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Some smokers use electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) as an aid to quit smoking or as a harm reduction strategy. However, these smokers may end up using e-cigs and conventional cigarettes, becoming dual users. The main aim of this study was to assess the reasons why dual users use e-cigs. In addition, as a secondary objective, the conflicts of interest and funding of the included studies were analyzed.

Methods: A search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and PsychInfo databases until November 2023. Cross-sectional studies were selected that included dual users of conventional tobacco and e-cigs and analyzed the reasons for e-cig use. The Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was applied to assess the quality of the included studies.

Results: Fourteen studies were included. One assessed reasons for initiation, 12 for maintenance of use, and one assessed both separately. Reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked and the perception that e-cigs are less harmful were the main reasons for initiation and maintenance of use. Among the 10 studies that presented a conflict of interest statement, three had conflicts with the pharmaceutical industry. Information on funding was included in 12 studies, of which nine received public funding and one received funding from the pharmaceutical industry.

Conclusions: Identifying the reasons for e-cig use among dual users of e-cigs and conventional tobacco is fundamental for the design of smoking cessation programs and programs aimed at increasing the population's knowledge of new forms of consumption.

Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to alcohol binge drinking (BD), being this consumption pattern very common among adolescents and young adults. Furthermore, there is a lack of experimental studies evaluating the effects of alcohol in adolescent population of both sexes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of having a binge drinking (BD) consumption history and/or an acute BD episode on the stress response in male and female adolescents. Participants were 150 adolescents (75 females and 75 males). According to their drinking pattern, subjects were assigned to one of three experimental conditions in each sex: Refrainers-Control (R-Co), Binge Drinkers-Control (BD-Co) or Binge Drinkers-Alcohol (BD-A). After treatment, their stress response was measured throughout the following parameters: cortisol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), heart rate (HR) and perceived stress (PS). A decrease of cortisol levels over time was observed in the present study. Also, the experimental condition was significant for HR, showing the BD-A group higher HR than any other group. Regardless of the experimental condition, sex differences were evident in several measures, males showing higher cortisol levels and higher SBP than females, while females obtaining higher PS scores than males. In conclusion, both the decrease of cortisol levels over time and the gender differences in cortisol, SPB and PS strengthen our previous results, using gender as an experimental variable. Furthermore, an acute BD episode in binge drinkers increases HR without affecting the other stress variables, providing a new finding in this field of research.

Substance use and abuse is a major public health problem. Research has generally shown that sexual minority groups such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and other (LGBT+) people are among the most at-risk vulnerable groups for substance use. However, research in the Spanish context is very scarce and has not analyzed these issues. This research, therefore, aimed to analyze substance use in young people according to their sexual orientation through two studies using representative samples of adolescents. The analyses revealed only some differences in substance use by sexual minority groups. Bisexual adolescents showed a higher frequency of use in some indicators of tobacco, cannabis and alcohol, and lesbians showed a higher frequency of heavy alcohol use but no other indicators of differential use. Questioning adolescents, on the other hand, had the lowest rates of use compared to the other groups on many indicators. Results derived from both studies could indicate, at least with these samples and indicators, that there is no generalized and more frequent use of substances by people of sexual minority groups, which could suggest the existence of a stereotype rather than a fact.

Playing video games can become a problem behavior. The factors associated with this transition have been widely studied in males, while among females it is a field that has not yet been sufficiently addressed. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of problematic video game use in adolescent females and the associated risk factors. Specifically, to analyze the predictive potential of videogaming habits, psychopathological symptomatology and maladaptive gaming cognitions. A sample of 536 females (12-17 years old) (M= 13.91; SD= 1.57) was obtained by stratified random sampling from educational centers in the Community of Madrid, to whom the Gamertest, an online expert system to assess problematic video game use, was administered. 2.8% of the adolescent girls had a problematic video game use, and only 0.7% had an Internet Gaming Disorder. The main predictive variables identified were: cognitions related to compulsion and preoccupation, average number of gaming days per week and anxious symptomatology. The results obtained are in addition to the few studies carried out in women and highlight the need to pay special attention to the maladaptive gaming cognitions in the prevention and treatment of these problems.

The aim of the FOLIPRO study was to determine the satisfaction and expectations of healthcare professionals with experience in opioid use disorders (OUD) with prolonged-release buprenorphine (PRB). FOLIPRO was designed as an anonymous, cross-sectional, multicenter survey aimed at professionals from addiction centers (AC) and penitentiary centers in Spain. The survey collected characteristics of the AC and the healthcare professionals. Possible barriers associated with the prescription of PRB in OUD treatment were also identified. Seventy-four questionnaires were received from 45 different centers. More than half of the centers, 51.1%, were outpatient methadone (MTD) dispensing centers and 31.1% were penitentiary centers. 68.5% of the participants had experience with PRB, which exceeded 6 months in 58.3% of the cases. 31.5% stated that they had no experience, 40% of them mainly due to reimbursement criteria for PRB. Regarding prescribing/administration issues, professionals reported greater satisfaction with PRB compared to MTD and buprenorphine/naloxone (SL-BPN/NX). According to healthcare professionals, bureaucracy, lack of knowledge of some prescribers, and patient refusal due to fear of opioid withdrawal were the main barriers described in for prescribing PRB. The results of the study show high satisfaction among healthcare professionals with PRB, positioning PRB as a valuable treatment option.

Early treatment seeking for opioid addiction is related to an increased chance of treatment success. New patients seeking treatment, and the time they take to seek it, have scarcely been described in Spain and Europe. The aim of the present study was to identify individual factors related to the delay in seeking treatment for opiate addiction for the first time. A cross-sectional study of opiate users admitted for the first time to treatment for addiction in public centers in the Community of Madrid between 2017-2019 (n = 366) was conducted. The time from the onset of consumption to treatment (TTT) was the dependent variable. A general descriptive analysis of users was performed, followed by a bivariate analysis after dividing the sample into two groups (TTT < 5 years and TTT ≥ 5 years). To identify those factors associated with an increase in TTT, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. The main profile of the study population was: middle-aged, Spanish, unemployed, male, smoked heroin user. The median TTT was: 9.27 years for men and 4.75 for women. Factors associated with higher TTT were: > 49 years (OR: 5.87; 95%CI 1.73-20.00), unemployment (OR: 2.54; 95%CI 1.11-5.83), low educational level (OR: 2.18; 95%CI 1.04-4.59), homelessness (OR: 4.18; 95%CI 1.29-13.57), first use not at home (OR: 2.54; 95%CI 1.11-5.84) and HCV positive (OR: 2.97; 95%CI 1.00-8.82). Delays in seeking treatment are related to older users and lower sociocultural level. People at risk of social exclusion should be prioritized in interventions to facilitate their access to treatment services.

The school environment is of great relevance in the prevention of drug use in students because it is where they spend most of their time and, since education is compulsory until upper secondary school in Spain, interventions in this area can reach the majority of children up to that stage. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the level of efficacy of the school preventive programs that have been implemented in Spain. Following the PRISMA recommendations, a systematic literature search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. The search yielded 274 studies, of which 29 studies were selected. It was found that 48 drug addiction prevention programs have been implemented in Spanish school context, of which only 18 (37.5%) had an evaluation of their effectiveness following the criteria and standards of effective prevention. Conversely, the programs that were not evaluated are far from these standards in their design. It is concluded that there are two models of school prevention of drug addiction in Spain: a model that meets this description; and another model classified as "pseudo-prevention", since its design does not meet the standards of effective prevention nor has its preventive efficacy been demonstrated.