qikiqtaq facilitates caribou moving across sea ice should they need to respond to seasonal or unpredictable changes in ecological conditions or anthropogenic disturbance. Therefore, these localized sea ice conditions may increase caribou resiliency to changes or extreme events by providing alternative options for movement across the sea ice. We encourage others to consider the needs of wildlife sea ice users when assessing or providing ice information.
{"title":"Seasonal Sea Ice Conditions Affect Caribou Crossing Areas Around Qikiqtaq, Nunavut: Uqsuqtuurmiut Knowledge Guides Ice Chart Analysis","authors":"Emmelie Paquette, G. Ljubicic, C. Johnson, Simon Okpakok, D. Mueller, B. Montpetit","doi":"10.14430/arctic77149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic77149","url":null,"abstract":"Though polar ecologists consider sea ice primarily as a habitat for marine mammals, caribou use sea ice to complete their reproductive cycles, to access areas with preferred climatic and vegetation conditions, and to avoid predators seasonally and sporadically. Building on previous caribou research in Uqsuqtuuq (Gjoa Haven, Nunavut), we explored the connections between caribou and sea ice phenology in 5 community-identified caribou crossing areas around Qikiqtaq (King William Island). We defined freeze-up and breakup based on Uqsuqtuurmiut (people of Uqsuqtuuq) knowledge of caribou habitat requirements, to orient our analysis to the complex and multifaceted hazards that caribou can encounter while moving through their dynamic and unpredictable sea ice habitat. We investigated the reliability of caribou sea ice habitat surrounding Qikiqtaq, prioritizing key transitional periods with intensified caribou movement. We use regional ice charts produced by the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) and held workshops with Uqsuqtuurmiut to understand how sea ice phenology and caribou mobility have changed over time. The high spatial and temporal variability of sea ice phenology around Qikiqtaq facilitates caribou moving across sea ice should they need to respond to seasonal or unpredictable changes in ecological conditions or anthropogenic disturbance. Therefore, these localized sea ice conditions may increase caribou resiliency to changes or extreme events by providing alternative options for movement across the sea ice. We encourage others to consider the needs of wildlife sea ice users when assessing or providing ice information. ","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45554424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bradley, H. Eicken, O. Lee, A. Gebruk, Roberta Pirazzinie
The geographic settings and interests of diverse groups of rights- and stakeholders figure prominently in the need for internationally coordinated Arctic observing systems. Global and regional observing systems exist to coordinate observations across sectors and national boundaries, leveraging limited resources into widely available observational data and information products. Observing system design and coordination approaches developed for more focused networks at mid- and low latitudes are not necessarily directly applicable in more complex Arctic settings. Requirements for the latter are more demanding because of a greater need for cross-disciplinary and cross-sectoral prioritization and refinement from the local to the pan-Arctic scale, in order to maximize the use of resources in challenging environmental settings. Consideration of Arctic Indigenous Peoples’s observing priorities and needs has emerged as a core tenet of governance and coordination frameworks. We evaluate several different types of observing systems relative to the needs of the Arctic observing community and information users to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each framework. A typology of three approaches emerges from this assessment: “essential variable,” “station model,” and “central question.” We define and assess, against the requirements of Arctic settings, the concept of shared Arctic variables (SAVs) emerging from the Arctic Observing Summit 2020 and prior work by the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks Road Mapping Task Force. SAVs represent measurable phenomena or processes that are important enough to multiple communities and sectors to make the effort to coordinate observation efforts worthwhile. SAVs align with essential variables as defined, for example, by global observing frameworks, in that they guide coordinated observations across processes that are of interest to multiple sectors. SAVs are responsive to the information needs of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and draw on their capacity to codesign and comanage observing efforts. SAVs are also tailored to accommodate the logistical challenges of Arctic operations and address unique aspects of the Arctic environment, such as the central role of the cryosphere. Specific examples illustrate the flexibility of the SAV framework in reconciling different observational approaches and standards such that the strengths of global and regional observing programs can be adapted to the complex Arctic environment.
{"title":"Shared Arctic Variable Framework Links Local to Global Observing System Priorities and Requirements","authors":"A. Bradley, H. Eicken, O. Lee, A. Gebruk, Roberta Pirazzinie","doi":"10.14430/arctic76429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76429","url":null,"abstract":"The geographic settings and interests of diverse groups of rights- and stakeholders figure prominently in the need for internationally coordinated Arctic observing systems. Global and regional observing systems exist to coordinate observations across sectors and national boundaries, leveraging limited resources into widely available observational data and information products. Observing system design and coordination approaches developed for more focused networks at mid- and low latitudes are not necessarily directly applicable in more complex Arctic settings. Requirements for the latter are more demanding because of a greater need for cross-disciplinary and cross-sectoral prioritization and refinement from the local to the pan-Arctic scale, in order to maximize the use of resources in challenging environmental settings. Consideration of Arctic Indigenous Peoples’s observing priorities and needs has emerged as a core tenet of governance and coordination frameworks. We evaluate several different types of observing systems relative to the needs of the Arctic observing community and information users to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each framework. A typology of three approaches emerges from this assessment: “essential variable,” “station model,” and “central question.” We define and assess, against the requirements of Arctic settings, the concept of shared Arctic variables (SAVs) emerging from the Arctic Observing Summit 2020 and prior work by the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks Road Mapping Task Force. SAVs represent measurable phenomena or processes that are important enough to multiple communities and sectors to make the effort to coordinate observation efforts worthwhile. SAVs align with essential variables as defined, for example, by global observing frameworks, in that they guide coordinated observations across processes that are of interest to multiple sectors. SAVs are responsive to the information needs of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and draw on their capacity to codesign and comanage observing efforts. SAVs are also tailored to accommodate the logistical challenges of Arctic operations and address unique aspects of the Arctic environment, such as the central role of the cryosphere. Specific examples illustrate the flexibility of the SAV framework in reconciling different observational approaches and standards such that the strengths of global and regional observing programs can be adapted to the complex Arctic environment. ","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42395235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temperatures in the Arctic are increasing at a rate two to three times faster than the global average (Cohen et al., 2014), which is disproportionately impacting wildlife and Indigenous peoples residing in these landscapes (Ford and Smit, 2004; Parkinson and Berner, 2009; Brinkman et al., 2016). Climate change is altering tundra vegetation productivity and phenology, modifying snow conditions, and increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events (Mann et al., 2017; Myers-Smith et al., 2020). These ecological changes are further impacting vertebrate species in ways currently not well understood. Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli), a species of cultural, ecological, and economical significance, is an example of one species facing the current and looming threats of climate change. Uncertainty about the effects of ecological change on Dall sheep population demographics and mortality factors highlights the critical need for additional research to support effective stewardship decision making (Aycrigg et al., 2021). Dall sheep surveys are critical for understanding population f luctuations and modelling future trends, and aerial surveys providing single snapshot views of a population are currently the accepted survey method (Whitten, 1996; Udevitz et al., 2006). However, aerial surveys are expensive, highly weather-dependent, and cause significant stress to sheep (Frid, 2003), limiting the frequency and coverage of data. Remote wildlife cameras, on the other hand, are an emerging non-invasive survey method that provides continuous sampling of entire mammal communities, which can be further evaluated to model population changes over time in relation to environmental variables and interactions among multiple species (Burton et al., 2015; Caravaggi et al., 2020; Kays et al., 2020). Using remote wildlife cameras to derive and model critical wild sheep population demographics is a novel application of the method (Taylor et al., 2022) and may serve as a viable alternative to aerial surveys. The Northern Richardson Mountains in the Northwest Territories (NWT) are home to the northernmost population of Dall sheep (divii in Gwich’in [Gwich’in Language Dictionary, 2003]) in Canada. Though a species of significant cultural and ecological importance in the region (Gwich’in Elders, 1997; Shaw et al., 2005), this population has shown dramatic fluctuations since minimum count aerial surveys commenced in the 1980s (Lambert Koizumi et al., 2011). Extremely low numbers in 2014, limited demographic data, and lack of knowledge about causes of population fluctuations has prompted significant concern from local communities and government (Lambert Koizumi et al., 2011; Environment Yukon, 2019). It is from this concern that a Gwich’in community-based divii monitoring program was initiated in 2018. As part of this broader, community-based monitoring program, my MSc research is evaluating and modelling divii population demographics and mammal community interactions th
北极地区的气温上升速度是全球平均水平的两到三倍（Cohen等人，2014），这对居住在这些地区的野生动物和土著人民产生了不成比例的影响（Ford和Smit，2004；帕金森和伯纳尔，2009年；Brinkman等人，2016）。气候变化正在改变苔原植被生产力和酚学，改变降雪条件，并增加极端天气事件的频率和严重程度（Mann等人，2017；Myers-Smith等人，2020）。这些生态变化正在以目前尚不清楚的方式进一步影响脊椎动物物种。Dall绵羊（Ovis dalli dalli）是一种具有文化、生态和经济意义的物种，是一个面临当前和迫在眉睫的气候变化威胁的物种。生态变化对达尔绵羊种群人口统计和死亡率因素影响的不确定性突出表明，迫切需要额外的研究来支持有效的管理决策（Aycrigg等人，2021）。Dall绵羊调查对于了解种群动态和建模未来趋势至关重要，而提供种群单一快照视图的航空调查是目前公认的调查方法（Whitten，1996；Udevitz等人，2006年）。然而，航空调查费用高昂，高度依赖天气，给绵羊带来了巨大压力（Frid，2003），限制了数据的频率和覆盖范围。另一方面，远程野生动物摄像机是一种新兴的非侵入性调查方法，它提供了对整个哺乳动物群落的连续采样，可以对其进行进一步评估，以模拟与环境变量和多个物种之间相互作用相关的种群随时间的变化（Burton等人，2015；Caravaggi等人，2020；Kays等人，2020）。使用远程野生动物相机来推导和建模关键的野生绵羊种群人口统计数据是该方法的一种新颖应用（Taylor等人，2022），可以作为航空调查的可行替代方案。西北地区（NWT）的北理查森山脉是加拿大最北端达尔绵羊（Gwich’in中的divii[Gwich‘in Language Dictionary，2003]）的家园。尽管该物种在该地区具有重要的文化和生态意义（Gwich’in Elders，1997；Shaw等人，2005年），但自20世纪80年代开始进行最低计数航空调查以来，该种群数量出现了急剧波动（Lambert Koizumi等人，2011年）。2014年的极低数字、有限的人口数据以及对人口波动原因缺乏了解，引起了当地社区和政府的高度关注（Lambert Koizumi等人，2011；育空环境，2019）。正是出于这种担忧，Gwich’in社区divii监测计划于2018年启动。作为这一更广泛的社区监测计划的一部分，我的硕士研究正在通过使用空中调查和使用远程野生动物相机的新方法相结合，评估和建模divii种群人口统计和哺乳动物社区互动。该项目是与Gwich’in可再生资源委员会（GRRB）合作进行的，并与Ehdiatat、Tetlit、Nihtat和Gwichya Gwich‘in可再生资源理事会（RRC）沟通。
{"title":"I Spy Through a Camera’s Eye: Divii in the Gwich’in Settlement Area","authors":"Sydney Goward","doi":"10.14430/arctic76639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76639","url":null,"abstract":"Temperatures in the Arctic are increasing at a rate two to three times faster than the global average (Cohen et al., 2014), which is disproportionately impacting wildlife and Indigenous peoples residing in these landscapes (Ford and Smit, 2004; Parkinson and Berner, 2009; Brinkman et al., 2016). Climate change is altering tundra vegetation productivity and phenology, modifying snow conditions, and increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events (Mann et al., 2017; Myers-Smith et al., 2020). These ecological changes are further impacting vertebrate species in ways currently not well understood. Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli), a species of cultural, ecological, and economical significance, is an example of one species facing the current and looming threats of climate change. Uncertainty about the effects of ecological change on Dall sheep population demographics and mortality factors highlights the critical need for additional research to support effective stewardship decision making (Aycrigg et al., 2021). Dall sheep surveys are critical for understanding population f luctuations and modelling future trends, and aerial surveys providing single snapshot views of a population are currently the accepted survey method (Whitten, 1996; Udevitz et al., 2006). However, aerial surveys are expensive, highly weather-dependent, and cause significant stress to sheep (Frid, 2003), limiting the frequency and coverage of data. Remote wildlife cameras, on the other hand, are an emerging non-invasive survey method that provides continuous sampling of entire mammal communities, which can be further evaluated to model population changes over time in relation to environmental variables and interactions among multiple species (Burton et al., 2015; Caravaggi et al., 2020; Kays et al., 2020). Using remote wildlife cameras to derive and model critical wild sheep population demographics is a novel application of the method (Taylor et al., 2022) and may serve as a viable alternative to aerial surveys. The Northern Richardson Mountains in the Northwest Territories (NWT) are home to the northernmost population of Dall sheep (divii in Gwich’in [Gwich’in Language Dictionary, 2003]) in Canada. Though a species of significant cultural and ecological importance in the region (Gwich’in Elders, 1997; Shaw et al., 2005), this population has shown dramatic fluctuations since minimum count aerial surveys commenced in the 1980s (Lambert Koizumi et al., 2011). Extremely low numbers in 2014, limited demographic data, and lack of knowledge about causes of population fluctuations has prompted significant concern from local communities and government (Lambert Koizumi et al., 2011; Environment Yukon, 2019). It is from this concern that a Gwich’in community-based divii monitoring program was initiated in 2018. As part of this broader, community-based monitoring program, my MSc research is evaluating and modelling divii population demographics and mammal community interactions th","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41432086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the importance of ringed seals in the regional economy of the Chukotka Autonomous District, with the end of the commercial fishery, research on the ringed seal in Russia has almost completely ceased. The coastal zone of the Chukotka Peninsula, where the Native people hunt for seals, has seen very little research. This paper is devoted to the study of the modern distribution and habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in the coastal waters of Chukotka. Observations of ringed seals were carried out simultaneously with observations of other species of marine mammals from posts located on the coast of the Chukotka Peninsula in 1993 – 96, 1998 – 2000, 2002 – 05, and 2010 – 11. Field studies provided information on the spatial and seasonal distribution, movements, and relative abundance of the ringed seal in the coastal zone. In winter, seals were found on the drifting ice in the southern coastal area of the northern part of the Gulf of Anadyr, and on fast ice and its edge in the bays of the eastern part of the Chukotka Peninsula. In spring, the main aggregations of ringed seals were observed on fast ice in Senyavin Strait, Lavrentiya Bay, and Tkachen Bay. The migration of immature seals to the Chukchi Sea was noted. In summer, animals were distributed in the coastal zone of the entire Chukotka Peninsula, but their relative number decreased by 85%. In late autumn, the main aggregations of seals were observed on the young ice of Lavrentiya Bay, in Senyavin Strait, and in Tkachen Bay. The landfast ice of the eastern coastal zone of Chukotka Peninsula is one of the main areas for the reproduction of ringed seals in the Bering Sea.
{"title":"Observations of Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) in the Nearshore Waters of the Chukotka Peninsula","authors":"V. Melnikov","doi":"10.14430/arctic76257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76257","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the importance of ringed seals in the regional economy of the Chukotka Autonomous District, with the end of the commercial fishery, research on the ringed seal in Russia has almost completely ceased. The coastal zone of the Chukotka Peninsula, where the Native people hunt for seals, has seen very little research. This paper is devoted to the study of the modern distribution and habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in the coastal waters of Chukotka. Observations of ringed seals were carried out simultaneously with observations of other species of marine mammals from posts located on the coast of the Chukotka Peninsula in 1993 – 96, 1998 – 2000, 2002 – 05, and 2010 – 11. Field studies provided information on the spatial and seasonal distribution, movements, and relative abundance of the ringed seal in the coastal zone. In winter, seals were found on the drifting ice in the southern coastal area of the northern part of the Gulf of Anadyr, and on fast ice and its edge in the bays of the eastern part of the Chukotka Peninsula. In spring, the main aggregations of ringed seals were observed on fast ice in Senyavin Strait, Lavrentiya Bay, and Tkachen Bay. The migration of immature seals to the Chukchi Sea was noted. In summer, animals were distributed in the coastal zone of the entire Chukotka Peninsula, but their relative number decreased by 85%. In late autumn, the main aggregations of seals were observed on the young ice of Lavrentiya Bay, in Senyavin Strait, and in Tkachen Bay. The landfast ice of the eastern coastal zone of Chukotka Peninsula is one of the main areas for the reproduction of ringed seals in the Bering Sea.","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47608287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Stirling, Eric V. Regehr, C. Spencer, Lynne E. Burns, K. Laidre
During 17 field seasons between 1973 and 1999, we conducted a long-term study of the behavior of undisturbed wild polar bears in Radstock Bay, southwest Devon Island, Nunavut. In a subset of 11 seasons (6 spring and 5 summer) between 1975 and 1997, we used three different drug combinations to chemically immobilize a small number of adult and subadult polar bears on an opportunistic basis and applied a temporary dye mark so that individual bears could be visually reidentified. We then used multinomial logistic regression to compare the behavior of 35 previously immobilized bears of five different demographic classes (sex, age, and reproductive status) to the behavior of non-immobilized bears of the same demographic classes in the same years and seasons. During the first two days after immobilization, bears slept significantly more and spent less time hunting than did bears that had not been immobilized. However, previously immobilized bears returned to the same behavioral patterns and proportion of total time spent hunting as non-immobilized bears within two days and no further negative behavioral effects were detected in the following 21 d. We visually confirmed successful hunting by three adult bears within 0.4 to 2.1 d of being immobilized, all of which went on to make additional kills within the following 24 h. The return to normal behavior patterns, including the ability to hunt successfully, within 48 h of immobilization appears consistent with the hypothesis that polar bears do not experience longer-term behavioral effects following brief chemical immobilization for conservation and management purposes.
{"title":"Using Visual Observations to Compare the Behavior of Previously Immobilized and Non-Immobilized Wild Polar Bears","authors":"I. Stirling, Eric V. Regehr, C. Spencer, Lynne E. Burns, K. Laidre","doi":"10.14430/arctic76118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76118","url":null,"abstract":"During 17 field seasons between 1973 and 1999, we conducted a long-term study of the behavior of undisturbed wild polar bears in Radstock Bay, southwest Devon Island, Nunavut. In a subset of 11 seasons (6 spring and 5 summer) between 1975 and 1997, we used three different drug combinations to chemically immobilize a small number of adult and subadult polar bears on an opportunistic basis and applied a temporary dye mark so that individual bears could be visually reidentified. We then used multinomial logistic regression to compare the behavior of 35 previously immobilized bears of five different demographic classes (sex, age, and reproductive status) to the behavior of non-immobilized bears of the same demographic classes in the same years and seasons. During the first two days after immobilization, bears slept significantly more and spent less time hunting than did bears that had not been immobilized. However, previously immobilized bears returned to the same behavioral patterns and proportion of total time spent hunting as non-immobilized bears within two days and no further negative behavioral effects were detected in the following 21 d. We visually confirmed successful hunting by three adult bears within 0.4 to 2.1 d of being immobilized, all of which went on to make additional kills within the following 24 h. The return to normal behavior patterns, including the ability to hunt successfully, within 48 h of immobilization appears consistent with the hypothesis that polar bears do not experience longer-term behavioral effects following brief chemical immobilization for conservation and management purposes. ","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46711236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marina A. Osorova, N. Malysheva, Ayta V. Timofeeva
This article considers issues of language contacts between Yakut, Even, and Evenk people through an analysis of plant vocabulary. We define etymological characteristics of fixed lexical units that denote plant names and present results of a comparative analysis of plant naming in these three languages, with emphasis on lexical parallels and structural types in designating plant names. To our knowledge, this is the first research to undertake a comparative study of plant naming in the Yakut and Tungusic languages (Even and Evenk) with consideration of the methods of their formation. The study is highly relevant because of the unique contribution of plant-world vocabulary in helping to clarify peculiarities of native speakers’ natural environments. Our results show that, based on lexical units with stable semantic meaning, the Evenk language is in the closest position vis-à-vis Yakut. There are 16 names in Yakut of plants and four of common names of herbs that grow on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and have borrowed names in Evenk and Even. Twenty-eight names have lexical parallels in Evenk (including variations) and two in Even.
{"title":"Comparing Etymological Characteristics of Plant Naming in Yakut, Even, and Evenk Languages","authors":"Marina A. Osorova, N. Malysheva, Ayta V. Timofeeva","doi":"10.14430/arctic76119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76119","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers issues of language contacts between Yakut, Even, and Evenk people through an analysis of plant vocabulary. We define etymological characteristics of fixed lexical units that denote plant names and present results of a comparative analysis of plant naming in these three languages, with emphasis on lexical parallels and structural types in designating plant names. To our knowledge, this is the first research to undertake a comparative study of plant naming in the Yakut and Tungusic languages (Even and Evenk) with consideration of the methods of their formation. The study is highly relevant because of the unique contribution of plant-world vocabulary in helping to clarify peculiarities of native speakers’ natural environments. Our results show that, based on lexical units with stable semantic meaning, the Evenk language is in the closest position vis-à-vis Yakut. There are 16 names in Yakut of plants and four of common names of herbs that grow on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and have borrowed names in Evenk and Even. Twenty-eight names have lexical parallels in Evenk (including variations) and two in Even.","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44769136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Halliday, S. A. Brittain, A. Niemi, A. Majewski, X. Mouy, S. Insley
Passive acoustic monitoring is a powerful tool for observing soniferous species in remote marine environments over long periods of time, which can inform conservation planning and wildlife management. In this study, we collected seven months of passive acoustic data from early February to early September 2019 in Minto Inlet, Northwest Territories, Canada, to examine the seasonal presence of four species of marine mammals and unidentified fish species, examine drivers of underwater sound levels, and quantify underwater noise from vessel traffic. Bearded seals were vocally present from mid-March to early July. Ringed seals were present in every month. Beluga whales were present from early July until September. Bowhead whales were detected from April to August, and fish were detected from February to July. Underwater sound levels were dampened by the presence of landfast sea ice and increased with wind speed. Increased bearded seal calls also caused increased sound levels. The only vessel detected was the research vessel that recovered the acoustic recorder. Underwater sound levels were much lower in Minto Inlet compared to other areas in the region, and it appears to be an important site for many marine mammals where forage fish species, primarily Arctic cod, are abundant at depth. These results are in line with Minto Inlet being identified as an important area by the community of Ulukhaktok. At present, anthropogenic impact on this area appears to be very low, but further monitoring is required to determine if any management measures are necessary to maintain these low levels.
{"title":"The Underwater Soundscape of Minto Inlet, Northwest Territories, Canada","authors":"W. Halliday, S. A. Brittain, A. Niemi, A. Majewski, X. Mouy, S. Insley","doi":"10.14430/arctic76400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76400","url":null,"abstract":"Passive acoustic monitoring is a powerful tool for observing soniferous species in remote marine environments over long periods of time, which can inform conservation planning and wildlife management. In this study, we collected seven months of passive acoustic data from early February to early September 2019 in Minto Inlet, Northwest Territories, Canada, to examine the seasonal presence of four species of marine mammals and unidentified fish species, examine drivers of underwater sound levels, and quantify underwater noise from vessel traffic. Bearded seals were vocally present from mid-March to early July. Ringed seals were present in every month. Beluga whales were present from early July until September. Bowhead whales were detected from April to August, and fish were detected from February to July. Underwater sound levels were dampened by the presence of landfast sea ice and increased with wind speed. Increased bearded seal calls also caused increased sound levels. The only vessel detected was the research vessel that recovered the acoustic recorder. Underwater sound levels were much lower in Minto Inlet compared to other areas in the region, and it appears to be an important site for many marine mammals where forage fish species, primarily Arctic cod, are abundant at depth. These results are in line with Minto Inlet being identified as an important area by the community of Ulukhaktok. At present, anthropogenic impact on this area appears to be very low, but further monitoring is required to determine if any management measures are necessary to maintain these low levels.","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41633546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"John Alan Heginbottom (1943–2022)","authors":"Thomas Frisch, A. Lewkowicz","doi":"10.14430/arctic76597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76597","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45827798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Indigenous Empowerment Through Co-management: Land Claims Boards, Wildlife Management, and Environmental Regulation, by Graham White.","authors":"R. Cadman, Megan Bailey","doi":"10.14430/arctic76632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic76632","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55464,"journal":{"name":"Arctic","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49505364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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