Food Analytical Methods最新文献

Conventional protein extraction methods often face challenges such as low yields, long processing times, and environmental concerns. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), composed of natural hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, offer a sustainable and efficient alternative. This review highlights traditional extraction techniques and their limitations then focuses on the advantages of NADES and explores the key factors that affect protein solubility and extraction efficiency. Various NADES components are evaluated for their roles in enhancing protein yield. NADES-extracted proteins exhibit high techno-functional properties beneficial for food systems. Life cycle analyses indicate carbon footprint reductions of 60–75% and energy savings of 40–65% relative to traditional extraction modes, while toxicological studies suggest that food-grade NADES formulations are safe. Recent advancements in applying NADES for protein recovery from oilseeds, legumes, and food by-products are also discussed. Despite their potential, issues like high viscosity and challenges in protein recovery and scalability remain. Current applications include sustainable food protein production, nutraceutical component manufacturing, and therapeutic pharmaceutical protein isolation, together with new opportunities with cellular agriculture and alternative protein technology. Future applications of work involve the computational-guided design of the NADES system, utilizing a Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) modeling to optimize continuous processing and to gain regulatory approval for applications in food-grade use. NADES technology embodies an important shift towards environmentally sustainable protein isolation that maximizes product quality, minimizes environmental impact, and is economically viable for multiple industries. The review concludes by outlining future research needs to improve NADES applications for green, high-performance protein extraction.

The objective of the present study is to optimize the extraction method for maximum retention of nutritional and bioactive compounds from bitter gourd waste (pomace). Earlier used thermal technology like steam blanching results in loss of nutritional quality due to rise in temperature during heating. But novel non-thermal technologies like ultrasonication and cold plasma offer significant advantages over conventional thermal technologies like retaining nutrients, texture and microbial safety. Also, currently, no data is available on the processing of bitter gourd waste through cold plasma and ultrasonication treatments. So, in this study, novel non-thermal technologies such as cold plasma and ultrasonication are compared with conventional thermal technology i.e. steam blanching. The effects of these technologies as pre-treatments were examined on bitter gourd pomace to monitor the changes in the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, protein content, along with their total antioxidant activity and microbial load. In the present study, cold plasma emerged as the most effective method for enhancing the total phenolic content (18.52 mg GAE/g), reducing microbial load (6.29 *10² CFU/ml), and retaining protein content (4.96%). However, ultrasonication method proved to be superior for maximizing total flavonoid content (10.83 mg quercetin equivalent/g), while steam blanching offered the highest total antioxidant activity (45.91% inhibition) in the bitter gourd waste. Overall, the results suggested that cold plasma technology was found to be most effective pre-treatment for retaining maximum nutritional and bioactive compounds. Collectively, these findings are valuable for advancing food processing technologies, promoting sustainable practices, and optimizing nutrient retention.

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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted attention in electrochemical sensing due to their adjustable structures, relatively large surface areas, and the presence of multiple potential active sites. Herein, Ni/CoMOFs were successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal method and immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for the detection of histamine (HA) was constructed. Owing to the synergistic catalytic effects of Ni and Co centers together with the intrinsic porosity of the MOF, outstanding electrocatalytic activity was displayed by the resulting Ni/CoMOFs/GCE. The sensor exhibited a linear response within the concentration range of 18–333 µM, with a detection limit of 0.55 µM. After 28 days, 92.11% of the initial current response was maintained, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 5%. These results indicate that the sensor possesses satisfactory stability, reproducibility, and selectivity. Finally, the sensor successfully quantified histamine in wine samples, and the recovery rate was up to 98.13%, demonstrating its practical applicability.

Molecularly imprinted polymers, also known as artificial antibodies, have the potential to develop customized imprints of particular template molecules within a solidified polymeric environment. Analyte-specific molecular recognition is considered a crucial aspect of sensor performance. The effectiveness of sensors is dependent upon selectivity and mass transfer at the sites where analyte recognition occurs. Consequently, it is crucial to take into account the factors influencing mass transfer, such as structural characteristics, stability, and morphological features. This has led to the development of advanced molecularly imprinted probes aimed at enhancing sensor performance. Fiber optic sensors have become increasingly utilized because of their beneficial characteristics. The SPR technique, utilizing the Kretschmann configuration, has gained significant attraction in biosensing applications owing to its rapid and label-free detection capabilities. MIP-based electrochemical sensors employing nanotubes, graphene oxide, and metal oxide nanoparticles and magnetic composites present a promising option for the development of electrochemical sensors, as their distinctive magnetic properties facilitate rapid separation and easy preparation. This review provides the recent developments and research progress made in electrochemical and fiber optical sensors in the framework of MIP-integrated sensors for food security. The progress in surface imprinting and the benefits, including rapid mass transfer and removal of template molecules, are also discussed.

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This study investigated the efficacy of ultra-performance liquid chromatography–isotope dilution–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ID-MS/MS) combined with either liquid–liquid extraction–solid phase extraction (LLE-SPE) or quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) for the simultaneous determination of six sulfonamides and trimethoprim in beef, pork, and chicken powders. Method performance was comparatively assessed based on chromatographic peak intensities, recoveries, matrix effects, detection limits, and measurement uncertainties. Both methodologies generally achieved recoveries close to 100% for all analytes across meat types, indicating high accuracy and reliability. The only exception was trimethoprim in pork samples processed by LLE-SPE. QuEChERS provided superior matrix cleanup and yielded more consistent results across different meat types. The limits of quantification ranged from 5.4 to 9.8 ng/kg, and measurement uncertainties ranged from 1.6% to 8.0% for both methods. These findings demonstrate that both methods are capable of detecting sulfonamide and trimethoprim residues well below regulatory thresholds, with high precision and generally high recovery across various analytes and matrices. By combining the high separation efficiency and sensitivity of UPLC with the accuracy of IDMS, this approach offers a robust tool for routine monitoring and accurate quantification of these veterinary drug residues in meat products, thereby enhancing food safety oversight.

In this study, a rapid and sensitive HPLC-mass spectrometric method was applied for identification and semi-quantification of flavonoids and nonflavonoids in Kratošija wines. Wines were produced by inoculation of two commercial yeasts (Zymaflore^TM Xpure (Laffort) and Lalvin ICV D80 (Lallemand)) in order to study the effect of the yeast on the phenolics profile of wines. The targeted analyses of phenolic compounds have been performed using HPLC with a tandem mass spectrometer in a single reaction monitoring mode (SRM) or fragmentation spectrum mode to determine each individual compound. A total of 26 phenolic compounds, including 13 nonflavonoids (10 phenolic acids and 2 stilbenes and 1 stilbenoid) and 13 flavonoids (6 flavan-3-ols, 3 flavonols, 2 flavones, 1 flavanone, and 1 flavanonol), have been determined. Flavones chrysin and luteolin, flavanone naringenin, flavanonol taxifolin, and stilbenoid ε-viniferin were reported for the first time in Macedonian red wine. The effect of yeast on the phenolic profile of wines was noticed, as a result of the different fermentation rates in accordance to their specifications. Flavan-3-ols were present in a higher content in the wine fermented with Lalvin ICV D80, while wine fermented with Zymaflore^TM Xpure presented higher amounts of all other phenolic compounds.

Homemade alcohol-related deaths are a significant public health issue which is often overlooked. Methanol, which can be produced through fermentation or deliberately added by the brewers to the beverages, has been reported as the leading cause of most deaths around the world. Botswana has not been spared as cases of death following the consumption of homemade alcoholic beverages remain high; unfortunately, most of these deaths have never been investigated for methanol content. We hereby present, for the first time, a study involving the investigation of eight different samples of Botswana homemade alcoholic beverages for methanol content. A brief history of the samples revealed that they were obtained from local brewers around the country as evidence of deaths related to alcohol consumption. A liquid–liquid extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry method for the detection and quantification of methanol in the homemade alcoholic beverages was optimized for the extraction of methanol using ethyl acetate and validated for accuracy, precision, repeatability, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and stability. The validated method showed good linearity with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.996. It was found to be precise with %RSD values ≤ 5%. Repeatability was acceptable with %RSD values ≤ 5%. Also, percentage recoveries were within 100% with lower LOD and LOQ values. After successful validation, all eight samples from the Botswana Police were analyzed. Methanol was detected and quantified in five samples being T16, T42, T46, T50 and T55 at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 1.6% v/v. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that methanol values in these samples were around the safety level of 1 (0.783–1.57) when using the guidelines of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

This preliminary study aimed to identify and simultaneously quantify four phenolic of gallic acid (GA), scopoletin (SC), rosmarinic acid (RA), and resveratrol (RV) in the fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction using a dismembrator (20 kHz) was performed using the uncrushed on whole seeds with three green solvents: acetone (ACT), ethanol (EtOH), and water (H₂O). An in-house UHPLC-DAD method was developed, validated, and applied to determine phenolic profiles in 15 seed samples from Egypt, India, Qassim (Saudi Arabia), Yemen, and Iran. Method validation showed high accuracy [GA: 99.77 ± 12.33%, SC: 99.88 ± 7.94%, RA: 100.37 ± 8.02%, RV: 101.39 ± 5.39%] with r² ≥ 0.9998. Relative SD ranged from 3.04–3.90%, LOD from 10.10–13.85 ppm, and LOQ from 30.60–41.97 ppm. Extract yields (1.2–152.9 mg; mean 24.19 ± 33.12 mg, N = 45) ranked: H₂O (622.8 ± 231.4 mg) > ACT (417.8 ± 61.2 mg) > EtOH (48 ± 5.8 mg). Yemen-origin JY1 (152.9 mg), Egypt-origin JE2 (140.3 mg), and Qassim-origin RQ2 (107.3 mg) gave the highest yields. Total phenolics followed SC (2337.0 ppm) > GA (146.2 ppm) > RV (135.4 ppm) > RA (109.7 ppm). Herein, a solvent specific phenolic recovery ranked as: H₂O (2613.3 ± 502.1 ppm) > EtOH (60.99 ± 27.17 ppm) > ACT (53.6 ± 7.41 ppm), with occurrence patterns: H₂O (SC > GA > RA > RV), EtOH (RV > SC > GA), ACT (GA > SC > RV). Pearson’s correlation confirmed a positive relationship between solvent type and phenolic yield, while K-means clustering identified JQ1 (Qassim) and RE1 (Egypt) as rich in multiple phenolics. These findings offer practical insight of solvent-dependent variation in phenolic content, underlining water as the most effective green solvent for maximizing extraction yield and phenolic recovery.

Pectin, a complex polysaccharide known for its gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties, is an essential ingredient in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Its functional characteristics are highly dependent on its molecular structure, which can be influenced by extraction and purification methods. This study investigates the impact of different extraction and purification techniques—specifically ultrafiltration (UF) and alcohol precipitation with and without maltodextrin (MD) addition—on the structural and dynamic properties of pectin. To characterize the molecular dynamics and structural heterogeneity of pectin samples, time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) methods including solid echo (SE), double-quantum (DQ) build-up experiment, saturation-recovery (SR), and Goldman-Shen (GS) sequences were employed in combination with Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the molecular composition of pectins is influenced by the choice of extraction and purification methods. MD treatments result in increased solid content and higher averaged spin–lattice relaxation times, indicative of a more rigid and densely packed structure. The addition of maltodextrin not only enhances the dry matter content but also stabilizes the pectin network through cross-linking and reduced water mobility, which is vital for achieving desired textural properties. The Goldman-Shen sequence provided insights into spin diffusion, revealing that treatments involving isopropanol (IPA) and UF modify the structural domains organization of pectin without significantly altering solid content. This suggests an enhancement in molecular order and flexibility. Correlation analysis of T_DQ values with various models (Pake, Abragamian, Gaussian, Polynomial) further elucidates distinct molecular interactions and relaxation behaviors among different pectin samples.