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Wellbeing is a key element among the prevailing definitions of recovery from alcohol use disorder. However, there is an increasing need to develop a unified framework for recovery conceptualization and characterization of its components, as well as the mechanisms to achieve it. The objective of the study was to test a model relating the dimensions involved in recovery. A total of 348 participants with different periods of abstinence (range:1 month-28 years) were assessed using self-reports of psychological well-being, quality of life, negative emotionality and coping strategies. Statistical analyses entailed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to uncover the underlying dimensions of psychological measures and a structural equation model (SEM) to elucidate their interrelations. The EFA identified 3 factors that explained 54.95% of the variance: i) Coping; ii) Functional Discomfort (emotional management and recovery capital); iii) Positive Mental Health (well-being and quality of life). The SEM demonstrated robust fit indices (GFI = 1.00, SRMR = .137) and explained 85% of the variance in well-being (R2 = .85). The results suggest that during recovery in AUD, abstinence duration propels coping strategies which can ameliorate negative emotionality and enable an increase in personal and social resources. This process ultimately contributes to heightened well-being and an enhanced quality of life. The study represents a first methodologically sound proposal in Spain for a clinical recovery model centered on well-being. Its comprehensive paradigm not only reshapes our understanding of AUD recovery but also establishes a robust foundation for more efficacious clinical interventions and evaluations.

The management of "treatment-resistant" alcohol use disorder (AUD) often presents significant challenges. Virtual reality (VR) applications, specifically VR cue exposure therapy (VR-CET), offer a potentially complementary approach to the standard treatment (TAU). This randomized clinical trial (RCT) aimed to assess VR-CET's effectiveness when added to TAU, compared to TAU alone, in reducing alcohol craving and anxiety among individuals with treatment-resistant AUD. The study also sought to determine anxiety and craving levels during VR-CET sessions and to explore long-term effects. Eighty-five AUD patients from the Clinic Hospital of Barcelona participated. They were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (EG), receiving VR-CET plus TAU, or a control group (CG), receiving TAU alone. The EG completed six VR-CET sessions alongside TAU, while the CG continued with only TAU. Alcohol craving and anxiety were assessed before and after treatment for both groups, and during VR-CET sessions for the EG. Relapses were monitored at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-treatment. Results indicated no significant main effects of "type of treatment" (EG vs. CG) on craving or anxiety. However, a significant "time" factor was observed, showing reductions in craving and anxiety from pre-test to post-test, regardless of the treatment type. Within VR-CET sessions, EG participants reported minimal anxiety and craving by the end of the therapy. Importantly, no statistically significant differences in relapse rates were found between the EG and CG at any follow-up period (3, 6, 12 months). The clinical implications of the study, limitations, and research directions are further discussed.

Individuals with Overvaluation of the Relative Utility of Social Media (ORUSM) overestimate the value of social media to meet needs, prioritizing it over alternative activities. ORUSM is a key mechanism in the development of Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU), frequently associated with mental health issues. The Plan-net 25 measures ORUSM but lacks evaluation of its longitudinal psychometric properties. PSMU is assessed using six criteria derived from substance use disorders, reclassified into core criteria (mood modification, withdrawal, conflict, relapse) as indicators of problematic use, and peripheral criteria (salience, tolerance) that reflect high engagement without pathology. This study examined the temporal stability and longitudinal invariance of the Plan-net 25, as well as its associations with PSMU criteria and various mental health indicators over six weeks. A sample of 294 adolescents (14-20 years old) completed measures of ORUSM, PSMU, depression, anxiety, loneliness, and life satisfaction. The results showed low to moderate temporal stability of the subscales and longitudinal invariance of the Plan-net 25. ORUSM domains related to emotional regulation, social expression, and boredom management were positively associated with both core and peripheral PSMU criteria. Core criteria predicted worse mental health outcomes, while peripheral criteria were positively associated with life satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between core and peripheral PSMU criteria.

Social media addiction (SMA) is associated with a wide range of psychological problems in adults, but there are fewer studies about its impact on adolescents. A first step for SMA research in adolescents is to develop instruments to properly examine SMA among them. So the first aim of the current study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) among Spanish adolescents. The study also examined the role of personality in SMA, the associations between SMA and mental health both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and how these associations may be affected by gender and when personality is considered. A sample of 616 adolescents participated in the study (mean age = 15.01, SD = 1.17, 309 girls), with 1-year follow-up with 222 of them. The BSMAS emerged as a psychometrically sound instrument to assess SMA in adolescents, and showed proper evidence for construct and criterion-related validity, invariance between genders and excellent internal consistency. SMA was related to extraversion, neuroticism and low agreeableness in boys, and to neuroticism, extraversion and lower conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness in girls. SMA showed cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with many psychological problems, with differential associations appearing according to gender, but most disappeared when considering personality. Accordingly, disordered gaming and defiant behaviors predicted SMA after controlling for personality. These findings show the importance of using longitudinal designs and considering personality and gender when examining SMA development and its relations with psychological problems.

Women with gambling disorder (GD) present a high number of traumatic life events, early maladaptive schemas, and emotional dependence towards the partner. The objectives of the study focused on (I) analyzing the relationships between traumatic life events, schemas, and emotional dependence in women with GD; (II) analyzing the differences in traumatic life events, emotional dependence, and schemas between women and men with GD; (III) analyzing the predictive role of traumatic life events and schemas in emotional dependence in women with GD; and (IV) analyzing the mediating role of schemas between traumatic life events and emotional dependence in a clinical sample of women with GD. The sample comprised 60 women (M = 49.07, SD = 12.70) and 48 men (M = 41.33, SD = 12.32) who were in outpatient treatment for GD. The findings reflected a significantly positive relationship between traumatic life events and early maladaptive schemas and emotional dependence (r between .31 and .57). Women reported higher scores in traumatic life events and the early maladaptive schema of self-sacrifice, whereas men did so in emotional dependence (attention-seeking) and in the early maladaptive schema of social isolation (d ≥ .34). Finally, the mediating role of enmeshment and abandonment schemas in the relationship between traumatic life events and separation anxiety was demonstrated. The results allow the development of better interventions for women with GD. It is crucial to address enmeshment and abandonment patterns in women with GD with a history of traumatic life events to prevent them from leading to high emotional dependence on the partner.

Cannabis experimentation usually begins during adolescence, and it is associated with the development of mental disorders, and regular use in adulthood. This study aims to analyze the determinants and the trajectories of cannabis use in adolescence. A longitudinal study was conducted with 1,051 adolescents aged 14-18 years who completed a baseline and 6-month follow-up survey based on the I-Change Model. Two cross-sectional and one longitudinal regression analyses were performed to identify which determinants are associated with cannabis use. Then, the five cannabis use trajectories that were found were compared using ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc comparisons. The results showed that at 6 months of follow-up, 669 adolescents had remained non-users, while 187 non-users became users, of whom 121 were experimental and 66 regular users. Data analysis revealed the influence on cannabis use of having boyfriend/girlfriend, sensation seeking, not being convinced about the disadvantages of cannabis use, having peer influence favoring cannabis use and a positive intention to use cannabis in the future. At the beginning, non-users differed on perceptions about the sociocognitive factors from consistent users, but not of the new users. When comparing sociocognitive factors at follow-up, the scenario change, and they are the new users who showed more sociocognitive perceptions favoring cannabis than non-users. Considering the determinants of cannabis use from an integrated behavioral approach can be useful to develop prevention campaigns for this substance. This should provide healthy alternatives to the search for sensations, reinforce a negative attitude towards cannabis use, and influence peer influence and self-efficacy in risky situations/emotions that invite its consumption.

Family therapy stands out among the main psychotherapeutic treatments for substance use disorder. Nonetheless, we should point out a deficit of psychometric instruments for family evaluation, specifically validated for this disorder in Spanish population. It is necessary to have questionnaires available to evaluate family dynamics, commencing with the quantification of the marital relationship and the parenting exercise which result in design-suitable interventions. The present study aims to validate and determine the clinical applicability of the Cuestionario de Evaluación de las Relaciones Familiares Básicas (CERFB; in English, Basic Family Relations Assessment Questionnaire) in substance use disorder. One hundred and fifty-two couples of Spanish nationality (N = 304 participants) with a child suffering from substance use disorder completed the CERFB as well as other means of family evaluation. The results of the CFA presented the validity of the two-factor structure model of the CERFB of the original version within the general Spanish population. The results of the invariance factor across sex allowed us to assume the configural invariance between the groups. However, the metric invariance based on the sex could not be assumed. The validity evidence based on relations to other variables determined significant correlations between the CERFB and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Parental Bonding Instrument. The reliability of both scales was satisfactory: Marital (α = .93; ω = .93) and Parental (α = .82; ω = .81) Normative data are provided. The CERFB is the first instrument to come about which is validated within the clinical Spanish population and which evaluates the family within substance use disorder.

The present work aims to identify the school prevention programs for problematic Internet use, problematic gambling and video game addiction existing in Spain, reporting on their characteristics and effectiveness, establishing different degrees of recommendation. A systematic review was carried out with two complementary strategies: a) a search in the Xchange, Good Practices in Addictions (PPBB), Evidence-Based Prevention and EDDRA portals; b) a search of Web of Science, PudMed/MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, Scopus or Cochrane Library. The search included the keywords "Spain", "gambling", "videogames", "Internet", "social network", "school prevention" and synonyms. Six programs were identified, of which five had empirical studies to evaluate their effectiveness. All were based on theoretical models related to the etiology of the problem, used an active and interactive methodology and were implemented by professionals with specific training. The programs ¿Qué te juegas?, Ludens and Safety.net achieved a higher degree of recommendation. For the Cubilete and PrevTec 3.1 programs, additional studies of its effectiveness are suggested. Regarding good practice portals, it is suggested that evidence be prioritized over accessibility and that the specific problem for which each program has been proven effective be clearly indicated. Based on these findings, we insist on the need to provide empirical evidence regarding any prevention strategy or program. Finally, some questions of interest are raised, such as the convenience of considering the prevention of these new problems jointly or separately.