Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025717
Katja Fennel
It is increasingly obvious that, even when reaching net-zero emissions, removal of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere will be required. Some ocean-based removal technologies, while not proven for routine operation at scale, show promise. All of these rely on inducing a flux of CO2 from the atmosphere into the ocean that is directly attributable to the removal intervention. Crucial for the economic viability of these technologies is the quantification of the cumulative net air–sea flux of CO2 that an intervention can verifiably deliver. Because this flux is the difference between a realistic case with and a hypothetical case without intervention, it cannot be determined by observation alone—one must rely on a combination of informative observations and skillful models. Major uncertainties in the quantification of net CO2 uptake include the removal of seawater with a dissolved inorganic carbon deficit from direct contact with the atmosphere and the inevitable rebalancing of carbon among Earth's mobile carbon pools.
{"title":"The Verification Challenge of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal","authors":"Katja Fennel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025717","url":null,"abstract":"It is increasingly obvious that, even when reaching net-zero emissions, removal of anthropogenic CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> from the atmosphere will be required. Some ocean-based removal technologies, while not proven for routine operation at scale, show promise. All of these rely on inducing a flux of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> from the atmosphere into the ocean that is directly attributable to the removal intervention. Crucial for the economic viability of these technologies is the quantification of the cumulative net air–sea flux of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> that an intervention can verifiably deliver. Because this flux is the difference between a realistic case with and a hypothetical case without intervention, it cannot be determined by observation alone—one must rely on a combination of informative observations and skillful models. Major uncertainties in the quantification of net CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> uptake include the removal of seawater with a dissolved inorganic carbon deficit from direct contact with the atmosphere and the inevitable rebalancing of carbon among Earth's mobile carbon pools.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144786899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040423-023251
Matthew A Reidenbach,Ming Li,Kenneth A Rose,Tori Tomiczek,James Morris,Cindy M Palinkas,Lorie W Staver,William Nardin,Matthew W Gray,Serena B Lee,Ariana E Sutton-Grier,Amy M Hruska
Built infrastructure, such as seawalls and levees, has long been used to reduce shoreline erosion and protect coastal properties from flood impacts. In contrast, natural and nature-based features (NNBF), including marshes, mangroves, oyster reefs, coral reefs, and seagrasses, offer not only coastal protection but also a range of valuable ecosystem services. There is no clear understanding of the capacity of either natural habitats or NNBF integrated with traditional engineered infrastructure to withstand extreme events, nor are there well-defined breakpoints at which these habitats fail to provide coastal protection. Evaluating existing NNBF strategies using a standardized set of metrics can help to assess their effectiveness to better inform design criteria. This review identifies a selection of NNBF projects with long-term monitoring programs and synthesizes the monitoring data to provide a literature-based performance assessment. It also explores the integration of NNBF with existing gray infrastructure to enhance overall effectiveness.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Natural and Nature-Based Features for Coastal Protection and Co-Benefits.","authors":"Matthew A Reidenbach,Ming Li,Kenneth A Rose,Tori Tomiczek,James Morris,Cindy M Palinkas,Lorie W Staver,William Nardin,Matthew W Gray,Serena B Lee,Ariana E Sutton-Grier,Amy M Hruska","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040423-023251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040423-023251","url":null,"abstract":"Built infrastructure, such as seawalls and levees, has long been used to reduce shoreline erosion and protect coastal properties from flood impacts. In contrast, natural and nature-based features (NNBF), including marshes, mangroves, oyster reefs, coral reefs, and seagrasses, offer not only coastal protection but also a range of valuable ecosystem services. There is no clear understanding of the capacity of either natural habitats or NNBF integrated with traditional engineered infrastructure to withstand extreme events, nor are there well-defined breakpoints at which these habitats fail to provide coastal protection. Evaluating existing NNBF strategies using a standardized set of metrics can help to assess their effectiveness to better inform design criteria. This review identifies a selection of NNBF projects with long-term monitoring programs and synthesizes the monitoring data to provide a literature-based performance assessment. It also explores the integration of NNBF with existing gray infrastructure to enhance overall effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144777882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040224-033226
Yusuke Yokoyama, Adam D. Sproson
The Earth's climate has been kept under Goldilocks conditions because a variety of feedback systems maintain the atmospheric pCO2 within a narrow range. The ocean, as a large reservoir of carbon compared with the atmosphere, plays a key role in the climate system, and studying ocean process can help us better understand this system. Cosmogenic nuclides produced in the atmosphere and their ratio to a terrestrial counterpart can provide detailed depictions of Earth surface process, and they have therefore been utilized widely since it became possible to measure them with accelerator mass spectrometry. Beryllium isotopes (10Be$/$9Be) are one of the most useful isotope systems for this purpose. In this article, we summarize recent developments in beryllium isotope chemistry and the isotopes’ relation to ocean current and ice sheet dynamics as well as weathering in relation to long-term climate.
{"title":"Beryllium Isotopes in Marine Science: Understanding Ocean Current and Ice Dynamics","authors":"Yusuke Yokoyama, Adam D. Sproson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040224-033226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040224-033226","url":null,"abstract":"The Earth's climate has been kept under Goldilocks conditions because a variety of feedback systems maintain the atmospheric <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> within a narrow range. The ocean, as a large reservoir of carbon compared with the atmosphere, plays a key role in the climate system, and studying ocean process can help us better understand this system. Cosmogenic nuclides produced in the atmosphere and their ratio to a terrestrial counterpart can provide detailed depictions of Earth surface process, and they have therefore been utilized widely since it became possible to measure them with accelerator mass spectrometry. Beryllium isotopes (<jats:sup>10</jats:sup>Be<jats:inline-formula> <jats:tex-math>$/$</jats:tex-math> </jats:inline-formula> <jats:sup>9</jats:sup>Be) are one of the most useful isotope systems for this purpose. In this article, we summarize recent developments in beryllium isotope chemistry and the isotopes’ relation to ocean current and ice sheet dynamics as well as weathering in relation to long-term climate.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040324-024822
Henk A. Dijkstra, René M. van Westen
The Atlantic Ocean circulation, in particular its zonally averaged north–south volume transport indicated by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is sensitive to surface buoyancy anomalies. It may undergo a transition to a climate-disrupting state within a century under continuing greenhouse gas emissions. The potential climate and societal impacts are expected to be large, and therefore reliable estimates of the probability of the onset of such a collapse before the year 2100 are crucial for policymakers. This article addresses whether current Earth system models are fit for purpose to capture present-day AMOC stability and presents the current status of estimates of collapse onset probabilities.
{"title":"The Probability of an AMOC Collapse Onset in the Twenty-First Century","authors":"Henk A. Dijkstra, René M. van Westen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040324-024822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040324-024822","url":null,"abstract":"The Atlantic Ocean circulation, in particular its zonally averaged north–south volume transport indicated by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is sensitive to surface buoyancy anomalies. It may undergo a transition to a climate-disrupting state within a century under continuing greenhouse gas emissions. The potential climate and societal impacts are expected to be large, and therefore reliable estimates of the probability of the onset of such a collapse before the year 2100 are crucial for policymakers. This article addresses whether current Earth system models are fit for purpose to capture present-day AMOC stability and presents the current status of estimates of collapse onset probabilities.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121422-015330
Daniel J Clements,Karen Stamieszkin,Daniele Bianchi,Leocadio Blanco-Bercial,Nicholas R Record,Rocio B Rodriguez-Perez,Amy E Maas
Zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) is a globally ubiquitous phenomenon and a critical component of the ocean's biological pump. During DVM, zooplankton metabolism leads to carbon and nutrient export to mesopelagic depths, where carbon can be sequestered for decades to millennia, while also introducing labile, energy-rich food sources to midwater ecosystems. Three pervasive metabolic pathways allow zooplankton to sequester carbon: fecal pellet egestion, dissolved organic matter excretion, and respiration. Additionally, there are several less well-parameterized sources of DVM transport associated with growth, feeding, reproduction, and mortality. These processes are challenging to measure in situ and difficult to extrapolate from laboratory experiments, making them some of the most poorly constrained factors in assessments and models of the biological pump. In this review, we evaluate and compare observational and modeling approaches to estimate zooplankton DVM and the resulting active carbon flux, highlighting major discrepancies and proposing directions for future research.
{"title":"Active Carbon Transport by Diel Vertical Migrating Zooplankton: Calculated and Modeled, but Never Measured.","authors":"Daniel J Clements,Karen Stamieszkin,Daniele Bianchi,Leocadio Blanco-Bercial,Nicholas R Record,Rocio B Rodriguez-Perez,Amy E Maas","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-121422-015330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121422-015330","url":null,"abstract":"Zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) is a globally ubiquitous phenomenon and a critical component of the ocean's biological pump. During DVM, zooplankton metabolism leads to carbon and nutrient export to mesopelagic depths, where carbon can be sequestered for decades to millennia, while also introducing labile, energy-rich food sources to midwater ecosystems. Three pervasive metabolic pathways allow zooplankton to sequester carbon: fecal pellet egestion, dissolved organic matter excretion, and respiration. Additionally, there are several less well-parameterized sources of DVM transport associated with growth, feeding, reproduction, and mortality. These processes are challenging to measure in situ and difficult to extrapolate from laboratory experiments, making them some of the most poorly constrained factors in assessments and models of the biological pump. In this review, we evaluate and compare observational and modeling approaches to estimate zooplankton DVM and the resulting active carbon flux, highlighting major discrepancies and proposing directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-021832
Colleen A. Durkin
Organic detrital particles drift and sink through all ocean waters. This marine snow mediates the global carbon cycle by sequestering carbon in the deep sea and fuels ocean ecosystems by feeding deep-sea organisms. These global processes are ultimately controlled by the collection of events that occur at the scale of individual marine snowflakes. These particles are incredibly diverse, with physical characteristics and compositions determined by the myriad processes that lead to their formation and transformation over time. When that diversity is classified, we can calculate the quantity of carbon that particles transport to the deep sea. Each marine snowflake is a microcosm, with distinct organisms and metabolisms concentrated within the organic matter of a particle. Resolving the biology of individual marine snowflakes is possible through innovations in physical collection and the development of autonomous imaging platforms. Accounting for particle-specific biology generates major advancements in ocean biogeochemistry and ecology.
{"title":"The Biology of Marine Snowflakes","authors":"Colleen A. Durkin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-021832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-021832","url":null,"abstract":"Organic detrital particles drift and sink through all ocean waters. This marine snow mediates the global carbon cycle by sequestering carbon in the deep sea and fuels ocean ecosystems by feeding deep-sea organisms. These global processes are ultimately controlled by the collection of events that occur at the scale of individual marine snowflakes. These particles are incredibly diverse, with physical characteristics and compositions determined by the myriad processes that lead to their formation and transformation over time. When that diversity is classified, we can calculate the quantity of carbon that particles transport to the deep sea. Each marine snowflake is a microcosm, with distinct organisms and metabolisms concentrated within the organic matter of a particle. Resolving the biology of individual marine snowflakes is possible through innovations in physical collection and the development of autonomous imaging platforms. Accounting for particle-specific biology generates major advancements in ocean biogeochemistry and ecology.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144639894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-071124-121335
Nancy Knowlton
For over 50 years I have studied corals, coral reefs, and reef-associated animals. Although much of my work was underpinned by genetics and I have dabbled in theory, I am a natural historian at heart. The many topics I pursued reflect in part what sparked my fancy but were also greatly shaped by a series of chance events, unexpected data, and unplanned opportunities. Many of the findings and ideas for which I am now known were initially met with skepticism and rejection—success required stubborn faith in my intuitions and convictions and the support of many assistants, collaborators, mentors, and leaders. Watching the sudden loss of the reefs that dazzled me as a graduate student and the subsequent steady decline of ocean life around the world has driven my interests in conservation and communication, and in the end, perhaps surprisingly, made me focus on the positive.
{"title":"From Alpheus to Zooxanthellae: Probing and Protecting the Dizzying Diversity of the Ocean","authors":"Nancy Knowlton","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-071124-121335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-071124-121335","url":null,"abstract":"For over 50 years I have studied corals, coral reefs, and reef-associated animals. Although much of my work was underpinned by genetics and I have dabbled in theory, I am a natural historian at heart. The many topics I pursued reflect in part what sparked my fancy but were also greatly shaped by a series of chance events, unexpected data, and unplanned opportunities. Many of the findings and ideas for which I am now known were initially met with skepticism and rejection—success required stubborn faith in my intuitions and convictions and the support of many assistants, collaborators, mentors, and leaders. Watching the sudden loss of the reefs that dazzled me as a graduate student and the subsequent steady decline of ocean life around the world has driven my interests in conservation and communication, and in the end, perhaps surprisingly, made me focus on the positive.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040224-120037
Tal Ezer
The Gulf Stream (GS) is possibly the world's most widely recognized oceanic feature—from encounters by Spanish sailors in the 1500s, to Benjamin Franklin's charts in the 1700s, to early observations by Stommel and other in the 1900s. Today, modern undersea observations, satellite data, and computer models have revealed the GS's complex nature, though some challenges remain. This review provides an overview of past and recent studies of the GS, with a focus on links between the GS, extreme weather events, climate change, and coastal impacts. Examples of those links include a potential slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the GS that could increase coastal flooding, and hurricanes that disrupt the flow of the GS and cause posthurricane coastal sea level rise. A better understanding of the role of the GS in the Earth's system will help in the prediction of future climate change.
{"title":"The Gulf Stream: Its History and Links to Coastal Impacts and Climate Change","authors":"Tal Ezer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-040224-120037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040224-120037","url":null,"abstract":"The Gulf Stream (GS) is possibly the world's most widely recognized oceanic feature—from encounters by Spanish sailors in the 1500s, to Benjamin Franklin's charts in the 1700s, to early observations by Stommel and other in the 1900s. Today, modern undersea observations, satellite data, and computer models have revealed the GS's complex nature, though some challenges remain. This review provides an overview of past and recent studies of the GS, with a focus on links between the GS, extreme weather events, climate change, and coastal impacts. Examples of those links include a potential slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the GS that could increase coastal flooding, and hurricanes that disrupt the flow of the GS and cause posthurricane coastal sea level rise. A better understanding of the role of the GS in the Earth's system will help in the prediction of future climate change.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"246 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025441
Annie Mercier, Steven W. Purcell, Emaline M. Montgomery, Jeff Kinch, Maria Byrne, Jean-François Hamel
Sea cucumbers paradoxically suffer from being both highly prized and commonly disregarded. As an Asian medicine and delicacy, they command fabulous prices and are thus overfished, poached, and trafficked. As noncharismatic animals, many are understudied and inadequately protected. Despite presenting a rich diversity of life histories, members of this broad taxonomic group (class Holothuroidea) are often managed simply as “sea cucumbers” in fisheries worldwide. One cannot imagine fishes (class Pisces) being given the same universal treatment. Yet this may happen for species of sea cucumber that differ on the same fundamental level as tilapia and tuna. As more sea cucumbers reach an endangered status and wild populations become depleted to the point of collapse, critical questions arise about the relevance of established conservation and governance strategies. This article reviews the main threats faced by exploited sea cucumbers, outlines conservation and governance effectiveness, identifies gaps in knowledge, and explores management and research perspectives in the context of climate change and booming fisheries crime. We stress the perilous state of harvested sea cucumbers globally and the urgent need for action.
{"title":"Revered and Reviled: The Plight of the Vanishing Sea Cucumbers","authors":"Annie Mercier, Steven W. Purcell, Emaline M. Montgomery, Jeff Kinch, Maria Byrne, Jean-François Hamel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025441","url":null,"abstract":"Sea cucumbers paradoxically suffer from being both highly prized and commonly disregarded. As an Asian medicine and delicacy, they command fabulous prices and are thus overfished, poached, and trafficked. As noncharismatic animals, many are understudied and inadequately protected. Despite presenting a rich diversity of life histories, members of this broad taxonomic group (class Holothuroidea) are often managed simply as “sea cucumbers” in fisheries worldwide. One cannot imagine fishes (class Pisces) being given the same universal treatment. Yet this may happen for species of sea cucumber that differ on the same fundamental level as tilapia and tuna. As more sea cucumbers reach an endangered status and wild populations become depleted to the point of collapse, critical questions arise about the relevance of established conservation and governance strategies. This article reviews the main threats faced by exploited sea cucumbers, outlines conservation and governance effectiveness, identifies gaps in knowledge, and explores management and research perspectives in the context of climate change and booming fisheries crime. We stress the perilous state of harvested sea cucumbers globally and the urgent need for action.","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":17.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-031306
Thibaut Caley, Antoine Souron, Kevin T Uno, Gabriele A Macho
The relationship between climate and human evolution is complex, and the causal mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we review and synthesize what is currently known about climate forcings on African landscapes, focusing mainly on the last 4 million years. We use information derived from marine sediment archives and data-numerical climate model comparisons and integration. There exists a heterogeneity in pan-African hydroclimate changes, forced by a combination of orbitally paced, low-latitude fluctuations in insolation; polar ice volume changes; tropical sea surface temperature gradients linked to the Walker circulation; and possibly greenhouse gases. Pan-African vegetation changes do not follow the same pattern, which is suggestive of additional influences, such as CO2 and temperature. We caution against reliance on temporal correlations between global or regional climate, environmental changes, and human evolution and briefly proffer some ideas on how pan-African climate trends could help create novel conceptual frameworks to determine the causal mechanisms of associations between climate/habitat change and hominin evolution.
{"title":"Climate and Human Evolution: Insights from Marine Records.","authors":"Thibaut Caley, Antoine Souron, Kevin T Uno, Gabriele A Macho","doi":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-031306","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-031306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between climate and human evolution is complex, and the causal mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we review and synthesize what is currently known about climate forcings on African landscapes, focusing mainly on the last 4 million years. We use information derived from marine sediment archives and data-numerical climate model comparisons and integration. There exists a heterogeneity in pan-African hydroclimate changes, forced by a combination of orbitally paced, low-latitude fluctuations in insolation; polar ice volume changes; tropical sea surface temperature gradients linked to the Walker circulation; and possibly greenhouse gases. Pan-African vegetation changes do not follow the same pattern, which is suggestive of additional influences, such as CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature. We caution against reliance on temporal correlations between global or regional climate, environmental changes, and human evolution and briefly proffer some ideas on how pan-African climate trends could help create novel conceptual frameworks to determine the causal mechanisms of associations between climate/habitat change and hominin evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":55508,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Marine Science","volume":" ","pages":"23-53"},"PeriodicalIF":14.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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