Palaeontology最新文献_第9页

Diversity dynamics of microfossils from the Cretaceous to the Neogene show mixed responses to events. 从白垩纪到新近纪的微化石多样性动态表现出对事件的混合响应。

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12615

Katie M Jamson, Benjamin C Moon, Andrew J Fraass

Microfossils have a ubiquitous and well-studied fossil record with temporally and spatially fluctuating diversity, but how this arises and how major events affect speciation and extinction is uncertain. We present one of the first applications of PyRate to a micropalaeontological global occurrence dataset, reconstructing diversification rates within a Bayesian framework from the Mesozoic to the Neogene in four microfossil groups: planktic foraminiferans, calcareous nannofossils, radiolarians and diatoms. Calcareous and siliceous groups demonstrate opposed but inconsistent responses in diversification. Radiolarian origination increases from c. 104 Ma, maintaining high rates into the Cenozoic. Calcareous microfossil diversification rates significantly declines across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary, while rates in siliceous microfossil groups remain stable until the Paleocene-Eocene transition. Diversification rates in the Cenozoic are largely stable in calcareous groups, whereas the Palaeogene is a turbulent time for diatoms. Diversification fluctuations are driven by climate change and fluctuations in sea surface temperatures, leading to different responses in the groups generating calcareous or siliceous microfossils. Extinctions are apparently induced by changes in anoxia, acidification and stratification; speciation tends to be associated with upwelling, productivity and ocean circulation. These results invite further micropalaeontological quantitative analysis and study of the effects of major transitions in the fossil record. Despite extensive occurrence data, regional diversification events were not recovered; neither were some global events. These unexpected results show the need to consider multiple spatiotemporal levels of diversity and diversification analyses and imply that occurrence datasets of different clades may be more appropriate for testing some hypotheses than others.

微化石在时间和空间上具有波动的多样性，但这是如何产生的以及重大事件如何影响物种形成和灭绝是不确定的。我们首次将PyRate应用于微古生物全球产状数据集，在贝叶斯框架内重建了从中生代到新近纪的四个微化石类群的多样化率:浮游有孔虫、钙质纳米化石、放射虫和硅藻。钙质组和硅质组表现出相反但不一致的多样化反应。放射虫的起源从c. 104 Ma开始增加，并保持高速率进入新生代。钙质微化石多样化率在白垩纪-古近纪界线上显著下降，而硅质微化石群的多样化率在古新世-始新世过渡时期保持稳定。新生代钙质组的多样化率基本稳定，而古近纪是硅藻的动荡时期。多样化波动受气候变化和海面温度波动的驱动，导致产生钙质或硅质微化石的群体有不同的反应。灭绝显然是由缺氧、酸化和分层的变化引起的;物种形成往往与上升流、生产力和海洋环流有关。这些结果要求进一步的微古生物定量分析和研究化石记录中主要转变的影响。尽管有大量的发生数据，但区域多样化事件并未恢复;一些全球性事件也没有。这些意想不到的结果表明，需要考虑多个时空水平的多样性和多样化分析，并意味着不同进化支的发生数据集可能比其他数据集更适合于检验某些假设。

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引用次数: 3

Osteohistology and taphonomy support social aggregation in the early ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus 骨组织学和解剖学支持早期鸟臀目恐龙Lesothosaurus diagnosticus的社会聚集

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12619

J. Botha, J. Choiniere, P. Barrett

Lesothosaurus diagnosticus is a small ornithischian dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Massospondylus Assemblage Zone of the upper Elliot Formation of the Karoo Basin of South Africa and Lesotho. The Early Jurassic age, comparatively large sample size, and multiple growth stages of Lesothosaurus make it an excellent taxon for investigating the plesiomorphic condition of ornithischian growth. Here, we examine the osteohistology of an ontogenetic series of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus using multiple limb elements to assess the maximum body size, life history, growth dynamics and potential for sociality in one of the earliest‐branching ornithischian dinosaurs. We found that Lesothosaurus grew rapidly during early and mid‐ontogeny (as shown by its highly vascularized woven‐parallel complex) with its growth rate decreasing between 2–4 years of age, possibly indicating the onset of reproductive maturity. However, an external fundamental system, indicating a cessation in growth, could not be confirmed in any of the individuals studied, suggesting that at 6 years of age, this taxon was still not fully grown. The presence of multiple individuals of varying ontogenetic stages in a monodominant bone bed strongly suggests that it lived in multigenerational herds, indicating that, along with the Venezuelan Laquintasaura venezuelae, social behaviour developed very early in ornithischian evolutionary history.

诊断莱索托莱索托莱索托卡鲁盆地上艾略特组下侏罗统大脊骨龙组合带中的一种小型鸟臀目恐龙。早侏罗世时期，相对较大的样本量和多个生长阶段使莱索龙成为研究鸟嘴目动物发育的良好分类群。在此，我们使用多个肢体元素来研究诊断莱索龙个体发生系列的骨组织学，以评估最早分支的鸟臀目恐龙之一的最大体型、生活史、生长动力学和社会性潜力。我们发现莱索龙在个体发育的早期和中期生长迅速(如其高度血管化的编织平行复合体)，其生长速度在2-4岁之间下降，可能表明生殖成熟的开始。然而，在任何被研究的个体中都没有发现表明生长停止的外部基本系统，这表明该分类群在6岁时仍未完全发育。在单优势骨床中存在不同个体发育阶段的多个个体，强烈表明它生活在多代群体中，表明与委内瑞拉Laquintasaura venezuela一起，社会行为在鸟臀目进化史上发展得很早。

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引用次数: 2

Skeletal and soft tissue completeness of the acanthodian fossil record 棘蜥化石记录的骨骼和软组织完整性

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12616

Lisa Schnetz, R. Butler, M. Coates, I. Sansom

Acanthodians are a poorly understood paraphyletic grade of extinct Palaeozoic fishes. They play an increasingly prominent role in our understanding of vertebrate evolution as part of the chondrichthyan stem‐group even though their evolutionary history is scarce. The limited preservation of their mostly cartilaginous skeleton largely results in a bias towards isolated remains such as fin spines and scales. Here, we quantify the quality of the acanthodian fossil record by using a variation of the Skeletal Completeness Metric (SCM), an approach that calculates how complete the skeletons of individuals are compared to their theoretical complete skeleton. A novel Soft Tissue Completeness Metric (STCM) is introduced to estimate the percentage of soft body tissue preserved as an alternate measurement of completeness. Completeness scores for >1600 specimens comprising >300 taxa obtained from museum collection visits and literature surveys were assembled into a database. Acanthodian completeness peaks in the Lower–Middle Devonian, Pennsylvanian, and earliest Permian. There is no correlation between acanthodian taxonomic richness and completeness. Acanthodians show a significantly lower completeness distribution than many tetrapod groups, but a similarly low distribution to bats. Skeletons deposited in freshwater are significantly more complete than in marine environments where sea level significantly negatively correlates with observed completeness. Our assessment reveals only weak spatial biases influencing the acanthodian fossil record while environmental biases are much higher. This quantified evaluation of acanthodians provides a foundation for further assessments of the likely influence of character absences from morphological datasets on estimates of early chondrichthyan and, therefore, early gnathostome evolution.

棘皮鱼是一种鲜为人知的已灭绝的古生代鱼类。它们在我们理解脊椎动物进化过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用，是软骨鱼纲干群的一部分，尽管它们的进化历史很少。它们主要是软骨骨骼的有限保存在很大程度上导致了对鳍棘和鳞片等孤立遗骸的偏爱。在这里，我们通过使用骨骼完整性度量（SCM）的变体来量化非正统化石记录的质量，SCM是一种计算个体骨骼与其理论完整骨骼相比的完整程度的方法。引入了一种新的软组织完整性度量（STCM）来估计保存的软组织百分比，作为完整性的替代测量。从博物馆藏品访问和文献调查中获得的1600多个标本（包括300多个分类群）的完整性得分汇总到数据库中。棘突岩的完整性在下泥盆纪-中泥盆纪、宾夕法尼亚纪和二叠纪早期达到顶峰。非正统分类的丰富性和完整性之间没有相关性。棘皮动物的完整性分布明显低于许多四足动物群，但蝙蝠的分布也同样较低。沉积在淡水中的骨骼比沉积在海平面与观测到的完整性显著负相关的海洋环境中的骨骼要完整得多。我们的评估显示，只有微弱的空间偏见影响非正统化石记录，而环境偏见要高得多。这种对棘突动物的量化评估为进一步评估形态学数据集中的特征缺失对早期软骨鱼纲动物估计的可能影响，从而为早期颚体进化提供了基础。

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引用次数: 4

Experimental analysis of organ decay and pH gradients within a carcass and the implications for phosphatization of soft tissues 胴体内器官腐烂和pH梯度的实验分析及其对软组织磷酸化的影响

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12617

Thomas Clements, M. Purnell, S. Gabbott

Replacement of soft tissues by calcium phosphate can yield spectacular fossils. However, in the fossil record, the phosphatization of internal organs is highly selective; some internal organs, such as muscles, stomachs, and intestines, appear to preferentially phosphatize while other organs seldom phosphatize. The reasons for this are unclear but one hypothesis is that, during decay, organs create distinct chemical microenvironments and only some fall below the critical pH threshold for mineralization to occur (i.e. below the carbonic acid dissociation constant: pH 6.38). Here, we present a novel investigation using microelectrodes that record dynamic spatial and temporal pH gradients inside organs within a fish carcass in real time. Our experiments demonstrate that within a decaying fish carcass, organ‐specific microenvironments are not generated. Rather, a pervasive pH environment forms within the body cavity which persists until integumentary failure. With no evidence to support the development of organ‐specific microenvironments during decay our data suggest other factors must control differential organ phosphatization. We propose, that when conditions are amenable, it is tissue biochemistry that plays an important role in selective phosphatization. Tissues with high phosphate content (and those rich in collagen) are most likely to phosphatize. Internal organs that typically have lower tissue‐bound phosphate, including the integuments of the stomach and intestine, may require other sources of phosphate such as ingested phosphate‐rich organic matter. If tissue biochemistry is the driver behind selective phosphatization, this may provide insights into other highly selective modes of soft‐tissue preservation (e.g. pyritization).

用磷酸钙替代软组织可以产生壮观的化石。然而，在化石记录中，内脏的磷酸化是高度选择性的；一些内脏，如肌肉、胃和肠，似乎优先磷酸化，而其他器官很少磷酸化。其原因尚不清楚，但有一种假设是，在衰变过程中，器官会产生不同的化学微环境，只有一些会低于矿化发生的临界pH阈值（即低于碳酸离解常数：pH 6.38）。在这里，我们提出了一项新的研究，使用微电极实时记录鱼尸体内器官内的动态空间和时间pH梯度。我们的实验表明，在腐烂的鱼体内，不会产生器官特异性的微环境。相反，在体腔内形成了一个普遍的pH环境，这种环境一直持续到表皮失效。由于没有证据支持衰变过程中器官特异性微环境的发展，我们的数据表明，其他因素必须控制不同的器官磷酸化。我们提出，当条件合适时，组织生物化学在选择性磷酸化中起着重要作用。磷酸盐含量高的组织（以及富含胶原蛋白的组织）最容易磷酸化。通常具有较低组织结合磷酸盐的内脏，包括胃和肠的表皮，可能需要其他磷酸盐来源，如摄入的富含磷酸盐的有机物。如果组织生物化学是选择性磷酸化背后的驱动因素，这可能为其他高选择性的软组织保存模式（如黄铁矿化）提供见解。

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引用次数: 3

Planetary‐scale change to the biosphere signalled by global species translocations can be used to identify the Anthropocene 以全球物种迁移为标志的生物圈的行星尺度变化可用于确定人类世

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12618

Mark Williams, R. Leinfelder, A. Barnosky, M. Head, F. McCarthy, A. Cearreta, Stephen Himson, R. Holmes, C. Waters, J. Zalasiewicz, S. Turner, M. McGann, E. Hadly, M. Stegner, P. Pilkington, J. Kaiser, J. Berrío, I. Wilkinson, J. Zinke, K. Delong

We examine three distinctive biostratigraphic signatures of humans associated with hunting and gathering, landscape domestication and globalization. All three signatures have significant fossil records of regional importance that can be correlated inter‐regionally and help describe the developing pattern of human expansion and appropriation of resources. While none have individual first or last appearances that provide a globally isochronous marker, all three signatures overlap stratigraphically, in that they are part of a continuum of change, with complex regional patterns. Here we show that during the later stages of globalization, late nineteenth to twentieth century records of species translocations can be used to build an interconnected web of palaeontological correlation with decadal or sub‐decadal precision that dovetails with other stratigraphic markers for the Anthropocene. This palaeontological web is also a proxy for accelerating species extinction and of a state shift in the biosphere in the twentieth century.

我们研究了人类与狩猎和采集、景观驯化和全球化有关的三个独特的生物地层学特征。这三个特征都有具有区域重要性的重要化石记录，可以在区域间进行关联，并有助于描述人类扩张和资源占用的发展模式。虽然没有一个单独的第一次或最后一次出现可以提供全局等时标记，但所有三个特征在地层上都重叠，因为它们是具有复杂区域模式的连续变化的一部分。在这里，我们表明，在全球化的后期阶段，19世纪末至20世纪物种迁移的记录可以用来建立一个相互关联的古生物学关联网络，其十年或十年以下的精度与人类世的其他地层标记相吻合。这种古生物学网络也是20世纪物种灭绝加速和生物圈状态转变的代表。

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引用次数: 10

Feeding habits of the Middle Triassic pseudosuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis from Germany and palaeoecological implications for archosaurs 德国中三叠世kupferzellbatrachotomus的食性及其古生态学意义

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12597

E. Mujal, C. Foth, E. Maxwell, Dieter Seegis, R. Schoch

Bite traces on fossil bones are key to deciphering feeding ecology and trophic interactions of vertebrate past ecosystems. However, similarities between traces produced by different carnivorous taxa with similar dentitions, and misidentifications due to equifinality, hinder confident identifications of the bite makers. Here, we correlate bite traces with macroscopic wear and microanatomy of the teeth of the pseudosuchian archosaur Batrachotomus kupferzellensis from the Triassic Lower Keuper fossil lagerstätten (southern Germany), untangling its feeding habits and shedding light on the bite traces generated by ziphodont teeth (teeth with serrated carinae). Individually, bite traces reflect tooth morphology, whereas composite bite traces and their frequency are related to feeding behaviour and explain tooth macroscopic wear and microanatomy. Therefore the identification of the bite maker is possible by analysing composite bite traces, their location on bones, and their relative abundance. In addition, tooth macroscopic wear and microanatomy are proven as independent lines of evidence of feeding ecology. Comparing bite traces on fossil and present‐day bone assemblages, we observe that bone modifications by the crocodylomorph lineage (from Triassic pseudosuchian archosaurs to extinct and extant crocodylians) are strikingly similar, including taxa with and without ziphodont teeth. Such a set of features differs from bone modification assemblages produced by taxa with similar ziphodont teeth outside the pseudosuchian lineage, such as theropod dinosaurs and the Komodo monitor, suggesting phylogeny is a better predictor of feeding ecology among saurian reptiles than tooth morphology.

化石骨骼上的咬痕是解读脊椎动物过去生态系统的进食生态学和营养相互作用的关键。然而，由具有相似齿系的不同肉食性分类群产生的痕迹之间的相似性，以及由于等最终性而导致的错误识别，阻碍了咬痕制作者的自信识别。在这里，我们将咬合痕迹与三叠纪下科佩尔化石lagerstätten（德国南部）中的假苏克阶祖龙Batrachotomus kupferzellensis牙齿的宏观磨损和微观解剖联系起来，解开了它的进食习惯，并揭示了ziphodont牙齿（具有锯齿状隆突的牙齿）产生的咬合痕迹。单独来看，咬合痕迹反映了牙齿的形态，而复合咬合痕迹及其频率与进食行为有关，并解释了牙齿的宏观磨损和微观解剖。因此，通过分析复合咬痕、它们在骨骼上的位置以及它们的相对丰度，可以识别出咬痕制造者。此外，牙齿的宏观磨损和微观解剖被证明是喂养生态学的独立证据。通过比较化石和当今骨骼组合上的咬痕，我们观察到鳄鱼化石谱系（从三叠纪假苏奇亚龙到已灭绝和现存的鳄鱼化石）的骨骼变化惊人地相似，包括有和没有齐波东齿的分类群。这一组特征不同于假苏类谱系之外具有相似齐波顿齿的分类群产生的骨骼修饰组合，如兽脚亚目恐龙和科莫多巨兽，这表明系统发育比牙齿形态更能预测蜥类爬行动物的进食生态。

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引用次数: 4

When less is more and more is less: the impact of sampling effort on species delineation 当少即是多，多即是少：采样工作对物种划分的影响

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12598

P. Guenser, S. Ginot, G. Escarguel, N. Goudemand

Taxonomy is the very first step of most biodiversity studies, but how confident can we be in the taxa delineation? One may hypothesize that the more abundant the material, the more accurate the description of morphological variability and hence the better the taxonomic delineation. Yet, as we shall see, in the case of numerous transitional forms, this hypothesis may prove wrong. Similarly to rarefaction curves that assess the degree of knowledge on taxonomic diversity through sampling effort, we aim to test the impact of sampling effort on species delineation by subsampling a given assemblage. To do so, we use an abundant and morphologically diverse conodont fossil assemblage from the Smithian of Oman. We first recognize four well established morphospecies but about 80% of the specimens are transitional forms. We quantify the diagnostic characters in a sample of 159 P1 elements using geometric morphometrics and assess, via gradually subsampling the assemblage, the number of morphometric groups (i.e. morphospecies) using ordination and clustering analyses. Four morphospecies were detected when less than 20% of the specimens were considered. The number of detected clusters dropped to two when including more than 30% of the specimens. Such influence of sampling effort on species delineation highlights the complexity of taxonomic work, especially when transitional forms are more abundant than typical specimens. These results should encourage researchers to extensively illustrate, measure and quantitatively compare their material to better constrain the morphological variability and delineation of taxa.

分类学是大多数生物多样性研究的第一步，但我们对分类群的描绘有多大信心呢?人们可能会假设，材料越丰富，对形态变异的描述就越准确，因此分类描述就越好。然而，我们将看到，在许多过渡形式的情况下，这种假设可能被证明是错误的。与稀疏曲线通过采样努力来评估分类多样性的知识程度类似，我们的目标是通过对给定组合进行亚采样来测试采样努力对物种描述的影响。为了做到这一点，我们使用了来自阿曼史密斯的丰富且形态多样的牙形石化石组合。我们首先认识到四种成熟的形态种，但大约80%的标本是过渡形态。我们使用几何形态计量学对159个P1元素样本的诊断特征进行量化，并通过逐步对组合进行亚采样，使用排序和聚类分析来评估形态计量类群(即形态种)的数量。当不到20%的标本被考虑时，检测到四种形态。当包括30%以上的标本时，检测到的群集数量减少到2个。这种取样工作对物种描述的影响凸显了分类学工作的复杂性，特别是当过渡型物种比典型标本更丰富时。这些结果应该鼓励研究人员广泛地说明、测量和定量比较他们的材料，以更好地约束形态变异和分类群的描绘。

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引用次数: 5

Issue Information 问题信息

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12554

引用次数: 0

Skin patterning and internal anatomy in a fossil moonfish from the Eocene Bolca Lagerstätte illuminate the ecology of ancient reef fish communities. 来自始新世Bolca Lagerstätte的月鱼化石的皮肤图案和内部解剖结构阐明了古代礁鱼群落的生态学。

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-24 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12600

Valentina Rossi, Richard Unitt, Maria McNamara, Roberto Zorzin, Giorgio Carnevale

Colour patterning in extant animals can be used as a reliable indicator of their biology and, in extant fish, can inform on feeding strategy. Fossil fish with preserved colour patterns may thus illuminate the evolution of fish behaviour and community structure, but are understudied. Here we report preserved melanin-based integumentary colour patterning and internal anatomy of the fossil moonfish Mene rhombea (Menidae) from the Bolca Lagerstätte (Eocene (Ypresian), north-east Italy). The melanosome-based longitudinal stripes of M. rhombea differ from the dorsal rows of black spots in its extant relative M. maculata, suggesting that the ecology of moonfish has changed during the Cenozoic. Extant moonfish are coastal schooling fish that feed on benthic invertebrates, but the longitudinal stripes and stomach contents with fish remains in M. rhombea suggest unstructured open marine ecologies and a piscivorous diet. The localized distribution of extant moonfish species in the Indo-Pacific Ocean may reflect, at least in part, tectonically-driven reorganization of global oceanographic patterns during the Cenozoic. It is likely that shifts in habitat and colour patterning genes promoted colour pattern evolution in the menid lineage.

现存动物身上的颜色图案可以作为它们生物学的可靠指标，而在现存的鱼类身上，可以为捕食策略提供信息。因此，保留了颜色模式的鱼化石可能阐明了鱼类行为和群落结构的进化，但研究不足。本文报道了意大利东北部Bolca Lagerstätte(始新世(伊波斯))保存的月鱼化石Mene rhombea(月鱼科)的基于黑色素的外壳颜色模式和内部解剖结构。菱形月鱼的黑素体纵向条纹与其现存近亲斑月鱼的背脊黑点不同，表明其生态在新生代发生了变化。现存的月鱼是沿海洄游的鱼类，以底栖无脊椎动物为食，但纵条纹和胃里的鱼残骸表明，月鱼是一种非结构化的开放海洋生态，以鱼为食。现存月鱼物种在印度太平洋的局部分布可能至少部分地反映了新生代构造驱动的全球海洋格局重组。这可能是栖息地和颜色图案基因的变化促进了menids谱系中颜色图案的进化。

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引用次数: 0

Eocene palaeoenvironments and palaeoceanography of areas adjacent to the Drake Passage: insights from dinoflagellate cyst analysis 德雷克海峡附近地区始新世古环境与古海洋学:鞭毛藻囊分析的启示

IF 2.6 2区地球科学 Q1 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12601

C. Amenábar, G. R. Guerstein, Marta I. Alperin, E. Palma, S. Casadío, Alexandra Belgaburo, Martín E. RODRÍGUEZ RAISING

A proper understanding of the palaeoceanographic evolution of the Drake Passage during the Palaeogene is hampered by the lack of precise tools to date and correlate the sedimentary units of areas adjacent to the region. In this work, considering recently published radiometric U–Pb dates, we revised the age of a previous dinoflagellate zones for the middle to upper Eocene units of the Austral–Magallanes Basin. The quantitative analysis of middle to late Eocene dinoflagellate cyst assemblages from different localities close to the Drake Passage allowed us to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental conditions and the possible surface ocean currents during this time in the area. Assemblages dated between 41.3 and 38.1 Ma represent relatively warm waters in inner shelf settings, while those ranged between 36 and 35 Ma reflect coastal areas with cool, nutrient‐rich surface waters. The proposed surface ocean circulation pattern, based on dinoflagellate cysts distribution between 41.3 and 38.1 Ma, agrees with the results of a palaeoclimatic numerical model simulation performed with a Drake Passage shallow opening of 100 m depth. At c. 36 Ma, several Antarctic gonyaulacacean taxa tolerant to relatively warmer waters were replaced by some Antarctic peridinacean species better adapted to colder conditions. This change could be linked to a progressive deepening of the Drake Passage that is estimated to have reached 1000 m depth promoting a cooling in the South Atlantic. Such passage depth would have enabled stronger flows from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, which is reflected by the increase of cosmopolitan species.

由于缺乏精确的工具来确定和关联该地区附近地区的沉积单元，对德雷克海峡在古近纪的古海洋演化的正确理解受到了阻碍。在这项工作中，考虑到最近公布的放射性U–Pb日期，我们修改了澳大利亚-麦哲伦盆地始新世中上部单元先前甲藻带的年龄。对德雷克海峡附近不同地区始新世中晚期甲藻囊肿组合的定量分析使我们能够重建该地区在此期间的古环境条件和可能的地表洋流。41.3年至38.1年的组装 Ma代表了内陆架环境中相对温暖的水域，而温度在36到35之间马反映了沿海地区凉爽、营养丰富的地表水。根据甲藻囊肿41.3至38.1之间的分布，提出的表层海洋环流模式马同意德雷克海峡浅口100米的古气候数值模型模拟结果 m深度。在c。 36 马说，一些对相对温暖的水域具有耐受性的南极gonyaulacacean分类群被一些更好地适应寒冷条件的南极peridinacean物种所取代。这一变化可能与德雷克海峡的逐渐加深有关，据估计，德雷克海峡已达到1000 m的深度促进了南大西洋的降温。这样的通道深度将使从太平洋到大西洋的水流更加强劲，这反映在世界性物种的增加上。

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引用次数: 3