Abstract. John James Rickard Macleod, while sometimes remembered as a co-discoverer of insulin, was moreover one of the world's most accomplished academic physiologists in the early 1900s. A medical graduate in Aberdeen, Scotland, he pursued a career in physiology, travelling to Leipzig and London. Precocious progress in research, teaching, and writing saw him being appointed a physiology professor in Cleveland, Ohio, at the age of 27. He gained an international reputation in carbohydrate metabolism, publishing a monograph on diabetes in 1913. A move to Toronto in 1918 soon saw him leading the team that produced the world's first clinically useful, life-saving insulin. Despite sharing a Nobel Prize, his involvement in the insulin story was mired in unjustified and persistent controversy. Returning to Aberdeen in 1928 as the head of physiology, his wide-ranging success continued until his death in 1935. This article details his life, work, and many achievements both before, and after, the Toronto insulin years.
摘要约翰·詹姆斯·里卡德·麦克劳德(John James Rickard Macleod)虽然有时被认为是胰岛素的共同发现者，但他还是20世纪初世界上最有成就的学术生理学家之一。作为苏格兰阿伯丁的一名医学毕业生，他追求生理学的职业生涯，前往莱比锡和伦敦。他在研究、教学和写作方面的早熟进步使他在27岁时被任命为俄亥俄州克利夫兰的生理学教授。他在碳水化合物代谢方面获得了国际声誉，并于1913年出版了一本关于糖尿病的专著。1918年，他搬到多伦多，很快就带领团队生产出了世界上第一个临床上有用的救命胰岛素。尽管分享了诺贝尔奖，但他在胰岛素研究中的参与却陷入了不公正的、持续不断的争议之中。1928年，他以生理学系主任的身份回到阿伯丁，并取得了广泛的成功，直到1935年去世。这篇文章详细介绍了他的生活、工作和许多成就，包括在多伦多胰岛素年之前和之后。
{"title":"J.J.R. Macleod: His Life and Works Before and After the Toronto Insulin Years","authors":"Kenneth Charles McHardy","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.607-092022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.607-092022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. John James Rickard Macleod, while sometimes remembered as a co-discoverer of insulin, was moreover one of the world's most accomplished academic physiologists in the early 1900s. A medical graduate in Aberdeen, Scotland, he pursued a career in physiology, travelling to Leipzig and London. Precocious progress in research, teaching, and writing saw him being appointed a physiology professor in Cleveland, Ohio, at the age of 27. He gained an international reputation in carbohydrate metabolism, publishing a monograph on diabetes in 1913. A move to Toronto in 1918 soon saw him leading the team that produced the world's first clinically useful, life-saving insulin. Despite sharing a Nobel Prize, his involvement in the insulin story was mired in unjustified and persistent controversy. Returning to Aberdeen in 1928 as the head of physiology, his wide-ranging success continued until his death in 1935. This article details his life, work, and many achievements both before, and after, the Toronto insulin years.","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review Essay: A Plague on All Our Houses – Pandemics Past and Present","authors":"J.T.H. Connor","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.659-072023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.659-072023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. On 7 November 1923, when J.J.R. Macleod announced that he would split his half of the Nobel Prize with J.B. Collip, following F.G. Banting splitting his half of the prize with C.H. Best, a reporter asked Macleod to assess his share in the discovery of insulin. “Oh, I was only the impresario – the managing director,” he replied. Whether Macleod deserved the recognition with Banting of the Nobel Committee for the discovery of insulin, it is certainly clear that the discovery, and especially its efficient development into a remarkably effective diabetes treatment, would not have happened without Macleod's knowledge and laboratory research experience. Nor would it have happened without his leadership and, especially, without his acumen as the managing director, or impresario, of the insulin enterprise.
{"title":"‘I Was Only the Impresario – the Managing Director’: J.J.R. Macleod and the Pragmatics of the Discovery and Development of Insulin","authors":"Christopher James Rutty","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.616-102022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.616-102022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. On 7 November 1923, when J.J.R. Macleod announced that he would split his half of the Nobel Prize with J.B. Collip, following F.G. Banting splitting his half of the prize with C.H. Best, a reporter asked Macleod to assess his share in the discovery of insulin. “Oh, I was only the impresario – the managing director,” he replied. Whether Macleod deserved the recognition with Banting of the Nobel Committee for the discovery of insulin, it is certainly clear that the discovery, and especially its efficient development into a remarkably effective diabetes treatment, would not have happened without Macleod's knowledge and laboratory research experience. Nor would it have happened without his leadership and, especially, without his acumen as the managing director, or impresario, of the insulin enterprise.","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Macleod Moments","authors":"","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.2023.06.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.2023.06.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Medicare’s Histories: Origins, Omissions, and Opportunities in Canada</i> by Esyllt W. Jones, James Hanley, and Delia Gavrus, eds","authors":"Geertje Boschma","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.600-072022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.600-072022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Geriatrics and Ageing in the Soviet Union. Medical, Political and Social Contexts</i> par Susan Grant et Isaac McKean Scarborough (dirs.)","authors":"Émilie Malenfant","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.654-062023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.654-062023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. After the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921–22, Frederick Banting and Charles Best downplayed the contributions of physiology professor John James Rickard Macleod, the director of the laboratory where the discovery was made. Banting and Best, their allies, and to a lesser extent the university promoted a “fairy tale” version in which the two young investigators made the discovery on their own, creating the so-called “Banting and Best myth.” Over the next 60 years, the myth prevailed and Macleod's reputation became increasingly tarnished, with both Banting and Best actively maligning their former mentor. While the publication of Michael Bliss’ The Discovery of Insulin in 1982 placed Macleod's reputation on the road to recovery, there are still many lingering issues that have been raised, and Macleod remains misunderstood, misinterpreted, and maligned. This paper, using primary and secondary historical sources, addresses topics that have been repetitively raised by Macleod's detractors over the past century.
{"title":"J.J.R. Macleod: Misunderstood, Misinterpreted, and Maligned","authors":"James R. Wright","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.598-072022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.598-072022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. After the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921–22, Frederick Banting and Charles Best downplayed the contributions of physiology professor John James Rickard Macleod, the director of the laboratory where the discovery was made. Banting and Best, their allies, and to a lesser extent the university promoted a “fairy tale” version in which the two young investigators made the discovery on their own, creating the so-called “Banting and Best myth.” Over the next 60 years, the myth prevailed and Macleod's reputation became increasingly tarnished, with both Banting and Best actively maligning their former mentor. While the publication of Michael Bliss’ The Discovery of Insulin in 1982 placed Macleod's reputation on the road to recovery, there are still many lingering issues that have been raised, and Macleod remains misunderstood, misinterpreted, and maligned. This paper, using primary and secondary historical sources, addresses topics that have been repetitively raised by Macleod's detractors over the past century.","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Canadian Club: Birthright Citizenship and National Belonging</i> by Lois Harder","authors":"Aqeel Ihsan","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.620-112022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.620-112022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Eating the Ocean: Seafood and Consumer Culture in Canada</i> by Brian Payne","authors":"Kristen Lowitt","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.604-092022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.604-092022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>The Quest for Sexual Health: How an Elusive Ideal Has Transformed Science, Politics, and Everyday Life</i> by Steven Epstein","authors":"Uesio J.G. Santos","doi":"10.3138/cjhh.603-092022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.603-092022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：