Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2023.132004
Cameron Cianci
Error correction has long been suggested to extend the sensitivity of quantum sensors into the Heisenberg Limit. However, operations on logical qubits are only performed through universal gate sets consisting of finite-sized gates such as Clifford+T. Although these logical gate sets allow for universal quantum computation, the finite gate sizes present a problem for quantum sensing, since in sensing protocols, such as the Ramsey measurement protocol, the signal must act continuously. The difficulty in constructing a continuous logical operator comes from the Eastin-Knill theorem, which prevents a continuous signal from being both fault tolerant to local errors and transverse. Since error correction is needed to approach the Heisenberg Limit in a noisy environment, it is important to explore how to construct fault-tolerant continuous operators. In this paper, a protocol to design continuous logical z-rotations is proposed and applied to the Steane Code. The fault tolerance of the designed operator is investigated using the Knill-Laflamme conditions. The Knill-Laflamme conditions indicate that the diagonal unitary operator constructed cannot be fault tolerant solely due to the possibilities of X errors on the middle qubit. The approach demonstrated throughout this paper may, however, find success in codes with more qubits such as the Shor code, distance 3 surface code, [15,1,3] code, or codes with a larger distance such as the [11,1,5] code.
{"title":"Toward Constructing a Continuous Logical Operator for Error-Corrected Quantum Sensing","authors":"Cameron Cianci","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2023.132004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2023.132004","url":null,"abstract":"Error correction has long been suggested to extend the sensitivity of quantum sensors into the Heisenberg Limit. However, operations on logical qubits are only performed through universal gate sets consisting of finite-sized gates such as Clifford+T. Although these logical gate sets allow for universal quantum computation, the finite gate sizes present a problem for quantum sensing, since in sensing protocols, such as the Ramsey measurement protocol, the signal must act continuously. The difficulty in constructing a continuous logical operator comes from the Eastin-Knill theorem, which prevents a continuous signal from being both fault tolerant to local errors and transverse. Since error correction is needed to approach the Heisenberg Limit in a noisy environment, it is important to explore how to construct fault-tolerant continuous operators. In this paper, a protocol to design continuous logical z-rotations is proposed and applied to the Steane Code. The fault tolerance of the designed operator is investigated using the Knill-Laflamme conditions. The Knill-Laflamme conditions indicate that the diagonal unitary operator constructed cannot be fault tolerant solely due to the possibilities of X errors on the middle qubit. The approach demonstrated throughout this paper may, however, find success in codes with more qubits such as the Shor code, distance 3 surface code, [15,1,3] code, or codes with a larger distance such as the [11,1,5] code.","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43674759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-15DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2023.131002
Sofia D. Wechsler
A. Peres constructed an example of particles entangled in the state of spin singlet. He claimed to have obtained the CHSH inequality and concluded that the violation of this inequality shows that in a measurement in which some variables are tested, other variables, not tested, have no defined value. In the present paper is proved that the correct conclusion of the violation of the CHSH inequality is different. It is proved that the classical calculus of probabilities of test results, obeying the Kolmogorov axioms, is unfit for the quantum formalism, dominated by probability amplitudes.
A. Peres构造了一个以自旋单重态纠缠的粒子的例子。他声称已经得到了CHSH不等式，并得出结论，对这个不等式的违反表明，在一个测量中，一些变量被测试，其他变量，没有测试，没有确定的值。本文证明了CHSH不等式违背的正确结论是不同的。证明了服从柯尔莫哥罗夫公理的经典试验结果概率演算不适用于以概率幅值为主导的量子形式。
{"title":"What in Fact Proves the Violation of the Bell-Type Inequalities?","authors":"Sofia D. Wechsler","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2023.131002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2023.131002","url":null,"abstract":"A. Peres constructed an example of particles entangled in the state of spin singlet. He claimed to have obtained the CHSH inequality and concluded that the violation of this inequality shows that in a measurement in which some variables are tested, other variables, not tested, have no defined value. In the present paper is proved that the correct conclusion of the violation of the CHSH inequality is different. It is proved that the classical calculus of probabilities of test results, obeying the Kolmogorov axioms, is unfit for the quantum formalism, dominated by probability amplitudes.","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41294315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2023.133007
H. Geurdes
{"title":"Bell’s Theorem and Einstein’s Worry about Quantum Mechanics","authors":"H. Geurdes","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2023.133007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2023.133007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70421464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2023.132003
A. Alsalman
{"title":"Accelerating Quantum Readiness for Sectors: Risk Management and Strategies for Sectors","authors":"A. Alsalman","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2023.132003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2023.132003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70421829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2023.131001
Abdirahman Alasow, M. Perkowski
{"title":"Quantum Algorithm for Mining Frequent Patterns for Association Rule Mining","authors":"Abdirahman Alasow, M. Perkowski","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2023.131001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2023.131001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70421430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2022.123007
Eric Bond
A general definition of quantum coherence is developed from analysis of superposition, entanglement, chemical bonding behavior, and basic phenomena of classical mechanics. Various properties of atoms can be better explained if these particles are matter waves that embody a spectrum ranging from relatively coherent to decoherent states. It is demonstrated that quantum coherence so defined can comprehensively explain signal transmission in neurons and dynamics of the brain’s emergent electric field, including potential support for the claim that conscious volition is to some degree real rather than an illusion. Recent research in a physiological context suggests that electromagnetic radiation interacts with molecular structure to comprise integrated energy fields. A mechanism is proposed by which quantum coherence as accelerating electric currents in neurons may result in a broadened spectrum of electromagnetic radiation capable of interacting with molecular complexes in the brain and perhaps elsewhere in an organism to influence vibrational and structural properties. Research should investigate whether a consequent energy field is the basic perceptual substrate, with at least some additive electromagnetic wavelengths of this field involved in generating image percepts insofar as they arise from the body, and electromagnetic vibrations the signature of a more diverse phenomenon by which somewhat nondimensional features of perception such as sound, touch, taste, smell, interoceptive sensations, etc. partially arise. If examination of the brain reveals this organ to be composed of a coherence field, structured at least in part by broadened spectrums of EM radiation interacting with molecular components, this has major implications for furthering our model of the matter/mind interface and possibly physical reality in total.
{"title":"Coherence Field Theory: Quantum Coherence as the Basis for a Model of Brain Function","authors":"Eric Bond","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2022.123007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2022.123007","url":null,"abstract":"A general definition of quantum coherence is developed from analysis of superposition, entanglement, chemical bonding behavior, and basic phenomena of classical mechanics. Various properties of atoms can be better explained if these particles are matter waves that embody a spectrum ranging from relatively coherent to decoherent states. It is demonstrated that quantum coherence so defined can comprehensively explain signal transmission in neurons and dynamics of the brain’s emergent electric field, including potential support for the claim that conscious volition is to some degree real rather than an illusion. Recent research in a physiological context suggests that electromagnetic radiation interacts with molecular structure to comprise integrated energy fields. A mechanism is proposed by which quantum coherence as accelerating electric currents in neurons may result in a broadened spectrum of electromagnetic radiation capable of interacting with molecular complexes in the brain and perhaps elsewhere in an organism to influence vibrational and structural properties. Research should investigate whether a consequent energy field is the basic perceptual substrate, with at least some additive electromagnetic wavelengths of this field involved in generating image percepts insofar as they arise from the body, and electromagnetic vibrations the signature of a more diverse phenomenon by which somewhat nondimensional features of perception such as sound, touch, taste, smell, interoceptive sensations, etc. partially arise. If examination of the brain reveals this organ to be composed of a coherence field, structured at least in part by broadened spectrums of EM radiation interacting with molecular components, this has major implications for furthering our model of the matter/mind interface and possibly physical reality in total.","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70421789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2022.121001
S. Łukaszyk
The Extended Wigner’s Friend thought experiment, comprising a quantum system containing an agent who draws conclusions upon observing the outcome of a measurement of a quantum state prepared in two nonorthogonal versions by another agent, led its authors to conclude that quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself. It has also been proposed that this thought experiment is equivalent to entangled state (Bell-type) experiments. It is argued in this paper that the assumption of the freedom of choice of the first Wigner’s friend regarding how to prepare a quantum state in one of the two available nonorthogonal versions invalidates such equivalence.
{"title":"Making Mistakes Saves the Single Observer’s World of the Extended Wigner’s Friend Experiment","authors":"S. Łukaszyk","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2022.121001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2022.121001","url":null,"abstract":"The Extended Wigner’s Friend thought experiment, comprising a quantum system containing an agent who draws conclusions upon observing the outcome of a measurement of a quantum state prepared in two nonorthogonal versions by another agent, led its authors to conclude that quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself. It has also been proposed that this thought experiment is equivalent to entangled state (Bell-type) experiments. It is argued in this paper that the assumption of the freedom of choice of the first Wigner’s friend regarding how to prepare a quantum state in one of the two available nonorthogonal versions invalidates such equivalence.","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70420986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jqis.2022.121003
Abdullah Ibrahim S. Alsalman
{"title":"The Self-Learning Gate for Quantum Computing","authors":"Abdullah Ibrahim S. Alsalman","doi":"10.4236/jqis.2022.121003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2022.121003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":58996,"journal":{"name":"量子信息科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70421060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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