Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104480
Ze Dong Jiang
{"title":"Reply to the letter regarding the article “the impact of intraventricular hemorrhage on brainstem auditory function in preterm babies”","authors":"Ze Dong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104480","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 6","pages":"Article 104480"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report a pediatric case of frontal lobe epilepsy with seizures characterized by the “chapeau de gendarme (CdG)” sign and a three phase-ictal scalp EEG (3Ph-EEG) pattern, suggesting a seizure focus in the interhemispheric fissure (IHF) cortex.
Case report
An 8-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presented with daily episodes of impaired consciousness, staring, and bilateral tonic posturing of the upper limbs, accompanied by stiffening and drooping of both corners of the mouth. These episodes were initially misdiagnosed as behavioral disturbances in patients with ASD. Video-scalp EEG at age 11 revealed a 3Ph-EEG pattern: 1) brief β bursts in the left frontal region; 2) diffuse attenuation; and 3) rhythmic activity evolving from β to δ frequencies over the left fronto-centro-parietal regions. Seizure semiology and EEG findings were consistent with a seizure focus in the anterior IHF cortex, including the cingulate gyrus. Although valproate and levetiracetam were ineffective, lacosamide (LCM) effectively controlled the seizures, and its efficacy was sustained over a 3-year follow-up period.
Discussion
The combination of CdG and 3Ph-EEG patterns may serve as clinical and electrophysiological markers for seizures originating in the frontal IHF cortex. Therefore, LCM may be an effective treatment option for such cases. This case underscores the importance of detailed seizure semiology and EEG interpretation for accurate localization.
{"title":"A patient presenting with chapeau de gendarme and three phase-ictal EEG pattern: Suggesting a focus in the interhemispheric fissure","authors":"Kensuke Kumazaki , Tohru Okanishi , Kento Ohta , Michiru Sasaki , Sotaro Kanai , Yoshihiro Maegaki","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>We report a pediatric case of frontal lobe epilepsy with seizures characterized by the “chapeau de gendarme (CdG)” sign and a three phase-ictal scalp EEG (3Ph-EEG) pattern, suggesting a seizure focus in the interhemispheric fissure (IHF) cortex.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>An 8-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presented with daily episodes of impaired consciousness, staring, and bilateral tonic posturing of the upper limbs, accompanied by stiffening and drooping of both corners of the mouth. These episodes were initially misdiagnosed as behavioral disturbances in patients with ASD. Video-scalp EEG at age 11 revealed a 3Ph-EEG pattern: 1) brief β bursts in the left frontal region; 2) diffuse attenuation; and 3) rhythmic activity evolving from β to δ frequencies over the left fronto-centro-parietal regions. Seizure semiology and EEG findings were consistent with a seizure focus in the anterior IHF cortex, including the cingulate gyrus. Although valproate and levetiracetam were ineffective, lacosamide (LCM) effectively controlled the seizures, and its efficacy was sustained over a 3-year follow-up period.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The combination of CdG and 3Ph-EEG patterns may serve as clinical and electrophysiological markers for seizures originating in the frontal IHF cortex. Therefore, LCM may be an effective treatment option for such cases. This case underscores the importance of detailed seizure semiology and EEG interpretation for accurate localization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 6","pages":"Article 104467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104423
Jiannan Kang , Xiaoke Yang , Liang Zhang , Xiaoli Li , Shukai Zheng , Xiaoyan Tian
Background
Autism has garnered significant attention due to its abnormal brain network function.
Methods
EEG microstates are brief, stable patterns of brain activity during rest, lasting 80–120 milliseconds before rapidly transitioning to new configurations. A static brain functional network was constructed based on microstates, and the static brain functional network was further quantified using fuzzy entropy to build a dynamic brain functional network. The techniques thoroughly assessed how children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) brain networks differed from two angles: microstate static functional connectivity and dynamic temporal variability. These features were used in a support vector machine classification model to distinguish ASD children. Additionally, the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the brain functional network of ASD children was also assessed using this approach.
Results
The static functional connectivity of microstate A in ASD children was significantly lower than that of TD children, while the static functional connectivity of microstate D was significantly higher in the ASD group. The dynamic functional connectivity of microstates A, B, C, and D in the ASD group was significantly reduced across the whole brain. The support vector machine (SVM) classification accuracy based on these features was 96.33 %. Furthermore, after tDCS intervention, ASD children showed a trend of increased static functional connectivity in microstates A and C, as well as a tendency for increased dynamic functional connectivity in microstates A, B, and D.
Conclusion
A notable disparity was observed between children diagnosed with ASD and TD regarding their static and dynamic brain networks. The excellent classification results were achieved. Furthermore, it was discovered that the tDCS intervention altered the children with ASD's static and dynamic brain networks.
{"title":"EEG microstate-based static and dynamic brain functional network differences in autism spectrum disorder children and tDCS interventional modulation","authors":"Jiannan Kang , Xiaoke Yang , Liang Zhang , Xiaoli Li , Shukai Zheng , Xiaoyan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Autism has garnered significant attention due to its abnormal brain network function.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>EEG microstates are brief, stable patterns of brain activity during rest, lasting 80–120 milliseconds before rapidly transitioning to new configurations. A static brain functional network was constructed based on microstates, and the static brain functional network was further quantified using fuzzy entropy to build a dynamic brain functional network. The techniques thoroughly assessed how children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) brain networks differed from two angles: microstate static functional connectivity and dynamic temporal variability. These features were used in a support vector machine classification model to distinguish ASD children. Additionally, the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the brain functional network of ASD children was also assessed using this approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The static functional connectivity of microstate A in ASD children was significantly lower than that of TD children, while the static functional connectivity of microstate D was significantly higher in the ASD group. The dynamic functional connectivity of microstates A, B, C, and D in the ASD group was significantly reduced across the whole brain. The support vector machine (SVM) classification accuracy based on these features was 96.33 %. Furthermore, after tDCS intervention, ASD children showed a trend of increased static functional connectivity in microstates A and C, as well as a tendency for increased dynamic functional connectivity in microstates A, B, and D.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A notable disparity was observed between children diagnosed with ASD and TD regarding their static and dynamic brain networks. The excellent classification results were achieved. Furthermore, it was discovered that the tDCS intervention altered the children with ASD's static and dynamic brain networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104437
Keiko Ishigaki , Mariko Taniguchi-Ikeda
Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD, a severe form of muscular dystrophy characterized by brain structural anomalies and ocular complications due to neuronal migration disorders, is notably limited mainly to Japan. Ninety percent of patients are unable to walk throughout their lives and die before the age of 20 due to respiratory failure and cardiomyopathy. At present, there is no cure. The founder variant, a 3-kb insertion in FKTN, is an SVA (SINE-VNTR-Alu) retrotransposon, and FCMD is a splicing disorder attributable the exon trapping function of this retrotransposon. A splicing modulation therapy targeting exon-trapping based on using antisense nucleic acids to block abnormal splicing is under development, and clinical trials have begun. Additionally, it was clarified that the gene product of FKTN is a glycosyltransferase that transfers ribitol-5-phosphate from cytidine diphosphate ribitol, a precursor for the synthesis of the O-mannosyl glycans of α-dystroglycan, a cell membrane component. This finding raises hopes for a prodrug therapy. Though patient numbers were small, previous clinical studies suggested that steroids are effective in FCMD. Thus, phase II clinical trials are underway with the aim of obtaining insurance approval. This review provides an overview of the clinical course and current status of treatments being developed for FCMD.
{"title":"Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy: Clinical features and therapeutic advances","authors":"Keiko Ishigaki , Mariko Taniguchi-Ikeda","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD, a severe form of muscular dystrophy characterized by brain structural anomalies and ocular complications due to neuronal migration disorders, is notably limited mainly to Japan. Ninety percent of patients are unable to walk throughout their lives and die before the age of 20 due to respiratory failure and cardiomyopathy. At present, there is no cure. The founder variant, a 3-kb insertion in <em>FKTN</em>, is an SVA (SINE-VNTR-<em>Alu</em>) retrotransposon, and FCMD is a splicing disorder attributable the exon trapping function of this retrotransposon. A splicing modulation therapy targeting exon-trapping based on using antisense nucleic acids to block abnormal splicing is under development, and clinical trials have begun. Additionally, it was clarified that the gene product of <em>FKTN</em> is a glycosyltransferase that transfers ribitol-5-phosphate from cytidine diphosphate ribitol, a precursor for the synthesis of the <em>O</em>-mannosyl glycans of α-dystroglycan, a cell membrane component. This finding raises hopes for a prodrug therapy. Though patient numbers were small, previous clinical studies suggested that steroids are effective in FCMD. Thus, phase II clinical trials are underway with the aim of obtaining insurance approval. This review provides an overview of the clinical course and current status of treatments being developed for FCMD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most frequent form of acute encephalopathy in early childhood in Japan. Magnetic resonance imaging provides useful hallmarks of diagnosing AESD. However, metabolomic profiles for AESD remain elusive. This study investigates whether measurement of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is useful for the diagnosis of AESD before onset.
Methods
In the first study, CSF samples were collected from patients (11 AESD and 17 controls) admitted to Kyushu University Hospital during 2011–2016. Amino acids in the CSF were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Cytometric bead arrays were used to measure cytokine and chemokine levels in the CSF. The second study was performed by recruiting patients (8 AESD patients and 10 controls) admitted during 2011–2024. CSF samples were stored at −20 °C for 1 month to 12 years.
Results
In the first study, glutamate levels in the CSF from AESD patients were higher than in controls and correlated with methionine, threonine, and tyrosine levels. A correlation map of cytokines and amino acids revealed that glutamate formed a cluster with IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12 p70. In the second study, no difference in glutamate levels was observed between AESD and control groups.
Conclusions
CSF glutamate potentially serves as a useful marker for diagnosing AESD. The long-term storage of CSF samples was likely to cause a decay of glutamate in the CSF. Prospective studies using fresh CSF samples are necessary to validate the results in this study.
{"title":"Glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic marker for acute encephalopathy in childhood","authors":"Kenta Kajiwara , Daiki Setoyama , Kanako Higashi , Tomoko Nomiyama , Yuko Ichimiya , Daichi Kumamoto , Satoshi Akamine , Yuri Sonoda , Pin Fee Chong , Ryuichi Takemoto , Wakato Matsuoka , Soichi Mizuguchi , Noriyuki Kaku , Takahiro A. Kato , Tomohiko Akahoshi , Yuya Kunisaki , Yasunari Sakai , Shouichi Ohga","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Backgrounds</h3><div>Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most frequent form of acute encephalopathy in early childhood in Japan. Magnetic resonance imaging provides useful hallmarks of diagnosing AESD. However, metabolomic profiles for AESD remain elusive. This study investigates whether measurement of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is useful for the diagnosis of AESD before onset.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the first study, CSF samples were collected from patients (11 AESD and 17 controls) admitted to Kyushu University Hospital during 2011–2016. Amino acids in the CSF were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Cytometric bead arrays were used to measure cytokine and chemokine levels in the CSF. The second study was performed by recruiting patients (8 AESD patients and 10 controls) admitted during 2011–2024. CSF samples were stored at −20 °C for 1 month to 12 years.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the first study, glutamate levels in the CSF from AESD patients were higher than in controls and correlated with methionine, threonine, and tyrosine levels. A correlation map of cytokines and amino acids revealed that glutamate formed a cluster with IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12 p70. In the second study, no difference in glutamate levels was observed between AESD and control groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CSF glutamate potentially serves as a useful marker for diagnosing AESD. The long-term storage of CSF samples was likely to cause a decay of glutamate in the CSF. Prospective studies using fresh CSF samples are necessary to validate the results in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145152058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104436
Jung Sook Yeom , Young-Soo Kim
Objective
To compare parenting stress between parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities (DDs) and to examine ASD's influence on parenting stress through mediation analysis.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 48 children with ASD (ASD group) and 77 with non-ASD DDs (non-ASD group), along with one of their parents, at the Gyeongsang National University Hospital between May 2021 and August 2024. All underwent developmental assessments and completed the Korean version of the Parenting Stress Index-4 and the Child Interactive Behavior Test (CIBT).
Results
The ASD group's median age was 37.5 months, with 37 boys (77.1 %). No significant difference was found in child age, sex, or parental demographics between the groups. Total parenting stress was significantly higher in the ASD group (p = 0.01), primarily due to higher child domain scores (p<0.01) than in the non-ASD group. Among the child domain subscales, Distractibility/Hyperactivity, Adaptability, Reinforces Parent, and Acceptability were significantly higher in the ASD group, while only the Attachment subscale differed in the parent domain. For high parenting stress (>85th percentile), Initiative Interaction—a CIBT subscale—was the only independent predictor, rather than ASD diagnosis. Mediation analysis showed no direct effect of ASD on parenting stress (β = 4.28, p = 0.42) but an indirect effect via reduced initial interaction (β = 3.68, p<0.05).
Conclusions
Parenting stress was higher in the ASD group, mainly due to child-related factors. ASD influenced parenting stress indirectly through reduced initiative interaction. These findings provide further insight into parenting stress in families of children with ASD.
{"title":"Parenting stress in autism spectrum disorder: A comparative analysis with other developmental disabilities","authors":"Jung Sook Yeom , Young-Soo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare parenting stress between parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities (DDs) and to examine ASD's influence on parenting stress through mediation analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively analyzed 48 children with ASD (ASD group) and 77 with non-ASD DDs (non-ASD group), along with one of their parents, at the Gyeongsang National University Hospital between May 2021 and August 2024. All underwent developmental assessments and completed the Korean version of the Parenting Stress Index-4 and the Child Interactive Behavior Test (CIBT).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ASD group's median age was 37.5 months, with 37 boys (77.1 %). No significant difference was found in child age, sex, or parental demographics between the groups. Total parenting stress was significantly higher in the ASD group (<em>p</em> = 0.01), primarily due to higher child domain scores (<em>p</em><0.01) than in the non-ASD group. Among the child domain subscales, Distractibility/Hyperactivity, Adaptability, Reinforces Parent, and Acceptability were significantly higher in the ASD group, while only the Attachment subscale differed in the parent domain. For high parenting stress (>85th percentile), Initiative Interaction—a CIBT subscale—was the only independent predictor, rather than ASD diagnosis. Mediation analysis showed no direct effect of ASD on parenting stress (β = 4.28, <em>p</em> = 0.42) but an indirect effect via reduced initial interaction (β = 3.68, <em>p</em><0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Parenting stress was higher in the ASD group, mainly due to child-related factors. ASD influenced parenting stress indirectly through reduced initiative interaction. These findings provide further insight into parenting stress in families of children with ASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To investigate the characteristics of cancers in aging individuals with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID).
Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single center. Clinical records of 186 individuals residing in the SMID ward between January 2002 and December 2022 were reviewed. For colorectal cancer, which showed high incidence, statistical comparisons were performed with an age- and sex-matched non-cancer control group.
Results: Among 48 recorded deaths, cancer was the most common cause (13 cases, 27 %; median age at death, 57 years), followed by pneumonia (12 cases, 25 %; median age at death, 51 years). Among the 20 patients diagnosed with cancers (affecting 22 organs), colorectal cancer accounted for eight cases (36 %) and breast cancer for six cases (27 %). The standardized incidence ratios for both cancers exceeded 1. Colorectal cancer incidence was significantly associated with frequent gross hematochezia and the number of preceding years with positive fecal occult blood test results, as well as marginally with the frequency of enemas. Four patients with colorectal cancer underwent surgery, and three were alive at the end of the study period.
Conclusion: As individuals with SMID age, cancer has become a leading cause of death. The incidence rates of colorectal and breast cancers exceed those in the general population. It is justifiable to apply the same screening protocols to this population as in the general population, but strategies to enhance diagnostic specificity and reduce the invasiveness of confirmatory tests are desirable. Surgical treatment for colorectal cancer may improve the survival outcomes.
{"title":"Cancers in an aging population with severe motor and intellectual disabilities: a single-center retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Hiroshi Terashima, Yoshiaki Saito, Nagahisa Takahashi, Masashi Mizuguchi, Eiji Kitazumi","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the characteristics of cancers in aging individuals with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single center. Clinical records of 186 individuals residing in the SMID ward between January 2002 and December 2022 were reviewed. For colorectal cancer, which showed high incidence, statistical comparisons were performed with an age- and sex-matched non-cancer control group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 48 recorded deaths, cancer was the most common cause (13 cases, 27 %; median age at death, 57 years), followed by pneumonia (12 cases, 25 %; median age at death, 51 years). Among the 20 patients diagnosed with cancers (affecting 22 organs), colorectal cancer accounted for eight cases (36 %) and breast cancer for six cases (27 %). The standardized incidence ratios for both cancers exceeded 1. Colorectal cancer incidence was significantly associated with frequent gross hematochezia and the number of preceding years with positive fecal occult blood test results, as well as marginally with the frequency of enemas. Four patients with colorectal cancer underwent surgery, and three were alive at the end of the study period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As individuals with SMID age, cancer has become a leading cause of death. The incidence rates of colorectal and breast cancers exceed those in the general population. It is justifiable to apply the same screening protocols to this population as in the general population, but strategies to enhance diagnostic specificity and reduce the invasiveness of confirmatory tests are desirable. Surgical treatment for colorectal cancer may improve the survival outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"104416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144818402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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