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IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12406
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引用次数: 0
The Development of Size Sequencing Skills: An Empirical and Computational Analysis. 大小排序技能的发展:一个实证和计算分析。
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12411
M. McGonigle-Chalmers, Iain Kusel
We explore a long-observed phenomenon in children's cognitive development known as size seriation. It is not until children are around 7 years of age that they spontaneously use a strict ascending or descending order of magnitude to organize sets of objects differing in size. Incomplete and inaccurate ordering shown by younger children has been thought to be related to their incomplete grasp of the mathematical concept of a unit. Piaget first brought attention to children's difficulties in solving ordering and size-matching tests, but his tasks and explanations have been progressively neglected due to major theoretical shifts in scholarship on developmental cognition. A cogent alternative to his account has never emerged, leaving size seriation and related abilities as an unexplained case of discontinuity in mental growth. In this monograph, we use a new training methodology, together with computational modeling of the data to offer a new explanation of size seriation development and the emergence of related skills. We describe a connected set of touchscreen tasks that measure the abilities of 5- and 7-year-old children to (a) learn a linear size sequence of five or seven items and (b) identify unique (unit) values within those same sets, such as second biggest and middle-sized. Older children required little or no training to succeed in the sequencing tasks, whereas younger children evinced trial-and-error performance. Marked age differences were found on ordinal identification tasks using matching-to-sample and other methods. Confirming Piaget's findings, these tasks generated learning data with which to develop a computational model of the change. Using variables to represent working and long-term memory (WM and LTM), the computational model represents the information processing of the younger child in terms of a perception-action feedback loop, resulting in a heuristic for achieving a correct sequence. To explain why older children do not require training on the size task, it was hypothesized that an increase in WM to a certain threshold level provides the information-processing capacity to allow the participant to start to detect a minimum interval between each item in the selection. The probabilistic heuristic is thus thought to be replaced during a transitional stage by a serial algorithm that guarantees success. The minimum interval discovery has the effect of controlling search for the next item in a principled monotonic direction. Through a minor additional processing step, this algorithm permits relatively easy identification of ordinal values. The model was tested by simulating the perceptual learning and action selection processes thought to be taking place during trial-and-error sequencing. Error distributions were generated across each item in the sequence and these were found to correspond to the error patterns shown by 5-year-olds. The algorithm that is thought to emerge from successful learning was also tested. It simulated high
我们探索了一种长期观察到的儿童认知发展现象,即尺寸序列化。直到7岁左右,孩子们才自发地使用严格的升序或降序来组织大小不同的物体。年龄较小的孩子表现出的不完整和不准确的排序被认为与他们对单元的数学概念的不完全掌握有关。皮亚杰首先引起了人们对儿童在解决排序和尺寸匹配测试方面的困难的关注,但由于发展认知学术的重大理论转变,他的任务和解释逐渐被忽视。他的叙述从未出现过一个令人信服的替代方案,将尺寸序列化和相关能力视为精神发育不连续的一个无法解释的案例。在这本专著中,我们使用了一种新的训练方法,以及数据的计算建模,为尺寸序列化的发展和相关技能的出现提供了新的解释。我们描述了一组连接的触摸屏任务,这些任务衡量5岁和7岁儿童的能力:(a)学习五到七个项目的线性大小序列,以及(b)识别这些相同集合中的唯一(单位)值,例如第二大和中等。年龄较大的孩子几乎不需要或根本不需要训练就能成功完成测序任务,而年龄较小的孩子表现出试错的表现。使用样本匹配和其他方法在顺序识别任务中发现了显著的年龄差异。这些任务产生了学习数据,用来开发变化的计算模型,证实了皮亚杰的发现。该计算模型使用变量来表示工作记忆和长期记忆(WM和LTM),根据感知-动作反馈回路来表示年幼儿童的信息处理,从而产生实现正确序列的启发式方法。为了解释为什么年龄较大的儿童不需要尺寸任务的训练,假设WM增加到某个阈值水平提供了信息处理能力,使参与者能够开始检测选择中每个项目之间的最小间隔。因此,概率启发式被认为在过渡阶段被保证成功的串行算法所取代。最小间隔发现具有在原则单调方向上控制对下一个项目的搜索的效果。通过一个小的附加处理步骤,该算法可以相对容易地识别序数值。该模型通过模拟被认为在试错排序过程中发生的感知学习和行动选择过程进行了测试。在序列中的每个项目上都生成了错误分布,发现这些分布与5岁儿童显示的错误模式相对应。被认为是从成功学习中产生的算法也进行了测试。它模拟了在序列化和顺序识别任务上的高水平成功,如7岁儿童所示。实证研究中的一个意外发现是,与成年人不同,7岁的儿童在不允许使用串行算法的任务中必须计算序数值时,表现出明显的困难。例如,当需要学习一个非单调序列时,其中序数值按固定的随机顺序排列,如“第二大、中等、最小、第二小、最大”,必须在不参考算法使用的“最小差”规则的情况下找到每个项。7岁儿童表现出的困难与LTM中的信息作为基于累积计数的搜索和停止与搜索过程本身紧密相连的观点一致,这与从LTM中更永久和更临时的独立序数存储中访问不同。从进一步的发展变化的角度讨论了这种可能的理解限制的含义。我们得出的结论是,儿童在7岁左右表现出的系列化行为代表了他们理解的质的转变,但不是皮亚杰最初提出的意义。我们将紧急算法视为一种信息减少设备,代表了人类如何处理潜在复杂关系的默认策略。我们就儿童的计数行为以及解决某些逻辑任务的线性单调设备如何持续到成年提出了这一点。就这本专著重复皮亚盖蒂描述的任何方面而言,这是因为他在7岁左右强调了逻辑数学理解中的一个重要的认知不连续性,以及他对理解与物理世界的交易的追求。
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引用次数: 1
Issue Information 问题信息
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-11-12 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12387
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information 问题信息
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12386
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Developmental Science of Politics. 走向政治学的发展。
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12410
Meagan M. Patterson, R. Bigler, E. Pahlke, Christia Spears Brown, Amy Roberson Hayes, M. Chantal Ramirez, A. Nelson
In this monograph, we argue for the establishment of a developmental science of politics that describes, explains, and predicts the formation and change of individuals' political knowledge, attitudes, and behavior beginning in childhood and continuing across the life course. Reflecting our goal of contributing both theoretical conceptualizations and empirical data, we have organized the monograph into two broad sections. In the first section, we outline theoretical contributions that the study of politics may make to developmental science and provide practical reasons that empirical research in the domain of politics is important (e.g., for identifying ways to improve civics education and for encouraging higher voting rates among young adults). We also review major historical approaches to the study of political development and provide an integrative theoretical framework to ground future work. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model as an organizing scheme and emphasizing social justice issues, we describe how factors rooted in cultural contexts, families, and children themselves are likely to shape political development. In the second section of the monograph, we argue for the importance and utility of studying major political events, such as presidential elections, and introduce the major themes, rationales, and hypotheses for a study of U.S. children's views of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. In addition, we apply a social-justice lens to political thought and participation, addressing the role of gender/sex and race/ethnicity in children's political development broadly, and in their knowledge and views of the 2016 U.S. presidential election specifically. In interviews conducted within the month before and after the election, we examined two overarching categories of children's political attitudes: (a) knowledge, preferences, and expectations about the 2016 election, and (b) knowledge and attitudes concerning gender/sex and politics, particularly relevant for the 2016 election given Hillary Clinton's role as the first female major-party candidate for the presidency. Participants were 187 children (101 girls) between 5 and 11 years of age (M = 8.42 years, SD = 1.45 years). They were recruited from schools and youth organizations in five counties in four U.S. states (Kansas, Kentucky, Texas, and Washington) with varying voting patterns (e.g., Trump voters ranged from 27% to 71% of county voters). The sample was not a nationally representative one, but was racially diverse (35 African American, 50 Latinx, 81 White, and 21 multiracial, Asian American, Middle Eastern, or Native American children). In addition to several child characteristics (e.g., age, social dominance orientation [SDO]), we assessed several family and community characteristics (e.g., child-reported parental interest in the election and government-reported county-level voting patterns, respectively) hypothesized to predict outcome variables. Although our finding
例如,正如预期的那样,年龄较大的孩子比年龄较小的孩子对候选人表现出更多的了解。家庭和社区特征也预测了一些结果变量。例如,正如预期的那样,如果参与者认为他们的父母支持特朗普,并且特朗普在儿童居住县获得了更大比例的选票,他们更有可能支持特朗普。我们的数据表明,公民教育应该扩大和改革。除了解决需要政治解决的社会问题外,公民学课程还应包括社会团体政治参与的历史,包括美国政治史上关于性别歧视和妇女选举权运动的信息。为儿童提供与政治目的和价值有关的丰富信息的环境,并为他们提供政治思想和行动的机会和鼓励,这可能对青年及其国家有益。
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引用次数: 34
The Development of Bimanual Coordination Across Toddlerhood. 幼儿期双手协调能力的发展。
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12405
Karen Brakke, Matheus M Pacheco
<p><p>As one of the hallmarks of human activity and cultural achievement, bimanual coordination has been the focus of research efforts in multiple fields of inquiry. Since the seminal work of Cohen (1971) and Kelso and colleagues (Haken, Kelso, & Bunz, 1985; Kelso, Southard, & Goodman, 1979), bimanual action has served as a model system used to investigate the role of cortical, perceptual, cognitive, and situational underpinnings of coordinated movement sequences (e.g., Bingham, 2004; Oliveira & Ivry, 2008). This work has been guided primarily by dynamical systems theory in general, and by the formal Haken-Kelso-Bunz (HKB; 1985) model of bimanual coordination, in particular. The HKB model describes the self-organizing relationship between a coordinated movement pattern and the underlying parameters that support that pattern, and can also be used to conceptualize and test predictions of how changes in coordination occur. Much of the work investigating bimanual control under the HKB model has been conducted with adults who are acting over time periods of a few seconds to a few days. However, there are also changes in bimanual control that occur over far longer time spans, including those that emerge across childhood and into adolescence (e.g., Wolff, Kotwica, & Obregon, 1998). Using the formal HKB model as a starting point, we analyzed the ontogenetic emergence of a particular pattern of bimanual coordination, specifically, the anti-phase (or inverse oscillatory motion) coordination pattern between the upper limbs in toddlers who are performing a drumming task (see Brakke, Fragaszy, Simpson, Hoy, & Cummins-Sebree, 2007). This study represents a first attempt to document the emergence of the anti-phase pattern by examining both microgenetic and ontogenetic patterns of change in bimanual activity. We report the results of a longitudinal study in which seven toddlers engaged monthly in a bimanual drumming task from 15 to 27 months of age. On some trials, an adult modeled in-phase or anti-phase action; on other trials, no action was modeled. We documented the motion dynamics accompanying the emergence of the anti-phase bimanual coordination pattern by assessing bout-to-bout and month-to-month changes in several movement parameters-oscillation frequency, amplitude ratio of the drumsticks, initial position of the limbs to begin bouts, and primary arm-joint involvement. These parameters provided a good starting point to understand how toddlers explore movement space in order to achieve greater stability in performing the anti-phase coordination pattern. Trained research assistants used Motus software to isolate each bout of drumming and to digitize the movement of the two drumstick heads relative to the stationary drum surface. Because we were primarily interested in the vertical movement of the drumsticks that were held in the child's hands, we relied on two-dimensional analyses and analyzed data that were tracked by a single camera. We used linear mixed
作为人类活动和文化成就的标志之一,双手协调一直是多个研究领域的研究重点。自从Cohen(1971)和Kelso及其同事(Haken, Kelso, & Bunz, 1985;Kelso, Southard, & Goodman, 1979),双手动作作为一种模型系统,用于研究协调动作序列的皮质、知觉、认知和情境基础的作用(例如,Bingham, 2004;Oliveira & Ivry, 2008)。这项工作主要是由一般的动力系统理论和正式的Haken-Kelso-Bunz (HKB;尤其是1985年的双手协调模型。HKB模型描述了协调运动模式和支持该模式的底层参数之间的自组织关系,也可用于概念化和测试协调变化如何发生的预测。在HKB模式下研究双手控制的大部分工作都是在几秒钟到几天的时间内对成年人进行的。然而,也有在更长的时间跨度内发生的双手控制的变化,包括那些从童年到青春期出现的变化(例如,Wolff, Kotwica, & Obregon, 1998)。使用正式的HKB模型作为起点,我们分析了一种特殊的双手协调模式的个体发生,特别是在执行击鼓任务的幼儿上肢之间的反相位(或逆振荡运动)协调模式(见Brakke, Fragaszy, Simpson, Hoy, & Cummins-Sebree, 2007)。本研究首次尝试通过检查双手活动变化的微遗传学和个体遗传学模式来记录反相模式的出现。我们报告了一项纵向研究的结果,在这项研究中,7名幼儿从15个月到27个月每月进行一次双手击鼓任务。在一些试验中,一个成年人模仿同相或反相的动作;在其他试验中,没有模拟任何行动。我们通过评估几个运动参数(振荡频率、鼓槌振幅比、开始运动时肢体的初始位置和主要的手臂关节受损伤)的每回合和每个月的变化,记录了伴随着反相位双手协调模式出现的运动动力学。这些参数为了解幼儿如何探索运动空间以实现反相协调模式的更大稳定性提供了一个良好的起点。训练有素的研究助理使用Motus软件来隔离每一轮击鼓,并将两个鼓槌头相对于静止鼓面的运动数字化。因为我们主要对孩子手中的鸡腿的垂直运动感兴趣,我们依赖于二维分析和分析数据,这些数据是由单个摄像机跟踪的。我们对每个参与者使用线性混合效应分析和定性分析来帮助阐明儿童使用反相位协调的出现和稳定性。这种方法促进了对个体行为途径的描述,而这种描述只有在纵向设计中才有可能实现,比如这里使用的纵向设计。我们的分析表明,在这种情况下,正在学习产生反相位运动的幼儿采用了各种策略来调整他们的行动地形。具体来说,正如我们所假设的那样,幼儿利用不同的振荡频率和运动幅度来支持向反相位动作的转变,这种转变早在15个月大时就出现了,但直到大约20个月大时才变得相对稳定。我们发现有证据表明,许多幼儿在从同相鼓声过渡到反相鼓声之前会降低振荡频率。幼儿还使用不同的方法来暂时调节四肢之间的振幅比,以允许协调从同相到反相的变化。然而,这些振荡频率和振幅比策略在练习中和练习之间穿插着非系统的探索。我们还观察到,幼儿有时会改变他们最初的肢体位置来开始一场比赛,或者改变他们在打鼓时使用的主要手臂关节。当他们实施这些改变时,幼儿在击鼓时增加了反相位协调模式的表现。然而,我们没有发现对这些肢体位置和关节使用变化进行系统探索的证据,这表明幼儿并没有故意使用这些策略来提高他们在任务中的表现。 虽然双手击鼓代表了一种高度特定的行为,但我们对这种情况下反相协调模式出现的机制的研究是更广泛地理解运动协调发展所需的缺失部分之一。我们的研究结果表明,反相协调模式通过运动动力学和吸引子景观(即运动库)变化的调节而出现并稳定。与运动控制、运动学习和技能发展方面的文献一致,我们的研究结果表明,个体发育过程中运动的习得可以被认为是对感知和行动的紧急动态的探索。这一结论与运动发展的系统方法相一致,其中功能动力学,而不是特定的结构,为理解技能的发展变化提供了基础。基于我们的研究结果以及之前相关的实证文献,我们提出了一个将发展动态纳入HKB模型的概念模型。这个概念模型要求使用动态系统方法进行新的研究,该方法允许直接控制运动参数,并建立在我们在当前工作中描述的方法和现象的基础上。
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引用次数: 13
Issue Information 问题信息
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12385
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information 问题信息
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12384
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引用次数: 0
Chapter IV: In Search of the Father-Infant Activation Relationship: A Person-Centered Approach. 第四章:亲子激活关系的探索:以人为本的视角。
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-03-01 Epub Date: 2019-04-29
Brenda L Volling, Matthew M Stevenson, Paige Safyer, Richard Gonzalez, Joyce Y Lee

The current study explored whether fathers and mothers from 195 two-parent U.S. families engaged in a form of activation parenting (i.e., sensitivity, cognitive stimulation, and moderate intrusiveness) with their secondborn, 12-month-old infants during a 15-min challenging teaching task, and to determine if this type of interaction was more common among fathers. Mean comparisons showed that fathers were lower on sensitivity, positive regard, and stimulation of development, and were more detached than mothers. Latent Profile Analyses revealed similar supportive, disengaged, and activation parenting profiles for fathers and mothers, with more fathers in the activation class. Chi-square analyses found significant associations across mothers and fathers; most infants (30%) had activation fathers and mothers, with 26% having supportive mothers and activation fathers, and 11.4% having two supportive parents. Parenting profiles were unrelated to attachment security. Results need to be replicated with children of different ages, with families from different backgrounds, and beyond the challenging teaching paradigm.

目前的研究探讨了来自195个美国双亲家庭的父亲和母亲是否在15分钟具有挑战性的教学任务中与他们的第二个12个月大的婴儿进行了一种形式的激活养育(即敏感,认知刺激和适度侵入性),并确定这种类型的互动是否在父亲中更常见。平均比较表明,父亲在敏感性、积极关注和刺激发展方面比母亲低,而且比母亲更超然。潜在特征分析显示,父亲和母亲的支持型、不投入型和激活型育儿特征相似,激活型班级的父亲更多。卡方分析发现,母亲和父亲之间存在显著关联;大多数婴儿(30%)有激活的父亲和母亲,26%有支持的母亲和激活的父亲,11.4%有两个支持的父母。父母的情况与依恋安全无关。结果需要在不同年龄的儿童、不同背景的家庭和具有挑战性的教学模式之外进行复制。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing Research and Measurement on Fathering and Child Development. 推进父亲与儿童发展的研究与测量。
IF 9.5 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12404
Brenda L Volling, Natasha J Cabrera, Mark E Feinberg, Damon E Jones, Brandon T McDaniel, Siwei Liu, David Almeida, Jin-Kyung Lee, Sarah J Schoppe-Sullivan, Xin Feng, Micah L Gerhardt, Claire M Kamp Dush, Matthew M Stevenson, Paige Safyer, Richard Gonzalez, Joyce Y Lee, Bernhard Piskernik, Lieselotte Ahnert, Elizabeth Karberg, Jenessa Malin, Catherine Kuhns, Jay Fagan, Rebecca Kaufman, W Justin Dyer, Ross D Parke, Jeffrey T Cookston

Fathers are more than social accidents. Research has demonstrated that fathers matter to children's development. Despite noted progress, challenges remain on how best to conceptualize and assess fathering and father-child relationships. The current monograph is the result of an SRCD-sponsored meeting of fatherhood scholars brought together to discuss these challenges and make recommendations for best practices for incorporating fathers in studies on parenting and children's development. The first aim of this monograph was to provide a brief update on the current state of research on fathering and to lay out a developmental ecological systems perspective as a conceptual framework for understanding the different spaces fathers inhabit in their children's lives. Because there is wide variability in fathers' roles, the ecological systems perspective situates fathers, mothers, children, and other caregivers within an evolving network of interrelated social relationships in which children and their parents change over time and space (e.g., residence). The second aim was to present examples of empirical studies conducted by members of the international working group that highlighted different methods, data collection, and statistical analyses used to capture the variability in father-child relationships. The monograph ends with a commentary that elaborates on the ecological systems framework with a discussion of the broader macrosystem and social-contextual influences that impinge on fathers and their children. The collection of articles contributes to research on father-child relationships by advancing theory and presenting varied methods and analysis strategies that assist in understanding the father-child relationship and its impact on child development.

父亲不仅仅是社会的偶然事件。研究表明,父亲对孩子的发展很重要。尽管取得了显著进展,但在如何最好地概念化和评估父亲与子女关系方面仍然存在挑战。目前的专著是由srcd赞助的父亲学者会议的结果,他们聚集在一起讨论这些挑战,并为将父亲纳入育儿和儿童发展研究的最佳实践提出建议。本专著的第一个目的是提供关于父亲研究现状的简要更新,并提出一个发展生态系统的观点,作为理解父亲在孩子生活中居住的不同空间的概念框架。由于父亲的角色有很大的可变性,生态系统的观点将父亲、母亲、孩子和其他照顾者置于一个相互关联的社会关系的不断发展的网络中,在这个网络中,孩子和他们的父母会随着时间和空间(例如居住地)而变化。第二个目的是介绍国际工作组成员进行的实证研究的例子,这些研究突出了用于捕捉父子关系变异性的不同方法、数据收集和统计分析。专著以一篇评论结尾,详细阐述了生态系统框架,讨论了更广泛的宏观系统和社会背景对父亲和他们的孩子的影响。这些文章通过推进理论和提出各种方法和分析策略来帮助理解父子关系及其对儿童发展的影响,从而有助于父子关系的研究。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
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