Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6402
Matthew C. Reichenbach, Anthony D. Battistini, Sean Donahue, Todd A. Helwig, Michael D. Engelhardt, Karl H. Frank
Cross-frames, which primarily serve as stability braces in steel I-girder systems during erection and deck construction, are susceptible to load-induced fatigue problems in finished composite structures if not properly detailed. Due to eccentricity in the connections, cross-frames are often subjected to significant in-plane and out-of-plane bending effects that can affect the fatigue resistance. This paper documents the results of a full-scale laboratory study that evaluates the fatigue performance of common welded cross-frame configurations and details. Eighteen unique cross-frame panels, including various typical and proposed connection details, were fabricated and tested for failure under cyclic loading that simulated the effect of live load traffic on composite girder systems. Based on the results of this experimental study, many details that are prevalently used in practice were shown to exhibit poor fatigue characteristics due to (1) the presence of localized stress concentrations near welds and/or (2) significant bending stresses not explicitly considered in analysis and design. Conversely, the proposed details mitigated these effects and were subsequently found to improve the fatigue life of cross-frame systems.
{"title":"Experimental Fatigue Evaluation of Typical Cross-Frame Details in Steel I-Girder Bridges","authors":"Matthew C. Reichenbach, Anthony D. Battistini, Sean Donahue, Todd A. Helwig, Michael D. Engelhardt, Karl H. Frank","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6402","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-frames, which primarily serve as stability braces in steel I-girder systems during erection and deck construction, are susceptible to load-induced fatigue problems in finished composite structures if not properly detailed. Due to eccentricity in the connections, cross-frames are often subjected to significant in-plane and out-of-plane bending effects that can affect the fatigue resistance. This paper documents the results of a full-scale laboratory study that evaluates the fatigue performance of common welded cross-frame configurations and details. Eighteen unique cross-frame panels, including various typical and proposed connection details, were fabricated and tested for failure under cyclic loading that simulated the effect of live load traffic on composite girder systems. Based on the results of this experimental study, many details that are prevalently used in practice were shown to exhibit poor fatigue characteristics due to (1) the presence of localized stress concentrations near welds and/or (2) significant bending stresses not explicitly considered in analysis and design. Conversely, the proposed details mitigated these effects and were subsequently found to improve the fatigue life of cross-frame systems.","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":"137 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134996275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6171
Chen Chen, Caiqian Yang, Kai Zhang, Weinan Wang, Li Dong
A diaphragm is an essential component of a T-girder bridge. Evaluating the influence of various truss diaphragms (TDs) on the structural behavior and load distribution factor of T-girder bridges assists in bridge design and strengthening. In this study, a series of experiments and simulations were conducted to investigate the strengthening effect of two types of TDs (i.e., triangle-TDs and K-TDs) based on a small-scale T-girder bridge model. Formulas for the flexural rigidity of the two types of TDs were proposed and verified by using rigid-joint girder methods, experiments, and simulations. Then, taking the K-TD as an example, the calculation method for the stiffness of the truss was analyzed and derived based on rigid-joint girder and graphic multiplication methods. The results showed that K-TDs had a better strengthening effect than triangle-TDs. The deflection and strain of the K-TD-strengthened T-girder bridge were reduced by 21% and 16%, respectively, compared with those of the triangle-TD-strengthened bridge. The formulas for flexural rigidity were proposed and used to calculate the load distribution factor. The maximum error of the calculated load distribution factor was 16% compared with the simulation and experimental results. Moreover, the calculation method for the stiffness of the K-TDs was analyzed and obtained.Practical ApplicationsDeterioration of multigirder bridges is getting worse due to the increasing traffic load and insufficient maintenance. Adding diaphragms to the existing bridges can improve the load distribution of multigirder bridges and reduce the maximum load of the girders. This work evaluated the influence of two types of truss diaphragms (triangle truss diaphragm and K truss diaphragm) on the load distribution of a T-girder bridge, and the results showed that the two types of truss diaphragms can reduce the maximum deflection and strain in the T-girder bridge effectively. The flexural rigidity formulas for the two types of truss diaphragm were proposed and proved to be accurate by comparing with experiments and finite-element methods. Moreover, the truss stiffness of the K truss diaphragm was derived by a graphic multiplication method. These formulas can be used by bridge engineers for new bridge designing or existing bridge strengthening in practical engineering.
{"title":"Structural Behavior and Load Distribution Factor of a T-Girder Bridge with Various Truss Diaphragms","authors":"Chen Chen, Caiqian Yang, Kai Zhang, Weinan Wang, Li Dong","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6171","url":null,"abstract":"A diaphragm is an essential component of a T-girder bridge. Evaluating the influence of various truss diaphragms (TDs) on the structural behavior and load distribution factor of T-girder bridges assists in bridge design and strengthening. In this study, a series of experiments and simulations were conducted to investigate the strengthening effect of two types of TDs (i.e., triangle-TDs and K-TDs) based on a small-scale T-girder bridge model. Formulas for the flexural rigidity of the two types of TDs were proposed and verified by using rigid-joint girder methods, experiments, and simulations. Then, taking the K-TD as an example, the calculation method for the stiffness of the truss was analyzed and derived based on rigid-joint girder and graphic multiplication methods. The results showed that K-TDs had a better strengthening effect than triangle-TDs. The deflection and strain of the K-TD-strengthened T-girder bridge were reduced by 21% and 16%, respectively, compared with those of the triangle-TD-strengthened bridge. The formulas for flexural rigidity were proposed and used to calculate the load distribution factor. The maximum error of the calculated load distribution factor was 16% compared with the simulation and experimental results. Moreover, the calculation method for the stiffness of the K-TDs was analyzed and obtained.Practical ApplicationsDeterioration of multigirder bridges is getting worse due to the increasing traffic load and insufficient maintenance. Adding diaphragms to the existing bridges can improve the load distribution of multigirder bridges and reduce the maximum load of the girders. This work evaluated the influence of two types of truss diaphragms (triangle truss diaphragm and K truss diaphragm) on the load distribution of a T-girder bridge, and the results showed that the two types of truss diaphragms can reduce the maximum deflection and strain in the T-girder bridge effectively. The flexural rigidity formulas for the two types of truss diaphragm were proposed and proved to be accurate by comparing with experiments and finite-element methods. Moreover, the truss stiffness of the K truss diaphragm was derived by a graphic multiplication method. These formulas can be used by bridge engineers for new bridge designing or existing bridge strengthening in practical engineering.","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":"787 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135011997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6146
Yongfu Lei, Ming Li, Hao Zhang, Yang Yang, Yanguo Sun, Ming Li
{"title":"An Advanced Approach to Determining the Spanwise Coherence of the Buffeting Forces on Bridge Decks with Complex Configurations","authors":"Yongfu Lei, Ming Li, Hao Zhang, Yang Yang, Yanguo Sun, Ming Li","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44046222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional methods to identify influence lines, which are essential in design and evaluation of bridges, use contact sensors involving high upfront and operational costs. This paper presents an approach to identifying influence lines based on computer vision measurements. The approach integrates vision-based identification of vehicle types, estimation of vehicle loads, bridge displacement measurement, and Bayesian parametric estimation. A you only look once version 4 (YOLOv4)—a real-time object detector—with a convolutional block attention module is trained to identify vehicle types and estimate vehicle loads. Bridge displacement measurements provide dynamic deflections, which are then used to analyze the influence line through Bayesian parametric estimation. The performance of this approach was evaluated through laboratory and field experiments with different types of vehicles and driving speeds. The results show that the errors were up to 4.88% for laboratory experiments and up to 11.48% for field experiments. This research provides findings that will help with the practices of condition monitoring and assessment of highway bridges.
{"title":"Identification of Influence Lines for Highway Bridges Using Bayesian Parametric Estimation Based on Computer Vision Measurements","authors":"Yun Zhou, Jin-Nan Hu, Guan-Wang Hao, Zheng-Rong Zhu, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6235","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional methods to identify influence lines, which are essential in design and evaluation of bridges, use contact sensors involving high upfront and operational costs. This paper presents an approach to identifying influence lines based on computer vision measurements. The approach integrates vision-based identification of vehicle types, estimation of vehicle loads, bridge displacement measurement, and Bayesian parametric estimation. A you only look once version 4 (YOLOv4)—a real-time object detector—with a convolutional block attention module is trained to identify vehicle types and estimate vehicle loads. Bridge displacement measurements provide dynamic deflections, which are then used to analyze the influence line through Bayesian parametric estimation. The performance of this approach was evaluated through laboratory and field experiments with different types of vehicles and driving speeds. The results show that the errors were up to 4.88% for laboratory experiments and up to 11.48% for field experiments. This research provides findings that will help with the practices of condition monitoring and assessment of highway bridges.","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":"36 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134996647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6431
Xu Huang, Jin Zhu, Shangjun Jiang, Jie Zhao, Yongle Li
{"title":"Temperature Field Characteristics of Flat Steel Box Girders Based on In Situ Field Measurement and Numerical Simulation","authors":"Xu Huang, Jin Zhu, Shangjun Jiang, Jie Zhao, Yongle Li","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6431","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":"549 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136371985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6383
Dan Zeng, Lei Cao, Yang Liu, Zhaochao Li, Hongpeng Li
{"title":"Flexural Response of GFRP–UHPC Composite Slabs under a Hogging Moment","authors":"Dan Zeng, Lei Cao, Yang Liu, Zhaochao Li, Hongpeng Li","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6383","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47794943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6394
Anthony Everitt, Marc-André Dagenais, Gordon Wight, Andrew MacDonald
{"title":"Comparative Dynamic Load Effects of Tracked and Wheeled Military Vehicles on Bridges","authors":"Anthony Everitt, Marc-André Dagenais, Gordon Wight, Andrew MacDonald","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6394","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":"727 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6101
Mohammed Gamal Gouda, Hamdy M. Mohamed, Allan C. Manalo, Brahim Benmokrane
The use of hollow concrete columns (HCCs) as piers and piles for bridge applications is widespread due to their higher load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and strength-to-mass ratio compared to the solid section. This study aimed to examine the behavior of HCCs reinforced with glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and spirals under different loading conditions, analyze the impact of various parameters on their load-carrying capacity, and expand the research database with numerous load–moment interaction diagrams. Ten large-scale GFRP-HCCs, which had a height of 1,500 mm and inner/outer diameters of 113/305 mm, were tested under different levels of eccentricity (concentric, 8%, 16%, 33%, and 66%). A parametric study was conducted to examine the effects of the hollow ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, bar compressive strength, longitudinal reinforcement type, and concrete compressive strength on HCC behavior. The study highlighted the importance of considering the compressive strength of the longitudinal GFRP bars because neglecting it underestimated the axial load and bending moment capacities of the HCCs. The results revealed that initial eccentricity had a greater impact on bending moment than second-order effects.
{"title":"Experimental and Theoretical Development of Load–Moment Interaction Diagrams of Circular Hollow GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns","authors":"Mohammed Gamal Gouda, Hamdy M. Mohamed, Allan C. Manalo, Brahim Benmokrane","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6101","url":null,"abstract":"The use of hollow concrete columns (HCCs) as piers and piles for bridge applications is widespread due to their higher load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and strength-to-mass ratio compared to the solid section. This study aimed to examine the behavior of HCCs reinforced with glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and spirals under different loading conditions, analyze the impact of various parameters on their load-carrying capacity, and expand the research database with numerous load–moment interaction diagrams. Ten large-scale GFRP-HCCs, which had a height of 1,500 mm and inner/outer diameters of 113/305 mm, were tested under different levels of eccentricity (concentric, 8%, 16%, 33%, and 66%). A parametric study was conducted to examine the effects of the hollow ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, bar compressive strength, longitudinal reinforcement type, and concrete compressive strength on HCC behavior. The study highlighted the importance of considering the compressive strength of the longitudinal GFRP bars because neglecting it underestimated the axial load and bending moment capacities of the HCCs. The results revealed that initial eccentricity had a greater impact on bending moment than second-order effects.","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":"283 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134996500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6229
Xiachun Chen, Ruijuan Jiang, Zhizhou Bai, Francis T. K. Au
The incorporation of corrugated steel webs in composite box-girder bridges has greatly improved their structural performance. However, the low axial stiffness of the shear-deformable corrugated steel webs also affects the structural behavior under the commonly encountered eccentric loading. In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate the behavior of this type of bridge under eccentric loading. Based on the experimental study, the basic assumptions in existing torsion theories are examined. In addition, the proposed formula to estimate the torsion constant and amplification factor considering the additional sectional normal stress due to distortion and warping under eccentric loading in design codes is also checked. From the study, some design recommendations are provided.
{"title":"Behavior of Composite Box-Girder Bridges with Corrugated Steel Webs under Eccentric Loading","authors":"Xiachun Chen, Ruijuan Jiang, Zhizhou Bai, Francis T. K. Au","doi":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-6229","url":null,"abstract":"The incorporation of corrugated steel webs in composite box-girder bridges has greatly improved their structural performance. However, the low axial stiffness of the shear-deformable corrugated steel webs also affects the structural behavior under the commonly encountered eccentric loading. In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate the behavior of this type of bridge under eccentric loading. Based on the experimental study, the basic assumptions in existing torsion theories are examined. In addition, the proposed formula to estimate the torsion constant and amplification factor considering the additional sectional normal stress due to distortion and warping under eccentric loading in design codes is also checked. From the study, some design recommendations are provided.","PeriodicalId":56125,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bridge Engineering","volume":"32 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135012542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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