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Correction: Islam, R.A.; Rallis, C. Ribosomal Biogenesis and Heterogeneity in Development, Disease, and Aging. Epigenomes 2023, 7, 17 更正:伊斯兰教,R.A.;核糖体在发育、疾病和衰老中的生物发生和异质性。表观基因组学,2017,7,17
Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040026
Rowshan Ara Islam, Charalampos Rallis
23. Akirtava, C.; May, G.E.; McManus, C.J. False-Positive IRESes from Hoxa9 andOther Genes Resulting from Errors in Mam-malian 5’ UTR Annotations [...]
23. Akirtava c;5月,通用电气公司;McManus, c.j。哺乳动物5 ' UTR注释错误导致的Hoxa9和其他基因假阳性IRESes [j]。
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引用次数: 0
Maternal MicroRNA Profile Changes When LH Is Added to the Ovarian Stimulation Protocol: A Pilot Study. 当LH被添加到卵巢刺激方案中时,母体微小RNA图谱的变化:一项初步研究。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040025
Fani Konstantinidou, Martina Placidi, Giovanna Di Emidio, Liborio Stuppia, Carla Tatone, Valentina Gatta, Paolo Giovanni Artini

While the use of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) is an established practice, the use of luteinizing hormone (LH) remains debatable. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, non-coding transcripts that control a variety of cellular functions, such as gonadotrophin production and follicular development. The goal of this pilot study was to investigate whether the employment of recombinant LH (rLH) in ovarian stimulation protocols results in changes in the miRNA profiles in human oocytes. Patients were divided into two groups: seven received recombinant FSH (rFSH, 225 IU), and six received rFSH (150 IU) plus rLH (75 IU). MiRNA predesigned panels and real-time PCR technology were used to analyze the oocytes retrieved from the follicular ovarian retrieval. Among the miRNAs evaluated, a series of them evidenced upregulation or downregulation in their expression in the FSH plus LH group compared to the FSH group. Considering the results obtained from the functional and network analysis, the different maternal miRNA profiles in the two groups revealed a differential modulation of pathways involved in numerous biological functions. Overall, based on the pathways associated with most of these maternal miRNAs, the presence of LH may result in a different modulation of pathways regulating survival under the control of a Tp53-related mechanism. Interestingly, among the miRNAs differentially expressed in oocytes of the two groups, we have found miRNAs already investigated at ovarian, follicular, oocyte, and embryonic levels: hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-222, hsa-miR-520d-5p, hsa-miRNA-17, hsa-miR-548, and hsa-miR-140. Thus, investigation into the role of these miRNAs in oocyte molecular pathways may help determine how LH affects oocyte competence and eventually leads to the clinical improvement of IVF.

虽然在体外受精(IVF)的卵巢刺激中使用卵泡刺激素(FSH)是一种既定的做法,但使用促黄体生成素(LH)仍然存在争议。微小RNA(miRNA)是一种短的内源性非编码转录物,控制多种细胞功能,如促性腺激素的产生和卵泡发育。这项初步研究的目的是调查在卵巢刺激方案中使用重组LH(rLH)是否会导致人类卵母细胞中miRNA谱的变化。患者分为两组:7组接受重组FSH(rFSH,225 IU),6组接受rFSH(150 IU)加rLH(75 IU)。MiRNA预先设计的面板和实时PCR技术用于分析从卵泡卵巢取出的卵母细胞。在评估的miRNA中,与FSH组相比,FSH加LH组的一系列miRNA的表达上调或下调。考虑到功能和网络分析的结果,两组中不同的母体miRNA图谱揭示了参与多种生物功能的途径的差异调节。总体而言,基于与大多数这些母体miRNA相关的途径,LH的存在可能导致在Tp53相关机制的控制下对调节存活的途径进行不同的调节。有趣的是,在这两组卵母细胞中差异表达的miRNA中,我们发现已经在卵巢、卵泡、卵母细胞和胚胎水平上研究了miRNA:hsa-miR-484、hsa-miR-222、hsa-miR-520d-5p、hsa-iRNA-17、hsa-micro-548和hsa-miR-140。因此,研究这些miRNA在卵母细胞分子通路中的作用可能有助于确定LH如何影响卵母细胞能力,并最终导致IVF的临床改进。
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引用次数: 0
The ErbB Signaling Network and Its Potential Role in Endometrial Cancer. ErbB信号网络及其在子宫内膜癌症中的潜在作用。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040024
Georgios Androutsopoulos, Ioanna Styliara, Evgenia Zarogianni, Nadia Lazurko, George Valasoulis, Georgios Michail, Georgios Adonakis

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the second most common malignancy of the female reproductive system worldwide. The updated EC classification emphasizes the significant role of various signaling pathways such as PIK3CA-PIK3R1-PTEN and RTK/RAS/β-catenin in EC pathogenesis. Some of these pathways are part of the EGF system signaling network, which becomes hyperactivated by various mechanisms and participates in cancer pathogenesis. In EC, the expression of ErbB receptors is significantly different, compared with the premenopausal and postmenopausal endometrium, mainly because of the increased transcriptional activity of ErbB encoding genes in EC cells. Moreover, there are some differences in ErbB-2 receptor profile among EC subgroups that could be explained by the alterations in pathophysiology and clinical behavior of various EC histologic subtypes. The fact that ErbB-2 receptor expression is more common in aggressive EC histologic subtypes (papillary serous and clear cell) could indicate a future role of ErbB-targeted therapies in well-defined EC subgroups with overexpression of ErbB receptors.

癌症(EC)是全球女性生殖系统第二常见的恶性肿瘤。更新的EC分类强调了PIK3CA-PIK3R1-PTEN和RTK/RAS/β-catenin等各种信号通路在EC发病机制中的重要作用。其中一些途径是EGF系统信号网络的一部分,EGF系统的信号网络被各种机制过度激活,并参与癌症的发病机制。在EC中,与绝经前和绝经后子宫内膜相比,ErbB受体的表达显著不同,这主要是因为EC细胞中ErbB编码基因的转录活性增加。此外,EC亚组中ErbB-2受体谱存在一些差异,这可以通过不同EC组织学亚型的病理生理学和临床行为的改变来解释。ErbB-2受体表达在侵袭性EC组织学亚型(乳头状浆液性和透明细胞)中更常见,这一事实可能表明ErbB靶向治疗在ErbB受体过表达的明确EC亚型中的未来作用。
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引用次数: 2
Current Approaches to Epigenetic Therapy. 表观遗传学治疗的最新方法。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040023
Ekaterina D Griazeva, Daria M Fedoseeva, Elizaveta I Radion, Pavel V Ershov, Ivan O Meshkov, Alexandra V Semyanihina, Anna S Makarova, Valentin V Makarov, Vladimir S Yudin, Anton A Keskinov, Sergey A Kraevoy

Epigenetic therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Several fundamental epigenetic approaches have been proposed. Firstly, the use of small molecules as epigenetic effectors, as the most developed pharmacological method, has contributed to the introduction of a number of drugs into clinical practice. Secondly, various innovative epigenetic approaches based on dCas9 and the use of small non-coding RNAs as therapeutic agents are also under extensive research. In this review, we present the current state of research in the field of epigenetic therapy, considering the prospects for its application and possible limitations.

表观遗传学治疗是治疗多种疾病的一种很有前途的工具。已经提出了几种基本的表观遗传学方法。首先,使用小分子作为表观遗传学效应物,作为最发达的药理学方法,有助于将许多药物引入临床实践。其次,基于dCas9的各种创新表观遗传学方法以及使用小型非编码RNA作为治疗剂也在广泛研究中。在这篇综述中,我们介绍了表观遗传学治疗领域的研究现状,并考虑了其应用前景和可能的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Linc2function: A Comprehensive Pipeline and Webserver for Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) Identification and Functional Predictions Using Deep Learning Approaches. Linc2function:使用深度学习方法进行长非编码RNA(lncRNA)识别和功能预测的综合管道和Web服务器。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030022
Yashpal Ramakrishnaiah, Adam P Morris, Jasbir Dhaliwal, Melcy Philip, Levin Kuhlmann, Sonika Tyagi

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), comprising a significant portion of the human transcriptome, serve as vital regulators of cellular processes and potential disease biomarkers. However, the function of most lncRNAs remains unknown, and furthermore, existing approaches have focused on gene-level investigation. Our work emphasizes the importance of transcript-level annotation to uncover the roles of specific transcript isoforms. We propose that understanding the mechanisms of lncRNA in pathological processes requires solving their structural motifs and interactomes. A complete lncRNA annotation first involves discriminating them from their coding counterparts and then predicting their functional motifs and target bio-molecules. Current in silico methods mainly perform primary-sequence-based discrimination using a reference model, limiting their comprehensiveness and generalizability. We demonstrate that integrating secondary structure and interactome information, in addition to using transcript sequence, enables a comprehensive functional annotation. Annotating lncRNA for newly sequenced species is challenging due to inconsistencies in functional annotations, specialized computational techniques, limited accessibility to source code, and the shortcomings of reference-based methods for cross-species predictions. To address these challenges, we developed a pipeline for identifying and annotating transcript sequences at the isoform level. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the pipeline by comprehensively annotating the lncRNA associated with two specific disease groups. The source code of our pipeline is available under the MIT licensefor local use by researchers to make new predictions using the pre-trained models or to re-train models on new sequence datasets. Non-technical users can access the pipeline through a web server setup.

长非编码RNA(lncRNA)是人类转录组的重要组成部分,是细胞过程和潜在疾病生物标志物的重要调节因子。然而,大多数lncRNA的功能仍然未知,此外,现有的方法侧重于基因水平的研究。我们的工作强调了转录水平注释的重要性,以揭示特定转录异构体的作用。我们提出,了解lncRNA在病理过程中的机制需要解决它们的结构基序和相互作用体。完整的lncRNA注释首先包括将它们与编码对应物区分开来,然后预测它们的功能基序和靶生物分子。目前的计算机方法主要使用参考模型进行基于初级序列的判别,限制了它们的全面性和可推广性。我们证明,除了使用转录序列外,整合二级结构和相互作用组信息还可以实现全面的功能注释。由于功能注释的不一致性、专门的计算技术、源代码的可访问性有限以及基于参考的跨物种预测方法的缺点,为新测序物种注释lncRNA具有挑战性。为了应对这些挑战,我们开发了一个在异构体水平上识别和注释转录序列的管道。我们通过全面注释与两个特定疾病组相关的lncRNA来证明该管道的有效性。我们管道的源代码在麻省理工学院的许可下可用,供研究人员在本地使用,使用预先训练的模型进行新的预测,或在新的序列数据集上重新训练模型。非技术用户可以通过网络服务器设置访问管道。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental Epigenomes. 环境表观基因组。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030021
Bambarendage P U Perera, Frédéric Silvestre
Research in epigenetics has dramatically risen during the last decade to include aspects of environmental biology. However, many questions remain regarding the effects of environmental stressors on the epigenome, incorporating the particular role of epigenetic mechanisms in the adaptation and evolution of organisms in changing environments. Epigenetics is commonly defined as mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that occur without altering the underlying DNA sequence. It encompasses DNA (hydroxy)methylation, histone modifications, chromatin structure, and non-coding RNAs that may be inherited across generations under certain circumstances. Epigenetic mechanisms are perfect candidates to extend our understanding of the impact of environmental stressors on organisms and to explain the rapid phenomenon of adaptive evolution. Existing evidence shows that environmental cues can affect the epigenome and modify gene expression accordingly. These changes can then induce phenotypic modifications that are morphological, physiological, or behavioral at the organismal level. In this Special Issue focusing on environmental epigenetics, we provide an overview of influences to the epigenome that are driven by various environmental and evolutionary factors, with a particular focus on DNA methylation (DNAm). Five research groups have contributed insightful studies or reviews on (1) DNAm and demethylation events affected by the exposome; (2) DNAm as a potential biomarker to determine cardiometabolic risk early in life; (3) consequences of DNAm across multiple generations; (4) DNAm variation within natural animal populations; and (5) epigenetic mechanisms in genetically uniform organisms. Collectively, the articles from this Special Issue consistently support that environmental changes can induce long-lasting epigenetic effects within a given organism pertaining to individual risk for disease, or multi-generational impacts that ultimately impact evolution.
在过去的十年里,表观遗传学的研究急剧增加,包括环境生物学的各个方面。然而,关于环境应激源对表观基因组的影响,包括表观遗传学机制在生物体在不断变化的环境中的适应和进化中的特殊作用,仍然存在许多问题。表观遗传学通常被定义为在不改变潜在DNA序列的情况下发生的基因功能的有丝分裂和/或减数分裂遗传变化。它包括DNA(羟基)甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质结构和在某些情况下可能跨代遗传的非编码RNA。表观遗传学机制是扩展我们对环境压力源对生物体影响的理解和解释适应性进化的快速现象的完美候选者。现有证据表明,环境线索可以影响表观基因组并相应地改变基因表达。然后,这些变化可以在生物体水平上诱导形态学、生理学或行为学的表型修饰。在这期关注环境表观遗传学的特刊中,我们概述了各种环境和进化因素对表观基因组的影响,特别关注DNA甲基化(DNAm)。五个研究小组对以下方面做出了有见地的研究或评论:(1)受暴露体影响的DNAm和去甲基化事件;(2) DNAm作为确定生命早期心脏代谢风险的潜在生物标志物;(3) DNAm跨多代的后果;(4) 自然动物种群中的DNAm变异;和(5)遗传一致的生物体中的表观遗传学机制。总的来说,本期特刊的文章一致支持,环境变化可以在特定生物体内引发与个体疾病风险有关的长期表观遗传效应,或最终影响进化的多代影响。
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引用次数: 0
Integrated Multimodal Omics and Dietary Approaches for the Management of Neurodegeneration. 管理神经变性的综合多模式奥密克戎和饮食方法。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030020
Toshiyuki Murai, Satoru Matsuda

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are caused by a combination of multiple events that damage neuronal function. A well-characterized biomarker of neurodegeneration is the accumulation of proteinaceous aggregates in the brain. However, the gradually worsening symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases are unlikely to be solely due to the result of a mutation in a single gene, but rather a multi-step process involving epigenetic changes. Recently, it has been suggested that a fraction of epigenetic alternations may be correlated to neurodegeneration in the brain. Unlike DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations are reversible, and therefore raise the possibilities for therapeutic intervention, including dietary modifications. Additionally, reactive oxygen species may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease through epigenetic alternation. Given that the antioxidant properties of plant-derived phytochemicals are likely to exhibit pleiotropic effects against ROS-mediated epigenetic alternation, dietary intervention may be promising for the management of neurodegeneration in these diseases. In this review, the state-of-the-art applications using single-cell multimodal omics approaches, including epigenetics, and dietary approaches for the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are discussed.

神经退行性疾病,如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病,是由损害神经元功能的多种事件组合引起的。神经退行性变的一个表征良好的生物标志物是蛋白质聚集体在大脑中的积累。然而,神经退行性疾病症状的逐渐恶化不太可能仅仅是由于单个基因突变的结果,而是一个涉及表观遗传变化的多步骤过程。最近,有人提出,一小部分表观遗传变异可能与大脑中的神经退行性变有关。与DNA突变不同,表观遗传学改变是可逆的,因此增加了治疗干预的可能性,包括饮食改变。此外,活性氧可能通过表观遗传学改变参与阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的发病机制。鉴于植物来源的植物化学物质的抗氧化特性可能对ROS介导的表观遗传学改变表现出多效性作用,饮食干预可能有助于管理这些疾病的神经退行性变。在这篇综述中,讨论了使用单细胞多模式组学方法(包括表观遗传学)和饮食方法来鉴定新的生物标志物和治疗神经退行性疾病的治疗方法的最新应用。
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引用次数: 0
Multiomics Data Analysis Identified CpG Sites That Mediate the Impact of Smoking on Cardiometabolic Traits. 多组学数据分析确定了介导吸烟对心脏代谢特征影响的CpG位点。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030019
Majid Nikpay

Understanding the epigenome paths through which smoking contributes to cardiometabolic traits is important for downstream applications. In this study, an SNP-based analytical pipeline was used to integrate several publicly available datasets in order to identify CpG sites that mediate the impact of smoking on cardiometabolic traits and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. After applying stringent statistical criteria, 11 CpG sites were detected that showed significant association (p < 5 × 10-8) with cardiometabolic traits at both the discovery and replication stages. By integrating eQTL data, I found genes behind a number of these associations. cg05228408 was hypomethylated in smokers and contributed to higher blood pressure by lowering the expression of the CLCN6 gene. cg08639339 was hypermethylated in smokers and lowered the metabolic rate by increasing the expression of RAB29; furthermore, I noted TMEM120A mediated the impact of smoking-cg17325771 on LDL, and LTBP3 mediated the smoking-cg07029024 effect on heart rate. The pathway analysis identified processes through which the identified genes impact their traits. This study provides a list of CpG sites that mediates the impact of smoking on cardiometabolic traits and a framework to investigate the underlying molecular paths using publicly available data.

了解吸烟对心脏代谢特征的表观基因组途径对下游应用很重要。在这项研究中,基于SNP的分析管道被用于整合几个公开可用的数据集,以确定介导吸烟对心脏代谢特征影响的CpG位点,并研究潜在的分子机制。在应用严格的统计标准后,检测到11个CpG位点,这些位点在发现和复制阶段都与心脏代谢特征显著相关(p<5×10-8)。通过整合eQTL数据,我发现了许多这种关联背后的基因。cg05228408在吸烟者中被低甲基化,并通过降低CLCN6基因的表达而导致血压升高。cg08639339在吸烟者中被高甲基化,并通过增加RAB29的表达来降低代谢率;此外,我注意到TMEM120A介导吸烟-g17325771对LDL的影响,而LTBP3介导吸烟-cg07029024对心率的影响。通路分析确定了所识别的基因影响其性状的过程。这项研究提供了一份介导吸烟对心脏代谢特征影响的CpG位点列表,并提供了一个使用公开数据研究潜在分子路径的框架。
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引用次数: 0
Excessive Gestational Weight Gain Alters DNA Methylation and Influences Foetal and Neonatal Body Composition. 妊娠期体重增加过多会改变DNA甲基化并影响胎儿和新生儿的身体组成。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-08-16 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030018
Perla Pizzi Argentato, João Victor da Silva Guerra, Liania Alves Luzia, Ester Silveira Ramos, Mariana Maschietto, Patrícia Helen de Carvalho Rondó

Background: Changes in body weight are associated with the regulation of DNA methylation (DNAm). In this study, we investigated the associations between maternal gestational weight gain-related DNAm and foetal and neonatal body composition.

Methods: Brazilian pregnant women from the Araraquara Cohort Study were followed up during pregnancy, delivery, and after hospital discharge. Women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI were allocated into two groups: adequate gestational weight gain (AGWG, n = 45) and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG, n = 30). Foetal and neonatal body composition was evaluated via ultrasound and plethysmography, respectively. DNAm was assessed in maternal blood using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays. Linear regression models were used to explore the associations between DNAm and foetal and neonatal body composition.

Results: Maternal weight, GWG, neonatal weight, and fat mass were higher in the EGWG group. Analysis of DNAm identified 46 differentially methylated positions and 11 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the EGWG and AGWG groups. Nine human phenotypes were enriched for these 11 DMRs located in 13 genes (EMILIN1, HOXA5, CPT1B, CLDN9, ZFP57, BRCA1, POU5F1, ANKRD33, HLA-B, RANBP17, ZMYND11, DIP2C, TMEM232), highlighting the terms insulin resistance, and hyperglycaemia. Maternal DNAm was associated with foetal total thigh and arm tissues and subcutaneous thigh and arm fat, as well as with neonatal fat mass percentage and fat mass.

Conclusion: The methylation pattern in the EGWG group indicated a risk for developing chronic diseases and involvement of maternal DNAm in foetal lean and fat mass and in neonatal fat mass.

背景:体重的变化与DNA甲基化(DNAm)的调节有关。在这项研究中,我们调查了母亲妊娠期体重增加相关的dna与胎儿和新生儿身体组成之间的关系。方法:对来自Araraquara队列研究的巴西孕妇在妊娠、分娩和出院后进行随访。将孕前BMI正常的女性分为两组:适当的妊娠增重组(AGWG, n = 45)和过度的妊娠增重组(EGWG, n = 30)。分别通过超声和体积脉搏图评估胎儿和新生儿的身体组成。使用Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC珠片阵列检测母体血液中的dna。采用线性回归模型探讨脱氧核糖核酸与胎儿和新生儿体成分之间的关系。结果:EGWG组产妇体重、GWG、新生儿体重、脂肪量均高于EGWG组。DNAm分析确定了EGWG和AGWG组之间46个差异甲基化位置和11个差异甲基化区域(DMRs)。这11种DMRs在13个基因(EMILIN1、HOXA5、CPT1B、CLDN9、ZFP57、BRCA1、POU5F1、ANKRD33、HLA-B、RANBP17、ZMYND11、DIP2C、TMEM232)中富集了9种人类表型,突出了胰岛素抵抗和高血糖。母体dna与胎儿总大腿和手臂组织、大腿和手臂皮下脂肪以及新生儿脂肪质量百分比和脂肪质量有关。结论:EGWG组的甲基化模式表明,母体脱氧核糖核酸与胎儿瘦脂肪量和新生儿脂肪量有关,具有发生慢性疾病的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Ribosomal Biogenesis and Heterogeneity in Development, Disease, and Aging. 核糖体在发育、疾病和衰老中的生物发生和异质性。
IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030017
Rowshan Ara Islam, Charalampos Rallis

Although reported in the literature, ribosome heterogeneity is a phenomenon whose extent and implications in cell and organismal biology is not fully appreciated. This has been the case due to the lack of the appropriate techniques and approaches. Heterogeneity can arise from alternative use and differential content of protein and RNA constituents, as well as from post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications. In the few examples we have, it is apparent that ribosomal heterogeneity offers an additional level and potential for gene expression regulation and might be a way towards tuning metabolism, stress, and growth programs to external and internal stimuli and needs. Here, we introduce ribosome biogenesis and discuss ribosomal heterogeneity in various reported occasions. We conclude that a systematic approach in multiple organisms will be needed to delineate this biological phenomenon and its contributions to growth, aging, and disease. Finally, we discuss ribosome mutations and their roles in disease.

尽管在文献中有报道,但核糖体异质性是一种现象,其在细胞和有机体生物学中的范围和含义尚未得到充分认识。这是由于缺乏适当的技术和方法造成的。异质性可能来自蛋白质和RNA成分的不同使用和不同含量,以及转录后和翻译后修饰。在我们仅有的几个例子中,很明显,核糖体异质性为基因表达调控提供了额外的水平和潜力,并且可能是调节代谢、压力和生长程序以适应外部和内部刺激和需求的一种方式。在这里,我们介绍核糖体的生物发生和讨论核糖体异质性在各种报道的场合。我们的结论是,需要在多种生物体中采用系统的方法来描述这种生物现象及其对生长、衰老和疾病的贡献。最后,我们讨论核糖体突变及其在疾病中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Epigenomes
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